- •3. Read the text and do the exercises.
- •The entire oil industry is often divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream.
- •Downstream (oil industry)
- •Upstream (oil industry)
- •Midstream (oil industry)
- •The Seven Sisters of the petroleum industry is a term coined by an Italian entrepreneur, Enrico Mattei, that refers to seven oil companies that dominated mid-20th century oil production, refinement, and distribution.
- •ROYAL DUTCH SHELL
- •Founded: 1907
- •Products: oil, natural gas, petrochemicals
- •Products: natural gas, petroleum
- •Headquarters: the Netherlands, principal offices in Houston, Paris and the Hague
- •Pronunciation of the name
- •12. Translate into English.
- •12. http://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/foobar/
- •15. http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/energylessons/oil/oil2.html
- •Exploration Methods
- •Elements of a petroleum prospect
- •Terms used in petroleum evaluation
- •Drill Stem Tests
- •A. Electric, Radioactivity and Acoustic (Sonic) Logging
- •2. ______ _______ invades the rock surrounding the wellbore, affects the logging of the hole and must be accounted for.
- •3. ______ _______ measure formation radioactivity.
- •Acidizing
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •Completion
- •Production
- •Abandonment
- •3. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •4. Read the following text and do the exercises.
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable words or terms from the text.
- •6. Match the two parts of the sentences.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •People
- •9. Read the text “Drilling Rig” and fill in the missing words from the box. There is one extra word.
- •Drilling Rig
- •Drilling Rig Classification
- •4. Read the text “Hoisting system components” and do the exercises.
- •16. Read the text “PIPE (MATERIAL)” and fill in the missing information. The first sentence is done for you.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. □ shows the position of stress.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. □ shows the position of stress.
- •2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •6. Fill in the gaps with the correct term.
- •Example: 7. relies upon
- •7. Scan through the following short definitions and do the after – task exercises.
- •Corrosion types
- •Crack characteristics can vary greatly depending on the cause of the crack, the materials being cracked, and the environment causing the cracking. The following photos show examples of crack profiles.
- •Applied coatings
- •15. Match the questions about “Cathodic protection” on the left with the answers on the right.
- •STEEL TANKS WITH FIXED ROOFS
- •STEEL TANKS WITH FLOATING ROOF
- •METHODS OF ERECTION OF CYLINDRICAL STEEL TANKS
- •APPENDIX 5
- •Dictionary of Pipeliner's Terms (SLANGS)
- •A. подаваемый ток
- •1. weakening
- •B. коррозионный элемент
- •2. rust
- •C. выходное напряжение
- •3. discoloration
- •D. интенсивность
- •4. impressed current
- •E. (удельная) проводимость
- •5. direct current
- •F. ослабление
- •6. corrosion cell
- •G. обезвоживание
- •7. output voltage
- •H. постоянный ток
- •8. severity
- •9. water removal
- •10. conductivity
- •K. толщина стенки
- •11. operating pressure
- •12. yield strength
- •L. ухудшения характеристик
- •M. рабочее давление
- •13. allowance
- •N. предел текучести
- •14. wall thickness
- •O. допуск
- •fracture
- •трещина
- •gradient
- •угол наклона, склон
- •circuitous
- •окольный, обходной
- •Reynolds number
- •число Рейнольда
- •interplay
- •взаимодействие
- •facet
- •сторона
- •aquifer
- •водоносный слой
- •porous media
- •пористая среда
- •pertinent
- •имеющий отношение
- •civil engineering
- •гражданское строительство
- •soil science
- •почвоведение
- •fluid mechanics
- •механика жидкости
- •inertia
- •инерция
- •Laplace equation
- •уравнение Лапласа
- •simulate
- •имитировать
- •heat conduction
- •теплопроводность
- •heat transfer
- •теплообмен
- •uncoupled processes
- •несвязанные процессы
- •soil moisture
- •влажность почвогрунта
- •viscous
- •вязкий
- •viscosity
- •вязкость ( жидкости, газа )
- •diffusion
- •диффузия
- •steady flow
- •transient flow
- •неустановившийся поток
- •15. deterioration
- •UNIT 1
- •Introduction to Economics and management
- •UNIT 2
- •Finance
- •UNIT 3
- •STOCK
- •UNIT 4
- •THE ECONOMY OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
- •UNIT 5
- •Taxation and audit
- •UNIT 6
- •Production and Costs
- •UNIT 7
- •BUSINESS PLAN
- •UNIT 8
- •International Business Etiquette AND ETHICS
- •References
- •3. Read the text “Hydrogeology: Key Terms and Concepts”, do the exercises
- •Hydrogeology
- •7. What are the subjects of the following sciences?
- •12. Fill in the chart with the necessary information from the text.
- •13. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following terms.
- •14. Read the following short texts and fulfill the after-reading exercises. Pay attention to the diagrams and underlined words.
- •Ground Water Aquifer
- •Confined or Artesian Aquifer
- •Drawdown – the vertical drop of the water level in a well caused by ground water pumping; also, the difference between the water level before pumping and the water level during pumping.
- •Make your own sentences with two of the expressions.
- •UNIT 4
- •THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
- •Compose your own sentences with two of the expressions.
- •5. Translate from Russian into English.
- •10. Answer the following questions.
- •1. What are the functions of atmosphere?
- •1. The phenomenon known as El Niňo
- •A) is confined to the Pacific Ocean.
- •D) caused the disappearance of the dinosaurs.
- •2. It was named after
- •3. It is caused by
- •A) the wind changing direction.
- •D) occurs every four or five years.
- •5. The effect of El Niňo
- •Make your own sentences with two of the expressions.
corrosion cell |
коррозионный элемент |
reverse (v) |
переворачивать |
monitor (by) |
контролировать |
output voltage |
выходное напряжение |
readings |
данные из таблицы |
rely on |
основываться, основывать на чём-л |
corrode (v) |
корродировать, разрушать |
be sacrificed |
защита (от коррозии) с применением |
|
магниевых анодов |
arrest (v) |
приостановление / приостанавливать |
severity |
интенсивность |
conductivity |
(удельная) проводимость |
soil condition |
грунтовые условия |
pH |
водородный показатель |
fluid velocity |
скорость потока |
water removal |
обезвоживание |
water drying |
обезвоживание |
corrosion allowance |
допуск на коррозию |
wall thickness |
толщина стенки (трубы) |
determination |
определение |
allowable operating pressure допустимое рабочее давление |
|
yield strength |
предел текучести |
1. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold.
corrosion current sacrificial |
potential |
voltage allowance yield |
strength |
|
|
2. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
severity conductivity velocity
3. Read the text “Corrosion”, do the exercises. Corrosion
Corrosion of steel pipelines is a natural process and steel pipes, when buried, invariably suffer from external corrosion unless adequately protected. Pipelines are usually coated to protect the external surfaces of the steel pipe against corrosion.
421
There are essentially two methods: impressed current method and sacrificial anode method. For onshore pipelines it is common to use an impressed current method. In this system, a DC (direct current) is supplied to the pipeline and is made to flow between the pipe and an anode ground bed via the soil. The current is adjusted to generate higher driving potentials in the pipe than those existing naturally in the corrosion cell. This neutralizes or reverses the effects of corrosion. This system requires transformer stations and is usually monitored by output voltage readings. A sacrificial anode method, on the other hand, relies upon the installation of anodes on or near the pipeline. The pipeline becomes the cathode of the system and the anodes, which corrode are sacrificed to arrest corrosion of the pipeline. When water is present on the transported fluid, corrosion of the internal pipe surfaces can also occur.
Water may be present, either alone, or in combination with CO2, H2O, O2 or other salts. The severity of corrosion depends upon the operating temperature, pressure, conductivity, soil condition, pH and fluid velocity and composition. Corrosion control measures include water removal and drying, chemical injection and corrosion allowance on wall thickness. Wall thickness – the most important element in pipeline mechanical design is the determination of pipeline wall thickness. Wall thickness is a function of the pipeline maximum allowable operating pressure and the yield strength of the steel pipe used. Operating pressure and wall thickness determine the number and locations of pump or compressor stations along the pipeline. If a higher pipeline operating pressure is chosen, the power at each station can be greater, and the stations can be farther apart.
4. Replace the underlined words with a suitable variant from the text. Example: 6. working – operating
1.Buried steel pipes suffer from outer corrosion.
2.DC flows between the pipe and an anode ground bed through the soil.
3.Transformer stations are controlled by output voltage data.
4.Corrosion control measures include water elimination and drying.
5.A sacrificial anode method depends on the installation of anodes on or near the pipeline.
6.The severity of corrosion depends on the working temperature.
422