Английский язык (для зо) / умк_Славинская_Англ.яз_заоч._184-4

7.Electrification of storm clouds remains one of the unsolved mysteries of the weather.

8.It is a solar-powered car – it runs on solar ene rgy.

9.This way of welding is more efficient than that one.

10.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the word that and decide whether it is a conjunction or a pronoun in each of the sentences below.

1.In the 19th century it was argued __________ we would never be able to discover what stars are made of.

2.Scientists suppose __________ the fate of the universe depends on the average density of the universe.

3.The pressure ______ forces the current to flow is measured in Volts.

4.The Earth has a tremendous amount of water, the lion’s share of

__________ amount is the salt water in the seas and oceans.

5.The treatment processes described above are __________ usually employed in water treatment.

6.Any engineer who has worked long enough in __________ field can give some information.

7.It was clear __________ no person could do __________ work alone.

8.As the thermal cycles of laser beam welding are generally much faster than

__________ of arc welding it is possible to form a rather small weld zone

__________ exhibits locally high hardness.

9.Man __________ consumes a lot of energy is faced with the energy shortage.

10.The sun provides ten thousand times as much energy as we require today, in many forms ranging from solar radiation through wind and waves to trees and plants. The problem is to convert __________ resources into mechanical work.

11.Experiment is not essential for __________ work.

12.__________ road is the worst I’ve ever traveled over.

13.The engine to be installed in __________ cars is very powerful.

14.________ methods of construction are supposed to be more effective than

__________ ones.

11. Define different functions of “that”. Translate the sentences.

1.Glass-sealed laser tubes have made the storage life of these tubes comparable to that of ordinary tubes.

2.It was pointed out that the intensity of the radiation field increased.

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3.Materials that conduct heat quickly are well-suited to laser welding techniques.

4.That lasers are used in two major areas: materials processing and precision measurement is a well-known fact.

5.The conditions described above are those usually desirable for laser welding applications.

12.a) Find in the text ”Industrial gases” the sent ences containing the words it, that, one and translate them into Russian; b) State the function of these

words in the given sentences.

1.The trouble is that they haven’t calculated the exact speed of the car.

2.This device is an ordinary one.

3.The scientist answered that they were going to find a new way of getting valuable minerals.

4.This advanced method allows one to get good results.

5.The head of the laboratory said that they should take part in the work on the device.

6.They knew that the building had collapsed.

7.The properties of gold are different from those of iron.

8.The problems of water supply in this town are as important as those of lightning.

9.It should be noted that the yield of a solar still is low.

10.Water should be fit for human consumption, i.e. it should be potable, palatable and suitable for different domestic uses.

11.It is chloride that is responsible for salty tasted in water.

13.Read the following sentences very carefully. Find the mistakes if there are any and correct them. Pay attention to the words one, that, it.

1.Transportation is the largest source this gives for nearly one-half of all air pollution emissions.

2.Collection of contaminants at the source is ones of the important methods of control.

3.Several years ago some astronomers said that was hardly surprising that no radio signal had been detected yet.

4.The new approach was hoped to be more fruitful than this ones.

5.The idea of connecting these wires was not mine.

6.The report claimed that such projects were perhaps more dangerous than these was thought.

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7.In 1903, Ford Motors became the first to mass-produce cars. This made the car available to large numbers of people. It has brought people much closer to places of work, place of study and other one.

III. Writing Section

1.Translate the following text from English into Russian. Use a dictionary if necessary.

ZERO-POLLUTION CARS

The electric car is an environmentally friendly alternative to gasolinepowered vehicles. It performs like a conventional car with one important difference – it is nearly silent and pollution-free . The electric car is propelled by an electric motor powered from a controller, which in its turn gets its power from rechargeable batteries. However, the batteries need replacement every 20,000 miles. Fuel cells solve the battery problem.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing electricity and heat in the process. Unlike a battery, you can continually recharge a fuel cell by adding chemical fuel – hydrogen from an onboard storage tank and ox ygen from the atmosphere. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) seems to be one of the most promising technologies. A single fuel cell produces about 0.7 volts. To get this voltage up many separate fuel cells are combined to form a fuel cell stack.

Zero-pollution cars are also designed to run on compressed air using the concept of the steam engine. Liquid nitrogen stored at -320 ºF serves as the propellant for the LN2000’s cryogenic engine. Air moving around the vehicle heats the liquid nitrogen to the boiling temperature and causes it to turn to gas pushing on the boiling temperature and causes it to turn to gas pushing on the engine’s pistons. The only emission being nitrogen (which makes up 78% of the atmosphere), the air-compressed car fully justifies the name of its manufacturer – Zero-pollution Motors.

Write out the second sentence from the text and state the function of the words it and one.

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LIGHT READING

X-RAYS BY POST1

This happened when X-ray treatment2 was still a new invention. W.K. Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays, received a letter from a man. The man asked to send him “several X-rays with instructions how t o use them.” He explained that he had been shot in the chest and the bullet still remained there. “I should like very much3 to go to you myself but unfortunately I have no time.”

The scientist replied: “I am very sorry but we have no X-rays now. And besides, it is very difficult to send them by post. But there is a simpler thing you can do: send your chest by post to me.”

1X-rays by post – рентгеновские лучи по почте

2X-ray treatment – лечение рентгеновскими лучами

3I should like very much – я бы очень хотел

1.3.ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY

I.Topical Vocabulary

1.To build up your active vocabulary read the following words and try to

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2.Match the word combinations in column A with their translation in column B.

1.Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Bear in mind the different meanings of the words to do, to be, to have. While reading find the sentence, in which to be functions as the modal verb.

ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY

It is not a secret that energy consumption has increased immensely in the last decades. But do we have enough fossil fuels to satisfy our needs? Do not we have to look for some alter native sources of energy? As fossil fuels are nonrenewable we are highly interested in developing alternative sources of energy.

Solar Power is renewable. It is used for heating houses. Solar cells and furnaces make electricity from sunlight. Solar cells are expensive. Solar power isn’t much use unless you live somewhere sunny. It doesn’t cause pollution and doesn’t need fuel.

Wind Power is renewable as well. It doesn’t cause pollution, doesn’t need fuel. However, a lot of generators are to be installed to get a sensible amount of power. It is necessary to put them where winds are reliable. And the noise can drive you nuts.

Hydroelectric Power plants are built for getting energy from flowing water. Usually we build a dam, and let the water turn turbines and generators as

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it goes through pipes in the dam. Renewable. No pollution, we do not need fuel, no waste. Very expensive to build. Building a dam we flood a lot of land.

Waves Power. There’s a lot of energy in waves on the sea. However it is not easy to get it. A wave power station needs to be able to stand really rough weather, and yet still be able to generate power from small waves. This source of energy is renewable – the waves will come whethe r we use them or not.

Geothermal Energy means heat from underground hot rocks. Hot water comes up and we use the heat to make steam to drive turbines, or to heat houses. It is renewable – so long as we don’t take out too much, the energy keeps on coming. However, there are not many places you can do it – the rocks must be suitable. Sometimes we have poisonous gases coming up too.

“Biomass” means burning wood, dung, sugar cane or similar. It is renewable – we can always plant more trees. We burn the fuel to heat water into steam, which drives turbines, which drive generators. Burning anything we pollute the environment.

Nuclear (atomic) power stations use uranium as fuel. It is nonrenewable. Heat from the reactor turns water into steam, which drives turbines, which drive generators. It doesn’t cause pollution unless something goes wrong. This is the case when we have very hazardous situation.

2.Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the four

different meanings of the verb “to be”. Decide whic h function this verb has in every given sentence. Choose between the four given options:

-смысловой глагол;

-глагол – связка;

-вспомогательный глагол;

-модальный глагол.

1.Most up-to-date machines are used on our construction sites.

2.One of the most important methods of construction is prefabricating structural elements.

3.Hundreds of thousands of new apartment homes are to be built for the population.

4.One of the new techniques in housebuilding is to assemble buildings from factory-made blocks of rooms.

5.Materials can be classified according to their electrical properties.

6.This method is based on the ability of a material to conduct electricity.

7.The choice was influenced by the fact that ozone is a powerful oxidizer.

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8.The structure appears to have been built with unusual care.

9.If tested the engine may be started.

10.If not repaired the exhaust system will have to be replaced.

11.A hologram is a three-dimensional image and special equipment is necessary to produce it.

12.It is to be noted that automation today is an important factor of chemical industrial production. It is being introduced on a wide scale in all branches of industry and agriculture as well as in medicine and everyday life.

13.In close cooperation with industrial workers our scientists and engineers are developing a lot of new types of electronic and cybernetic devices. They are to become the basis for the solution of a great number of economic and scientific problems. They will be reliable helpers of engineers and scientists.

14.A great need of rubber for industry put a problem before scientists all over the world. And it was Russian science that solved this problem.

15.Chemical materials and products are of great importance for all branches of the national economy in our country.

16.There are a lot of test tubes of different sizes in any chemical laboratory.

3a. Translate the following sentences. Pay special attention to the word to have.

1.Due to the Sun people have immense supplies of energy. We have to build special solar stations to convert solar energy into electrical one.

2.He had much work. He had to work hard to improve his project.

3.As these machines will have a device which is necessary for automatic measurements and inspection, the workers will use these machines in their work.

4.Physicists have a great many of very important problems. They have to place the atom completely at the service of man.

3b. Read the following passage and state the function of the word to have.

It is necessary to mention that a new polyvinyl plastic has been introduced both as a decorative material and a building material. It has been of great use in construction work. It is available in four designs and has a total of 23 different patterns. The new material has important properties. This plastic is of a laminated construction and it is the property that has made it so important. Careful thought had to be given to the composition of the plastic in order to make it fireproof and the problem has been overcome, though a great number of

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experiments have had to be made in developing the above property. After the material had been thoroughly tested, it showed no change of properties.

4.Choose the sentences in which the verbs to be and to have used as the auxiliary ones.

1.The TV-set is producing a lot of noise.

2.The method developed by this scientist still seems to be the best.

3.We have new machines in our workshops.

4.They will have different instruments and devices.

5.Our engineers have used different methods of heat treatment of metals.

6.They have fulfilled the plan ahead of time.

7.They have introduced new methods of production.

8.Chemists have made special steels which are widely used in industry.

9.We have improved our methods of work with the help of new machines.

10.We have to reduce the amount of carbon in this steel.

11.Many objects cannot be brought to the drilling machine so the drill has to be brought to them.

12.Nuclear energy has produced a new method for metallurgical work.

13.They will have to use high strength steels for tools and working parts of machines.

14.The plant is to fulfill the plan before time.

15.They had to change some methods of work.

16.The instrument to be used is on the table.

17.They will have to make some more experiments to get accurate data.

18.The scientists were to meet to discuss some problems.

19.Here is the instrument to be used for our purpose.

20.Young specialists were shown new equipment.

5.Translate the following sentences. Explain the usage of the words to do, to be, to have.

1.Do not we have to look for some alternative source of energy?

2.Do we have enough fossil fuels to satisfy our needs?

3.Fossil fuels are nonrenewable.

4.Solar cells are expensive.

5.It doesn’t cause pollution.

6.A wave power station needs to be able to stand really rough weather.

7.The rocks must be suitable.

8.We have very hazardous situation.

9.A lot of generators are to be installed to get a sensible amount of power.

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6.Decide in which sentences the verbs to be, to do, to have used as semantic ones.

1.The purpose of a town plan is to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual.

2.Many new blocks of houses are to be built according to the new development plant.

3.Measuring devices are of great importance for engineering.

4.You are to use measuring instruments in your work.

5.These parts have to be checked whether they meet the specifications.

6.The units of measurement have been developed in agriculture, trade and construction.

7.All we have to do is to turn the burnt bulb out of the socket and replace it with a new bulb.

8.Even the latest scientific achievements do not permit these questions to be answered yet.

9.Do these cars have any disadvantages?

10.Semiconductors are likely to be made from silicon.

11.The theorists have some explaining to do.

12.Today’s robots do many things humans can’t do or do n’t want to do.

7.Fill in the table below by putting in the numbers of the corresponding sentences.

1.Laser beam welding is used to weld steels and aluminum alloys.

2.The electrode must be moved across the joint continuously backwards in a straight line.

3.The results of the experiment indicated that radioactive emanation did take place.

4.A mask or helmet is used to protect the face and especially eyes from sparks.

5.Micro hardness measurements were conducted at three locations.

6.Laser beam welding will have a great impact on fabrication industry.

7.There must be a metal container on the floor for the sparks.

8.His report has some information on the new fuel system.

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9.The speedometer is used to indicate the speed of a car.

10.The beam-splitter (расщепитель электронного луча) has gone wrong.

11.The TV-set is producing a lot of noise.

12.We have some definitions of a robot.

13.Nearly all lasers have something in common.

14.Nitrogen has many uses, including glass making.

15.He was to come at 5.

16.They had to test the engine twice.

17.The builders are to erect the structure in two months.

18.Have you taken all the influencing factors into consideration?

19.Now everything is being done to solve this problem.

20.Did he manage to finish the welding in time?

8.Read the following short passage and define the function of the words to be, to have, to do. It is not necessary to give detailed translation of this passage.

WHAT IS A PLASTIC

What are plastics and why are the chemists so enthusiastic over them? Synthetic plastics are man-made substances which not only change their shape under great heat and pressure, but have some changes in their chemical state as well.

They are light and hard, being produced by mixing together a number of gases and liquids. A synthetic – or man-made – prod uct must be both better and cheaper than the natural material it is to replace.

So quickly have the manufacturers begun to produce plastic products that one can hardly live through the day without using some of them in one way or another. Since plastics have all the fine characteristics of building material and good insulating properties, being fireproof as well, it is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add colour and beauty to modern homes and offices.

III. Writing Section

1.Translate the following text from English into Russian. Use a dictionary if necessary.

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