- •3. Read the text and do the exercises.
- •The entire oil industry is often divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream.
- •Downstream (oil industry)
- •Upstream (oil industry)
- •Midstream (oil industry)
- •The Seven Sisters of the petroleum industry is a term coined by an Italian entrepreneur, Enrico Mattei, that refers to seven oil companies that dominated mid-20th century oil production, refinement, and distribution.
- •ROYAL DUTCH SHELL
- •Founded: 1907
- •Products: oil, natural gas, petrochemicals
- •Products: natural gas, petroleum
- •Headquarters: the Netherlands, principal offices in Houston, Paris and the Hague
- •Pronunciation of the name
- •12. Translate into English.
- •12. http://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/foobar/
- •15. http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/energylessons/oil/oil2.html
- •Exploration Methods
- •Elements of a petroleum prospect
- •Terms used in petroleum evaluation
- •Drill Stem Tests
- •A. Electric, Radioactivity and Acoustic (Sonic) Logging
- •2. ______ _______ invades the rock surrounding the wellbore, affects the logging of the hole and must be accounted for.
- •3. ______ _______ measure formation radioactivity.
- •Acidizing
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •Completion
- •Production
- •Abandonment
- •3. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •4. Read the following text and do the exercises.
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable words or terms from the text.
- •6. Match the two parts of the sentences.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •People
- •9. Read the text “Drilling Rig” and fill in the missing words from the box. There is one extra word.
- •Drilling Rig
- •Drilling Rig Classification
- •4. Read the text “Hoisting system components” and do the exercises.
- •16. Read the text “PIPE (MATERIAL)” and fill in the missing information. The first sentence is done for you.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. □ shows the position of stress.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. □ shows the position of stress.
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •6. Fill in the gaps with the correct term.
- •Example: 7. relies upon
- •7. Scan through the following short definitions and do the after – task exercises.
- •Corrosion types
- •Crack characteristics can vary greatly depending on the cause of the crack, the materials being cracked, and the environment causing the cracking. The following photos show examples of crack profiles.
- •Applied coatings
- •15. Match the questions about “Cathodic protection” on the left with the answers on the right.
- •STEEL TANKS WITH FIXED ROOFS
- •STEEL TANKS WITH FLOATING ROOF
- •METHODS OF ERECTION OF CYLINDRICAL STEEL TANKS
- •APPENDIX 5
- •Dictionary of Pipeliner's Terms (SLANGS)
- •A. подаваемый ток
- •1. weakening
- •B. коррозионный элемент
- •2. rust
- •C. выходное напряжение
- •3. discoloration
- •D. интенсивность
- •4. impressed current
- •E. (удельная) проводимость
- •5. direct current
- •F. ослабление
- •6. corrosion cell
- •G. обезвоживание
- •7. output voltage
- •H. постоянный ток
- •8. severity
- •9. water removal
- •10. conductivity
- •K. толщина стенки
- •11. operating pressure
- •12. yield strength
- •L. ухудшения характеристик
- •M. рабочее давление
- •13. allowance
- •N. предел текучести
- •14. wall thickness
- •O. допуск
- •fracture
- •трещина
- •gradient
- •угол наклона, склон
- •circuitous
- •окольный, обходной
- •Reynolds number
- •число Рейнольда
- •interplay
- •взаимодействие
- •facet
- •сторона
- •aquifer
- •водоносный слой
- •porous media
- •пористая среда
- •pertinent
- •имеющий отношение
- •civil engineering
- •гражданское строительство
- •soil science
- •почвоведение
- •fluid mechanics
- •механика жидкости
- •inertia
- •инерция
- •Laplace equation
- •уравнение Лапласа
- •simulate
- •имитировать
- •heat conduction
- •теплопроводность
- •heat transfer
- •теплообмен
- •uncoupled processes
- •несвязанные процессы
- •soil moisture
- •влажность почвогрунта
- •viscous
- •вязкий
- •viscosity
- •вязкость ( жидкости, газа )
- •diffusion
- •диффузия
- •steady flow
- •transient flow
- •неустановившийся поток
- •15. deterioration
- •UNIT 1
- •Introduction to Economics and management
- •UNIT 2
- •Finance
- •UNIT 3
- •STOCK
- •UNIT 4
- •THE ECONOMY OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
- •UNIT 5
- •Taxation and audit
- •UNIT 6
- •Production and Costs
- •UNIT 7
- •BUSINESS PLAN
- •UNIT 8
- •International Business Etiquette AND ETHICS
- •References
- •3. Read the text “Hydrogeology: Key Terms and Concepts”, do the exercises
- •Hydrogeology
- •7. What are the subjects of the following sciences?
- •12. Fill in the chart with the necessary information from the text.
- •13. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following terms.
- •14. Read the following short texts and fulfill the after-reading exercises. Pay attention to the diagrams and underlined words.
- •Ground Water Aquifer
- •Confined or Artesian Aquifer
- •Drawdown – the vertical drop of the water level in a well caused by ground water pumping; also, the difference between the water level before pumping and the water level during pumping.
- •Make your own sentences with two of the expressions.
- •UNIT 4
- •THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
- •Compose your own sentences with two of the expressions.
- •5. Translate from Russian into English.
- •10. Answer the following questions.
- •1. What are the functions of atmosphere?
- •1. The phenomenon known as El Niňo
- •A) is confined to the Pacific Ocean.
- •D) caused the disappearance of the dinosaurs.
- •2. It was named after
- •3. It is caused by
- •A) the wind changing direction.
- •D) occurs every four or five years.
- •5. The effect of El Niňo
- •Make your own sentences with two of the expressions.
2. Read the following word formations and learn their pronunciation.
apply-application change-interchange-interchangeably climate-climatic-climatology chemistry-chemical
distribute-distribution-distributor- distributive
distinct-distinction
naturenatural theory-theoretical occur-occurrence structure-structural
hydrology-hydrological- hydrogeologist- non-hydrogeologist
3. Read the text “Hydrogeology: Key Terms and Concepts”, do the exercises
Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology (hydro- meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust, (commonly in aquifers). The term geohydrology is often used interchangeably. Some make the minor distinction between a hydrologist or engineer applying themselves to geology (geohydrology), and a geologist applying themselves to hydrology (hydrogeology).
Hydrology is the science of water occurrence, movement and transport. Hydrogeology is the part of hydrology that deals with the occurrence, movement and quality of water beneath the Earth's surface. Because hydrogeology deals with water in a complex subsurface environment, it is a complex science. On the other hand, much of its basic terminology and principles can be understood readily by non-hydrogeologists.
Hydrogeology (like most earth sciences) is an interdisciplinary subject; it can be difficult to account fully for the chemical, physical, biological and even legal interactions between soil, water, nature and society. The study of the interaction between groundwater movement and geology can be quite complex. Groundwater does not always flow in the subsurface down-hill following the surface topography; groundwater follows pressure gradients (flow from high pressure gradient to low) often following fractures and conduits in circuitous paths. Taking into account the interplay of the different facets of a multi-component system often requires knowledge in several diverse fields at both the experimental and theoretical levels. This being said, the following is a more traditional (reductionist viewpoint)
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introduction to the methods and nomenclature of saturated subsurface hydrology, or simply hydrogeology.
Hydrogeology, as stated above, is a branch of the earth sciences dealing with the flow of water through aquifers and other shallow porous media (typically less than 450 m or 1,500 ft below the land surface.) The very shallow flow of water in the subsurface (the upper 3 m or 10 ft) is pertinent to the fields of soil science, agriculture and civil engineering, as well as to hydrogeology. The general flow of fluids (water, hydrocarbons, geothermal fluids, etc.) in deeper formations is also a concern of geologists, geophysicists and petroleum geologists. Groundwater is a slow-moving, viscous fluid (with a Reynolds number less than unity); many of the empirically derived laws of groundwater flow can be alternately derived in fluid mechanics from the special case of Stokes flow (viscosity and pressure terms, but no inertial term).
The mathematical relationships used to describe the flow of water through porous media are the diffusion and Laplace equations, which have applications in many diverse fields. Steady groundwater flow (Laplace equation) has been simulated using electrical, elastic and heat conduction analogies. Transient groundwater flow is analogous to the diffusion of heat in a solid, therefore some solutions to hydrological problems have been adapted from heat transfer literature.
Traditionally, the movement of groundwater has been studied separately from surface water, climatology, and even the chemical and microbiological aspects of hydrogeology (the processes are uncoupled). As the field of hydrogeology matures, the strong interactions between groundwater, surface water, water chemistry, soil moisture and even climate are becoming more clear.
(www.Wikipedia)
4. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.
Hydrogeology is the area of geology that deals _________the distribution and movement _______ groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust.
It is difficult to account__________ the chemical, physical biological and even legal interactions between soil water, nature and society. Scientists should take _____ account the interplay of the different facets of a multi-component system,
Many laws of groundwater flow can be derived _______fluid mechanics.
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Some solutions to hydrological problems have been adapted _______
heat transfer literature.
5.Complete the sentences.
1.Taking into account ___________________________________.
2.As stated above ______________________________________.
3.Traditionally _________________________________________.
4.As the field of hydrogeology matures ______________________.
5.Because _____________________________________________.
6.On the other hand ______________________________________.
6.Give English equivalents to Russian words.
1.Hydrogeology is the (раздел) of geology that (занимается, имеет дело с) the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust, (как правило) in aquifers.
2.Some make the (незначительное отличие) between a hydrologist or engineer applying themselves to geology (geohydrology), and a geologist
applying themselves to hydrology (hydrogeology).
3.It can be difficult to (рассматривать, считать) fully the chemical, physical, biological and even legal interactions between soil, water, nature and society.
4.The study of the (взаимодействие) between groundwater movement and
geology can be quite complex.
5.(Принимая во внимание) the interplay of the different facets of a multicomponent system often requires knowledge in several diverse fields at both the experimental and theoretical levels.
6.Hydrogeology, (как упомянуто выше), is a (раздел) of the earth
sciences dealing with the flow of water through aquifers and other shallow porous (среда).
7. Groundwater is a slow-moving, (вязкая) fluid (with a Reynolds number less than unity); many of the (законы, установленные эмпирическим путём) of groundwater flow can be alternately derived in fluid mechanics from the special case of Stokes flow -(вязкость) and pressure terms, but no inertial term.
8.Steady groundwater flow (уравнение Лапласа) has been simulated using electrical, elastic and heat conduction analogies.
9.Traditionally, (движение подземных вод) has been studied separately from surface water, (климатология), and even the chemical and
microbiological aspects of hydrogeology.
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10. (С развитием гидрогеологии), the strong interactions between groundwater, surface water, water chemistry, soil moisture and even climate are becoming more clear.
7. What are the subjects of the following sciences?
1. |
Hydrology |
|
flow of water through aquifers and other |
|
|
deals with |
shallow porous media. |
2. |
Hydrogeology |
farming |
|
3. |
Topography |
is concerned |
planning, building and repair of roads, |
|
|
with |
bridges, large buildings. |
4. |
Civil |
|
all aspects of the waters of the Earth: their |
engineering |
|
circulation; their chemical and physical |
|
|
|
|
properties; and their reaction with the |
|
|
|
environment, including their relation to |
|
|
|
living things. |
5. |
Agriculture |
|
describing an area of land, or making maps |
|
|
|
of it. |
8.Answer the following questions.
1.How is hydrogeology defined?
2.What term can be also used to define hydrogeology?
3.Can you explain why hydrogeology is an interdisciplinary subject?
4.How is hydrogeology related to other fields of science?
5.Can you innumerate key hydrogeology terms?
6.What difficulties can be named in the study of the interaction between groundwater movement and geology?
7.What is groundwater?
8.Name types of groundwater flow.
9.What is a traditional study of groundwater?
10.What is the difference between hydrology and hydrogeology? Why is hydrogeology a complex study?
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9. Pay attention to the terms and expressions in the text.
invertebrate zoology |
зоология, изучающая беспозвоночных |
|
животных |
invertebrate paleontology |
палеонтология, изучающая |
|
беспозвоночных животных |
subterranean water |
грунтовые воды, подземные воды |
Cretaceous |
меловой период |
Cretaceous chalk aquifer |
водоносный горизонт мелового |
|
периода |
augment (v) |
усиливать; повышать, поднимать, |
|
увеличивать, расширять |
saline |
солевой, соляной (содержащий соль |
|
или представляющий собой соль) |
groundwater contour |
граница грунтовых вод |
percolation |
просачивание, фильтрация |
impervious bed |
водонепроницаемый слой |
water-bearing |
водоносный |
water-bearing formations |
водоносные формации |
basin |
бассейн, резервуар; водоем, |
|
водохранилище |
water-level observations |
наблюдения за уровнем воды |
gradient |
отклонение, угол наклона |
hydrogeologic(al) map |
гидрогеологическая карта |
10. Read the text ‘Joseph Lucas and the term ‘Hydrogeology” and decide if the given statements are true or false.
1.The term hydrogeology was first mentioned in 1802.
2.Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is known as the founder of invertebrate zoology.
3.70 years passed before the term hydrogeology was mentioned again in the scientific literature.
4.Lucas used the word hydro-geological in his work devoted to waterbearing formations in the south of England.
5.Lucas was a member of the Royal Commission on Water Supply.
6.Prestwich did his best to improve the water supply of London.
7.Joseph Lucas made an important contribution to science.
8.Hydrogeological map can not be considered the only Lucas contribution to science.
9.Lucas ideas were innovative for his time.
10.Asset done by Joseph Lucas was properly appreciated.
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Joseph Lucas and the Term "Hydrogeology"
The first use of the word hydrogeology, or more correctly "hydrogeologie", as he was writing in French, can be traced back to Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, writing almost 200 years ago (Lamarck 1802). Lamarck was born in 1744 and devoted the first part of his life to the study of botany. At the age of 50 he was appointed to a Professorship at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, not of botany but of invertebrate zoology, which he had not specially studied previously. In this position he recognized the importance of relating living animals to fossil material and is now acknowledged as the founder of invertebrate paleaontology.
It was perhaps as a result of his paleaontological work that he became interested in some of the wider problems of geology. He published his ideas in 1802 in a small volume of 268 pages which he called "Hydrogeologie". It never reached a second edition and according to Geikie (1906) appears to have excited little interest among his contemporaries. The subtitle of his book concisely describes its theme as: studies on the influence of water on the surface of the Earth, on the reasons for the existence of ocean basins, of their position and their successive transport on to different parts of the globe, finally on the changes that these lively bodies exert on the nature and state of the surface.
Thus the term hydrogeology was used to describe the role of water in shaping the surface of the earth and was not applied in any sense to the study of underground water.
It was to be over 70 years before the term again appeared in the scientific literature when it was used by Joseph Lucas, a junior officer in the Geological Survey in Britain. Lucas joined the Survey in January 1867 as a young man of 20 and was assigned to mapping the Carboniferous, Permian, and Jurassic Formations of northeast England. According to the memorandum that he submitted to accompany his unsuccessful application for the Professorship of Geology at Oxford (Lucas 1888) his interest in "subterranean water systems" was aroused by Joseph Prestwich's Presidential Address to the Geological Society in 1872. Prestwich had been a member of the Royal Commission on Water Supply which reported in 1869 and chose for part of his address the subject "Our Springs and Water Supply" (Prestwich 1872). The Royal Commission received conflicting evidence on the amount of groundwater that was available from the underlying
Cretaceous Chalk aquifer to augment the water supply of London. The
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debate between the scientists who recognised that heavy abstraction could lead to reduced water levels and saline intrusion and the engineers who visualized an almost limitless reservoir was extremely acrimonious and continued throughout the nineteenth century (Mather 1998).
Lucas realized that little hard information existed on the water-bearing formations in the south of England and in January 1873 started to collect and make observations to the south of London. After 18 months of work, and on the basis of the data that he had collected, he proposed a scheme for the improvement of London's water supply (Lucas 1874). This consisted of a series of galleries driven along the strike at the base of the main waterbearing formations in order to capture groundwater otherwise discharged as springs or seepages. Galleries many kilometres in length were visualized. The scheme was never implemented and the small 86-page quarto volume probably would have been forgotten but for the fact that it includes the first British map showing groundwater contours. Contours on the upper surface of the water in the Chalk were plotted for two periods during 1873. In an appendix, Lucas also uses the word hydro-geological. It is used only once as the heading of a section entitled "Objects and Mode of Constructing a Hydrogeological Survey of the Water-bearing Formations". In this section he discusses the parameters to be measured; rainfall, evaporation, percolation, spring discharges, and the "height of the water line" and considers how these can be used to determine the quantity of water passing under the overlying impervious beds.
The term hydro-geology was immediately taken up by Prestwich, whose Presidential address had inspired Lucas. Prestwich had already produced a map of the London basin which included groundwater information. His ideas for improving the water supply of London had been accompanied by a map and sections illustrating the relative positions and areas of the principal water-bearing formations, in which individual strata were marked according to their permeability (Prestwich 1851). In 1876 he produced a further report, this time on Oxford, which included a "Hydro-geological map of the basin of the Thames above Oxford". As with his previous map, this did not include water-level contours but categorized formations on the basis of their permeability and this time also included the positions of major springs which might be harnessed to supply Oxford (Prestwich 1876).
Lucas continued to develop his ideas and his work brought him to the attention of engineers involved in water supply. On 28 November 1876 he gave his first scientific presentation at the Institution of Civil Engineers on
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"The Chalk Water System" (Lucas 1877). He records in this paper that his observations had extended over four years, ranging over about 200 square miles, on which almost every accessible well had been measured.
The work of Joseph Lucas can be seen as the culmination of some 50 years of systematic water-level observations. This started with measurements of individual wells in 1819 (Bland 1832), and continued with the preparation of cross-sections in which levels in a line of wells were drawn to demonstrate a gradient in the Chalk aquifer from the hills north of London southwards towards the River Thames (Clutterbuck 1842, 1843). The contribution of Lucas was that he made observations over a large area and was able to bring these together in the form of a hydrogeological map. He claimed to have founded the science of hydrogeology (Lucas 1888) and certainly made an innovative contribution which probably deserves more recognition than it has received.
(L.M.Bolsunovskaya, V.N.Demchenko “Uchebno-metodichwskoe posobie”, 2005 Tomsk)
11. These dates are the stages of hydrogeology term development. What do they stand for?
1802
1874
1876
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