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Dictionary of Medical Terms 4th Ed

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intravascular

204

plastic coil placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Abbr IUCD, IUD

intravascular / ntrə v skjυlə/ adjective inside the blood vessels

intravenous / ntrə vi nəs/ adjective into a vein. Abbr IV

intravenous drip / ntrəvi nəs dr p/ noun a thin tube that is inserted into a vein and is used to very gradually give a person fluids, either for rehydration, feeding or medication purposes

intravenous feeding / ntrəvi nəs fi d ŋ/ noun the procedure of giving someone liquid

food by means of a tube inserted into a vein

intravenous injection / ntrəvi nəs n d ekʃən/ noun an injection of liquid into a

vein, e.g. for the fast release of a drug intravenously / ntrə vi nəsli/ adverb into a

vein a fluid given intravenously

intravenous pyelogram / ntrəvi nəs pa ələ&r m/, intravenous urogram / ntrə vi nəs jυərə&r m/ noun a series of X-ray

photographs of the kidneys using pyelography.

Abbr IVP

intravenous pyelography / ntrəvi nəspa ə lɒ&rəfi/, intravenous urography / ntrə vi nəs jυ rɒ&rəfi/ noun an X-ray examination

of the urinary tract after opaque liquid has been injected intravenously into the body and taken by the blood into the kidneys intraventricular / ntrəven tr kjυlə/ adjective inside or placed into a ventricle in the heart

or the brain

intra vitam / ntrə va təm/ adverb during life

intrinsic / n tr ns k/ adjective belonging to the essential nature of an organism, or entirely within an organ or part

intrinsic factor / n tr ns k f ktə/ noun a protein produced in the gastric glands which reacts with the extrinsic factor, and which, if lacking, causes pernicious anaemia intrinsic ligament / n tr ns k l &əmənt/ noun a ligament which forms part of the capsule surrounding a joint

intrinsic muscle / n tr ns k m"s(ə)l/ noun a muscle lying completely inside the part or segment, especially of a limb, which it moves

intro- / ntrəυ/ prefix inward

introduce / ntrə dju s/ verb 1. to put something into something He used a syringe to introduce a medicinal substance into the body.The nurse introduced the catheter into the vein. 2. to present two people to one another when they have never met before Can I introduce my new assistant? 3. to start a new way of doing something The hospital has introduced a new screening process for cervical cancer.

introduction / ntrə d"kʃən/ noun 1. the act of putting something inside something the

introduction of semen into the woman’s uterusthe introduction of an endotracheal tube into the patient’s mouth 2. the act of starting a new process

introitus / n trəυ təs/ noun an opening into any hollow organ or canal

introjection / ntrəυ d ekʃən/ noun a person’s unconscious adoption of the attitudes or values of another person whom he or she

wants to impress

introspection / ntrə spekʃən/ noun a detailed and sometimes obsessive mental selfexamination of feelings, thoughts and motives introversion / ntrə v! ʃ(ə)n/ noun a condition in which a person is excessively interested in himself or herself and his or her own mental

state. Compare extroversion

introvert / ntrəv! t/ noun a person who thinks only about himself or herself and his or her own mental state. Compare extrovert introverted / ntrəυ v! t d/ adjective referring to someone who thinks only about himself or herself

intubate / ntju be t/ verb to insert a tube into any organ or part of the body. Also called

catheterise

intubation / ntju be ʃ(ə)n/ noun the therapeutic insertion of a tube into the larynx through the glottis to allow the passage of air.

Also called catheterisation

intumescence / ntju mes(ə)ns/ noun the

swelling of an organ

intussusception / ntəsə sepʃən/ noun a condition in which part of the gastrointestinal tract becomes folded down inside the part beneath it, causing an obstruction and strangula-

tion of the folded part

inunction / n "ŋkʃən/ noun 1. the act of rubbing an ointment into the skin so that the medicine in it is absorbed 2. an ointment which is rubbed into the skin

in utero / n ju tərəυ/ adverb, adjective in, or while still inside, a woman’s womb

invade / n ve d/ verb to enter and spread gradually throughout a part of the body, e.g. the entry of a microorganism that causes disease

invagination / n v d ne ʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. same as intussusception 2. the surgical treatment of hernia, in which a sheath of tissue is made to cover the opening

invalid / nvəl d/ (dated) noun someone who has had an illness and has not fully recovered from it or who has been permanently disabledadjective weak or disabled

invalidity / nvə l d ti/ noun the condition of being disabled

invasion / n ve (ə)n/ noun the entry of bacteria into a body, or the first attack of a disease invasive / n ve s v/ adjective 1. referring to cancer which tends to spread throughout the

205

iridencleisis

body 2. referring to an inspection or treatment which involves entering the body by making an incision. non-invasive

inverse care law / nv! s keə lə / noun the idea that the people who most need care and services are least likely or able to access them inversion / n v! ʃ(ə)n/ noun the fact of being turned towards the inside inversion of the foot See illustration at ANATOMICAL TERMS in Supplement inversion of the uterus a condition in which the top part of the uterus touches the cervix, as if it were inside out, which may happen after childbirth

invertase / n v! te z/ noun an enzyme in the intestine which splits sucrose

investigation / n vest &e ʃ(ə)n/ noun an examination to find out the cause of something which has happened The Health Authority ordered an investigation into how the drugs were stolen.

investigative surgery / n vest &ət v s! d əri/ noun surgery to investigate the cause of a condition

in vitro / n vi trəυ/ adjective, adverb a Latin phrase meaning ‘in a glass’, i.e. in a test tube or similar container used in a laboratory in vitro activity, in vitro experiment experiment which takes place in the laboratory

in vitro fertilisation / n vi trəυ f! təla ze ʃ(ə)n/ noun the fertilisation of an ovum in the laboratory. test-tube baby. Abbr IVF

in vivo adjective, adverb a Latin phrase meaning ‘in living tissue’, i.e. referring to an experiment which takes place on the living body in vivo experiment / n vi vəυ k sper*

mənt/ noun an experiment on a living body, e.g. that of an animal

involucrum / nvə lu krəm/ noun a covering of new bone which forms over diseased bone involuntary / n vɒlənt(ə)ri/ adjective done automatically, without any conscious thought or decision-making being involved Patients are advised not to eat or drink, to reduce the risk of involuntary vomiting while on the operating table.

involuntary action / n vɒlənt(ə)ri kʃən/ noun an action which someone does without thinking or making a conscious decision involuntary muscle / n vɒlənt(ə)ri m"s(ə)l/ noun a muscle supplied by the autonomic nervous system, and therefore not under voluntary control, e.g. the muscle which activates a vital organ such as the heart involution / nvə lu ʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the return of an organ to its usual size, e.g. the shrinking of the uterus after childbirth 2. a period of de-

cline of organs which sets in after middle age involutional / nvə lu ʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adjective re-

ferring to involution

involutional melancholia / nvəlu ʃ(ə)n(ə)l melən kəυliə/ noun a depression

which occurs in people, mainly women, after middle age, probably caused by a change of endocrine secretions

iodine / a ədi n/ noun a chemical element which is essential to the body, especially to the functioning of the thyroid gland (NOTE: Lack of iodine in the diet can cause goitre. The chemical symbol is I.)

IOL abbr intraocular lens

ion / a ən/ noun an atom that has an electric charge (NOTE: Ions with a positive charge are called cations and those with a negative charge are called anions.)

COMMENT: It is believed that living organisms, including human beings, react to the presence of ionised particles in the atmosphere. Hot dry winds contain a higher proportion of positive ions than usual and these winds cause headaches and other illnesses. If negative ionised air is introduced into an air-conditioning system, the incidence of headaches and nausea among people working in the building may be reduced.

ionise / a əna z/, ionize verb to give an atom an electric charge

ioniser / a əna zə/, ionizer noun a machine that increases the amount of negative ions in the atmosphere of a room, so counteracting the effect of positive ions

ionotherapy /a ɒnə θerəpi/ noun treatment by ions introduced into the body via an electric current

iontophoresis /a ɒntəυfə ri s s/ noun the movement of ions through a biological material when an electric current passes through it IOUS abbr intraoperative ultrasound

IPAV abbr intermittent positive airway ventilation. positive pressure ventilation ipecacuanha / p k kjυ nə/ noun a drug made from the root of an American plant, used as a treatment for coughs, and also as an emetic (NOTE: The US term is ipecac.)

IP joint / a pi d ɔ nt/ noun same as interphalangeal joint

IPPV abbr intermittent positive pressure venti-

lation. positive pressure ventilation

ipratropium / a prə trəυpiəm/, ipratropium bromide / a prə trəυpiəm brəυma d/ noun a

drug which helps to relax muscles in the airways, used in the treatment of conditions such as asthma, bronchitis and emphysema ipsilateral / ps l tərəl/ adjective located on or affecting the same side of the body. Also called homolateral. Opposite contralateral

IQ abbr intelligence quotient

IRDS abbr infant respiratory distress syndrome

irid- / r d/ prefix referring to the iris iridectomy / r dektəmi/ noun the surgical

removal of part of the iris

iridencleisis / r den kla s s/ noun an operation to treat glaucoma, where part of the iris

iridocyclitis

206

is used as a drainage channel through a hole in the conjunctiva

iridocyclitis / r dəυs kla t s/ noun inflammation of the iris and the tissues which surround it

iridodialysis / r dəυda ləs s/ noun the separation of the iris from its insertion iridoplegia / r dəυ pli d ə/ noun paralysis of the iris

iridoptosis / r dəυ təυs s/ noun the pushing forward of the iris through a wound in the

cornea

iridotomy / r dɒtəmi/ noun a surgical incision into the iris

iris / a r s/ noun a coloured ring in the eye, with the pupil at its centre. See illustration at EYE in Supplement

COMMENT: The iris acts like the aperture in a camera shutter, opening and closing to allow more or less light through the pupil into the eye.

iritis /a ra t s/ noun inflammation of the iris

iron / a ən/ noun 1. a chemical element essential to the body, present in foods such as liver and eggs 2. a common grey metal (NOTE: The chemical symbol is Fe.)

COMMENT: Iron is an essential part of the red pigment in red blood cells. Lack of iron in haemoglobin results in iron-deficiency anaemia. Storage of too much iron in the body results in haemochromatosis.

iron-deficiency anaemia / a ən d f ʃ(ə)nsi ə ni miə/ noun anaemia caused by a

lack of iron in red blood cells

iron lung / a ən l"ŋ/ noun same as Drinker respirator

irradiation / re d e ʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the process of spreading from a centre, as e.g., nerve impulses do 2. the use of radiation to treat peo-

ple or to kill bacteria in food

irreducible hernia / r dju səb(ə)l h! niə/ noun a hernia where the organ cannot be returned to its usual position

irregular / re&jυlə/ adjective not regular or normal The patient’s breathing was irregular. The nurse noted that the patient had developed an irregular pulse. He has irregular bowel movements.

irrigate / r &e t/ verb to wash out a cavity in the body

irrigation / r &e ʃ(ə)n/ noun the washing out of a cavity in the body

irritability / r tə b l ti/ noun the state of being irritable

irritable / r təb(ə)l/ adjective 1. easily able to become inflamed and painful 2. feeling annoyed and impatient

irritable bowel syndrome / r təb(ə)l baυəl s ndrəυm/ noun mucous colitis.

Abbr IBS

irritable colon / r təb(ə)l kəυlɒn/ noun mucous colitis

irritable hip / r təb(ə)l h p/ noun a condition of pain in the hip which is caused by swelling of the synovium. Treatment involves bed rest, traction and anti-inflammatory drugs. irritant / r t(ə)nt/ noun a substance which

can irritate

irritant dermatitis / r t(ə)nt d! mə ta t s/ noun same as contact dermatitis irritate / r te t/ verb to cause a painful reaction in part of the body, especially to make it inflamed Some types of wool can irritate the skin.

irritation / r te ʃ(ə)n/ noun a feeling of being irritated an irritation caused by the ointment

ISC abbr intermittent self-catheterisation isch- / sk/ prefix too little

ischaemia / ski miə/ noun a deficient blood supply to a part of the body

ischaemic / ski m k/ adjective lacking in blood

‘…the term stroke does not refer to a single pathological entity. Stroke may be haemorrhagic or ischaemic: the latter is usually caused by thrombosis or embolism’ [British Journal of Hospital Medicine]

ischaemic heart disease / ski m k hɑ t d zi z/ noun a disease of the heart caused by a failure in the blood supply, as in coronary thrombosis. Abbr IHD

ischi- / ski/ prefix same as ischio- (used before vowels)

ischia / skiə/ plural of ischium

ischial / skiəl/ adjective referring to the is-

chium or hip joint

ischial tuberosity / skiəl tju bə rɒs ti/ noun a lump of bone forming the ring of the ischium

ischio- / skiəυ/ prefix referring to the ischium

ischiocavernosus muscle / skiəυk və nəυsəs m"s(ə)l/ noun a muscle along one

side of the perineum

ischiorectal / skiəυ rekt(ə)l/ adjective referring to both the ischium and the rectum ischiorectal abscess / skiəυ rekt(ə)lbses/ noun an abscess which forms in fat cells between the anus and the ischium ischiorectal fossa / skiəυ rekt(ə)l fɒsə/ noun a space on either side of the lower end of the rectum and anal canal

ischium / skiəm/ noun the lower part of the hip bone in the pelvis. See illustration at PELVIS

in Supplement (NOTE: The plural is ischia.)

Ishihara colour charts / ʃ hɑ rə k"lətʃɑ ts/ plural noun charts used in a test for colour vision in which numbers or letters are shown in dots of primary colours with dots of other colours around them. People with normal colour vision can see them, but people

who are colour-blind cannot.

Ishihara test / ʃ hɑ rə test/ noun a test using Ishihara colour charts

207

IVU

islets of Langerhans / a ləts əv l ŋəh ns/, islands of Langerhans / a ləndz əv l ŋəh nz/, islet cells / a lət selz/ plural

noun groups of cells in the pancreas which secrete the hormones glucagon, insulin and gastrin [Described 1869. After Paul Langerhans (1847–88), Professor of Pathological Anatomy at Freiburg, Germany.]

iso- /a səυ/ prefix equal

isoantibody / a səυ nt bɒdi/ noun an antibody which forms in one person as a reaction to antigens from another person (NOTE: The plural is isoantibodies.)

isograft / a səυ&rɑ ft/ noun a graft of tissue from an identical twin. Also called syngraft isoimmunisation / a səυ mjuna ze ʃ(ə)n/, isoimmunization noun immunisation of a person with antigens derived from another person

isolate / a səle t/ verb 1. to keep one person apart from others because he or she has a dangerous infectious disease 2. to identify a single virus, bacterium or other pathogen among many Scientists have been able to isolate the virus which causes Legionnaires’ disease. Candida is easily isolated from the mouths of healthy adults.

isolation / a sə le ʃ(ə)n/ noun the separation of a person, especially one with an infectious disease, from others

isolation ward / a sə le ʃ(ə)n wɔ d/ noun a special ward where people who have dangerous infectious diseases can be kept isolated from others

isolator / a səle tə/ noun 1. a large clear plastic bag in which a person can be nursed, or operated on, in a sterile environment 2. a room or piece of equipment which keeps people or substances separated from others which may contaminate them an isolator stretcher an isolator cabinet

isoleucine /a səυ lu si n/ noun an essential amino acid

isometric / a səυ metr k/ adjective 1. involving equal measurement an isometric view of the system 2. referring to muscle contraction in which tension occurs with very little shortening of muscle fibres 3. referring to exercises in which the muscles are put under tension but not contracted

isometrics / a səυ metr ks/ plural noun exercises to strengthen the muscles, in which the muscles contract but do not shorten

isoniazid / a sə na əz d/ noun a colourless crystalline compound that is used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Abbr INH

isoprenaline / a səυ prenəli n/, isoproterenol noun a drug that relieves asthma by widening the bronchial tubes in the lungs isosorbide dinitrate / a səυ sɔ ba d da na tre t/ noun a compound which causes widening or relaxation of the blood vessels, used in the treatment of angina pectoris isotonic / a səυ tɒn k/ adjective referring to a solution, e.g. a saline drip, which has the same osmotic pressure as blood serum and which can therefore be passed directly into the body. Compare hypertonic, hypotonic

isotonicity / a sətɒ n s ti/ noun the equal osmotic pressure of two or more solutions isotonic solution / a səυtɒn k sə lu ʃ(ə)n/ noun a solution which has the same osmotic pressure as blood serum, or as another liquid it is compared with

isotope / a sətəυp/ noun a form of a chemical element which has the same chemical properties as other forms but a different atomic mass

isotretinoin / a səυtre t nɔ n/ noun a drug used in the treatment of severe acne and several other skin diseases

ispaghula / spə &u lə/, ispaghula husk /

spə &u lə h"sk/ noun a natural dietary fibre used to treat constipation, diverticulitis and irritable bowel syndrome

ISS abbr injury scoring system

isthmus / sməs/ noun 1. a short narrow canal or cavity 2. a narrow band of tissue joining two larger masses of similar tissue, e.g. the section in the centre of the thyroid gland, which joins the two lobes (NOTE: The plural is isthmi or isthmuses.)

itch / / noun 1. an irritated place on the skin which makes a person want to scratch 2. the itch same as scabies (informal) verb to produce an irritating sensation, making someone want to scratch

itching / tʃ ŋ/ noun same as pruritus

itchy / tʃi/ adjective making a person want to scratch The main symptom of the disease is an itchy red rash.

-itis /a t s/ suffix inflammation ITU abbr intensive therapy unit IU abbr international unit

IUCD abbr intrauterine contraceptive device

IUD abbr 1. intrauterine death 2. intrauterine device

IUS abbr intrauterine system IV abbr intravenous

IVF abbr in vitro fertilisation IVP abbr intravenous pyelogram IVU abbr intravenous urography

J

J /d e / abbr joule

jab /d b/ noun an injection or inoculation

(informal) a tetanus jab

Jacksonian epilepsy /d k səυniən ep * lepsi/ noun a form of epilepsy in which the

jerking movements start in one part of the body before spreading to others [Described 1863. After John Hughlings Jackson (1835– 1911), British neurologist.]

Jacquemier’s sign / d kəm əz sa n/ noun a sign of early pregnancy in which the vaginal mucosa becomes slightly blue due to an increased amount of blood in the arteries

[After Jean Marie Jacquemier (1806–79), French obstetrician]

jactitation / d kt te ʃ(ə)n/ noun the action of constantly moving the body around in a restless way, especially because of mental illness

jag /d &/ noun in Scotland, an injection or inoculation (informal)

jargon / d ɑ &ən/ noun 1. the words used by people who have a particular area of knowledge, which are usually only understood by those people medical jargon 2. a stream of words that makes no sense, produced by someone with aphasia or a severe mental disorder jaundice / d ɔ nd s/ noun a condition in which there is an excess of bile pigment in the blood, and in which the pigment is deposited in the skin and the whites of the eyes, which have a yellow colour. Also called icterus

COMMENT: Jaundice can have many causes, usually relating to the liver: the most common are blockage of the bile ducts by gallstones or by disease of the liver and Weil’s disease.

jaw /d ɔ / noun the bones in the face which hold the teeth and form the mouth He fell down and broke his jaw. The punch on his mouth broke his jaw.

COMMENT: The jaw has two parts, the upper (the maxillae) being fixed parts of the skull, and the lower (the mandible) being attached to the skull with a hinge so that it can move up and down.

jawbone / d ɔ bəυn/ noun one of the bones which form the jaw, especially the lower jaw or mandible

jejun- /d d u n/ prefix same as jejuno- (used before vowels)

jejunal /d d u n(ə)l/ adjective referring to the jejunum

jejunal ulcer /d d u n(ə)l "lsə/ noun an ulcer in the jejunum

jejunectomy / d d u nektəmi/ noun a surgical operation to remove all or part of the jejunum (NOTE: The plural is jejunectomies.)

jejuno- /d i d u nəυ/ prefix referring to the jejunum

jejunoileostomy /d d u nəυ li ɒstəmi/ noun a surgical operation to make an artificial link between the jejunum and the ileum (NOTE: The plural is jejunoileostomies.) jejunostomy / d d u nɒstəmi/ noun a surgical operation to make an artificial passage to the jejunum through the wall of the abdomen

(NOTE: The plural is jejunostomies.) jejunotomy / d d u nɒtəmi/ noun a surgical operation to cut into the jejunum (NOTE: The plural is jejunotomies.)

jejunum /d d u nəm/ noun the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum, about 2 metres long. See illustration at

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM in Supplement

jerk /d ! k/ noun a sudden movement of part of the body which indicates that the local reflex arc is intact verb to make sudden movements, or cause something to make sudden movements In some forms of epilepsy the limbs jerk.

jet lag / d et l &/ noun a condition suffered by people who travel long distances in planes, caused by rapid changes in time zones which affect sleep patterns and meal times and thus interfere with the body’s metabolism We had jet lag when we flew from Australia.

jet-lagged / d et l &d/ adjective experiencing jet lag jet-lagged travellers We were jet-lagged for a week.

joint /d ɔ nt/ noun a structure at a point where two or more bones join, especially one which allows movement of the bones The elbow is a joint in the arm. Arthritis is accompanied by stiffness in the joints. Charcot’s

209

juxtaposition

joint (NOTE: For other terms referring to joints,

see words beginning with arthr-, arthro-.) joint-breaker fever / d ɔ nt bre kə fi və/

noun same as o’nyong-nyong fever

joint capsule / d ɔ nt k psju l/ noun white fibrous tissue which surrounds and holds a joint together. See illustration at SYNO- VIAL JOINT in Supplement

joint investment plan / d ɔ nt n vestmənt pl n/ noun a plan that health and

social services draw up together for specific

areas of care

joint mouse / d ɔ nt maυs/ plural noun a loose piece of bone or cartilage in the knee joint, making the joint lock

joule /d u l/ noun the SI unit of measurement of work or energy. 4.184 joules equals one calorie. Symbol J

jugular / d "&jυlə/ adjective referring to the throat or neck noun same as jugular vein

COMMENT: There are three jugular veins on each side: the internal jugular is large and leads to the brachiocephalic vein, the external jugular is smaller and leads to the subclavian vein and the anterior jugular is the smallest.

jugular nerve / d "&jυlə n! v/ noun one of

the nerves in the neck

jugular trunk / d "&jυlə tr"ŋk/ noun a terminal lymph vessel in the neck, draining into the subclavian vein

jugular vein / d "&jυlə ve n/ noun one of the veins which pass down either side of the neck. Also called jugular

juice /d u s/ noun 1. liquid from a fruit or vegetable a glass of orange juice or tomato juice 2. a natural fluid of the body. gastric juice

jumper’s knee / d "mpəz ni / noun a painful condition suffered by athletes and dancers in which inflammation develops in the knee joint

junction / d "ŋkʃən/ noun a joining point junior doctor / d u niə dɒktə/ noun a doctor who is completing his or her training in hospital

junk food / d "ŋk fu d/ noun food of little nutritional value, e.g. high-fat processed snacks, eaten between or instead of meals juvenile / d u vəna l/ adjective relating to or affecting children or adolescents

juxta- /d "kstə/ prefix beside or near juxta-articular / d "kstə ɑ t kjυlə/ adjective occurring near a joint

juxtaposition / d "kstəpə z ʃ(ə)n/ noun the placing of two or more things side by side so as to make their similarities or differences more obvious

K

k symbol kilo-

Kahn test / kɑ n test/ noun a test of blood serum to diagnose syphilis [Described 1922. After Reuben Leon Kahn, Lithuanian-born serologist who worked in the USA.]

kala-azar / kɑ lə ə zɑ / noun an often fatal form of leishmaniasis caused by the infection of the intestines and internal organs by a parasite, Leishmania, spread by flies. Symptoms are fever, anaemia, general wasting of the body and swelling of the spleen and liver.

kalium / ke liəm/ noun same as potassium

kaolin / ke əl n/ noun a fine soft clay used in the making of medical preparations, especially for the treatment of diarrhoea

Kaposi’s sarcoma /kə pəυziz sɑ kəυmə/ noun a cancer which takes the form of many haemorrhagic nodes affecting the skin, especially on the extremities [Described 1872. After Moritz Kohn Karposi (1837–1902), Professor of Dermatology at Vienna, Austria.]

COMMENT: Formerly a relatively rare disease, found mainly in tropical countries, Kaposi’s sarcoma is now more common as it is one of the diseases associated with AIDS.

Kartagener’s syndrome / kɑ tə d i nəzs ndrəυm/ noun a hereditary condition in

which all the organs in the chest and abdomen are positioned on the opposite side from the usual one, i.e. the heart and stomach are on the right

karyo- /k riəυ/ prefix relating to a cell nucleus

karyotype / k riəυta p/ noun the chromosome complement of a cell, shown as a diagram or as a set of letters and numbers

Kawasaki disease / kɑ wə sɑ kiz d zi z/ noun a retrovirus infection that often occurs in small children and causes a high temperature, rash, reddened eyes, peeling skin and swollen lymph nodes

Kayser-Fleischer ring / ka zə fla ʃə r ŋ/ noun a brown ring on the outer edge of the cornea, which is a diagnostic sign of hepatolenticular degeneration [Described 1902 by Kayser, 1903 by Fleischer. Bernard Kayser (1869–

1954), German ophthalmologist; Bruno Richard Fleischer (1848–1904), German physician.]

kcal abbr kilocalorie

Kegel exercises / ke &(ə)l eksəsa z z/ plural noun exercises which strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor in women and help to prevent any accidental leakage of urine when they cough, sneeze or lift things

Keller’s operation / keləz ɒpə re ʃ(ə)n/ noun a surgical operation on the big toe to remove a bunion or to correct an ankylosed joint

[Described 1904. After William Lordan Keller (1874–1959), US surgeon.]

keloid / ki lɔ d/ noun an excessive amount of scar tissue at the site of a skin injury

kerat- /kerət/ prefix same as kerato- (used before vowels)

keratalgia / kerə t ld iə/ noun pain felt in the cornea

keratectasia / kerətek te ziə/ noun a condition in which the cornea bulges keratectomy / kerə tektəmi/ noun a surgical operation to remove the whole or part of the cornea (NOTE: The plural is keratectomies.)

keratic /kə r t k/ adjective 1. relating to horny tissue or to keratin 2. relating to the cornea

keratin / kerət n/ noun a protein found in horny tissue such as fingernails, hair or the outer surface of the skin

keratinisation / kerət na ze ʃ(ə)n/, keratinization noun the appearance of horny characteristics in tissue. Also called cornification keratinise / kerət na z, kə r t na z/, keratinize verb to convert something into keratin or into horny tissue (NOTE: keratinising – keratinised)

keratinocyte / kerə t nəυsa t/ noun a cell which produces keratin

keratitis / kerə ta t s/ noun inflammation of the cornea

kerato- /kerətəυ/ prefix referring to horn, horny tissue or the cornea keratoacanthoma / kerətəυ kən θəυmə/ noun a type of benign skin tumour which dis-

211

kidney dialysis

appears after a few months (NOTE: The plural is

keratoacanthomas or keratoacanthomata.)

keratoconjunctivitis / kerətəυkənd "ŋkt va t s/ noun inflammation of the

cornea with conjunctivitis

keratoconus / kerətəυ kəυnəs/ noun a cone-

shaped lump on the cornea

keratoglobus / kerətəυ &ləυbəs/ noun swell-

ing of the eyeball

keratoma / kerə təυmə/ noun a hard thickened growth due to hypertrophy of the horny zone of the skin (NOTE: The plural is keratomas

or keratomata.)

keratomalacia / kerətəυmə le ʃə/ noun 1. a softening of the cornea frequently caused by Vitamin A deficiency 2. softening of the horny

layer of the skin

keratome / kerətəυm/ noun a surgical knife used for operations on the cornea keratometer / kerə tɒm tə/ noun an instrument for measuring the curvature of the cornea keratometry / kerə tɒm tri/ noun the proc-

ess of measuring the curvature of the cornea keratopathy / kerə tɒpəθi/ noun any non-

inflammatory disorder of the cornea (NOTE:

The plural is keratopathies.)

keratoplasty / kerətəpl sti/ noun a surgical operation to graft corneal tissue from a donor in place of diseased tissue (NOTE: The plural

is keratoplasties.)

 

keratoprosthesis

/ kerətəυprɒs θi s s/

noun 1. a surgical operation to replace the central area of a cornea with clear plastic, when it has become opaque 2. a piece of clear plastic put into the cornea (NOTE: The plural is kerato-

prostheses.)

keratoscope / kerətəskəυp/ noun an instrument for examining the cornea to see if it has an unusual curvature. Also called Placido’s

disc

keratosis / kerə təυs s/ noun a lesion of the

skin (NOTE: The plural is keratoses.) keratotomy / kerə tɒtəmi/ noun a surgical

operation to make a cut in the cornea, the first step in many intraocular operations (NOTE: The

plural is keratotomies.)

kerion / k əriɒn/ noun a painful soft mass,

usually on the scalp, caused by ringworm kernicterus /kə n ktərəs/ noun yellow pig-

mentation of the basal ganglia and other nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain, found in children with icterus

Kernig’s sign / k! n &z sa n/ noun a symptom of meningitis in which the knee cannot be straightened if the person is lying down with the thigh brought up against the abdomen [Described 1882. After Vladimir Mikhailovich Kernig

(1840–1917), Russian neurologist.]

ketamine / ketəmi n/ noun a white crystalline powder that is a general anaesthetic, used in human and veterinary medicine

ketoacidosis / ki təυ s dəυs s/ noun an accumulation of ketone bodies in tissue in diabetes, causing acidosis

ketoconazole / ki təυ kɒnəzəυl/ noun a drug which is effective against a wide range of fungal infections such as cryptococcosis and thrush

ketogenesis / ki təυ d enəs s/ noun the production of ketone bodies

ketogenic / ki təυ d en k/ adjective forming ketone bodies

ketogenic diet / ki təυd en k da ət/ noun a diet with a high fat content, producing ketosis ketonaemia / ki təυ ni miə/ noun a morbid state in which ketone bodies exist in the blood ketone / ki təυn/ noun a chemical compound produced when glucose is unavailable for use as energy, as in untreated diabetes, and fats are used instead, leading to ketosis

ketone bodies / ki təυn bɒdiz/ plural noun ketone compounds formed from fatty acids ketone group / ki təυn &ru p/ noun a chemical group characteristic of ketones, with carbon atoms doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and to the carbon atoms of two other organic groups

ketonuria / ki təυ njυəriə/ noun a state in

which ketone bodies are excreted in the urine ketoprofen / ki təυ prəυfən/ noun an anti-

inflammatory drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis ketosis /ki təυs s/ noun a state in which ketone bodies such as acetone and acetic acid accumulate in the tissues, a late complication of Type I diabetes mellitus

ketosteroid / ki təυ st ərɔ d/ noun a steroid such as cortisone which contains a ketone group

keyhole surgery / ki həυl s! d əri/ noun surgery carried out by inserting tiny surgical instruments through an endoscope (informal)

Also called laparoscopic surgery kg abbr kilogram

kidney / k dni/ noun either of two organs situated in the lower part of the back on either side of the spine behind the abdomen, whose function is to maintain the usual concentrations of the main constituents of blood, passing the waste matter into the urine. See illustration at KIDNEY in Supplement

COMMENT: A kidney is formed of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The nephrons which run from the cortex into the medulla filter the blood and form urine. The urine is passed through the ureters into the bladder. Sudden sharp pain in back of the abdomen, going downwards, is an indication of a kidney stone passing into the ureter.

kidney dialysis / k dni da ləs s/ noun the process of removing waste matter from blood by passing it through a kidney machine. Also called haemodialysis

kidney donor

212

kidney donor / k dni dəυnə/ noun a person who gives one of his or her kidneys as a transplant

kidney failure / k dni fe ljə/ noun a situation in which the kidneys do not function properly

kidney machine / k dni mə ʃi n/ noun an apparatus through which blood is passed to be cleaned by dialysis if the person’s kidneys have failed

kidney stone / k dni stəυn/ noun a hard mass of calcium like a little piece of stone which forms in the kidney

kidney transplant / k dni tr nsplɑ nt/ noun a surgical operation to give someone with a diseased or damaged kidney a kidney from another person

kill /k l/ verb to make someone or something die She was killed in a car crash. Heart attacks kill more people every year. Antibodies are created to kill bacteria.

killer / k lə/ noun a person or disease which kills In the winter, bronchitis is the killer of hundreds of senior citizens. Virulent typhoid fever can be a killer disease. painkiller killer cell / k lə sel/, killer T cell noun a type of immune cell that recognises and destroys cells that have specific antigens on their surface, e.g. virus-infected or cancerous cells

Killian’s operation / k liənz ɒpə re ʃ(ə)n/ noun a surgical operation to clear the frontal sinus by curetting in which the incision is made in the eyebrow [After Gustav Killian (1860– 1921), German laryngologist]

kilo- /k ləυ/ prefix one thousand (103). Sym-

bol k

kilogram / k lə&r m/ noun an SI unit of measurement of weight equal to 1000 grams

She weighs 62 kilos (62 kg). Symbol kg kilojoule / k ləυd u l/ noun an SI unit of

measurement of energy or heat equal to 1000 joules. Symbol kJ

kilopascal / k ləυp skəl/ noun an SI unit of measurement of pressure equal to 1000 pascals. Symbol kPa

Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease / k məlsti l w lsən d zi z/, Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome / k məlsti l w lsən s ndrəυm/ noun

a form of nephrosclerosis found in people with diabetes [Described 1936. After Paul Kimmelstiel (1900–70), US pathologist; Clifford Wilson (1906–98), Professor of Medicine, London University, UK.]

kin /k n/ noun relatives or close members of the family

kin- /k n/ prefix same as kine- (used before vowels)

kinaesthesia / k ni s θi ziə/ noun the fact of being aware of the movement and position of parts of the body (NOTE: The US spelling is kinesthesia.)

COMMENT: Kinaesthesia is the result of information from muscles and ligaments which is passed to the brain and which allows the brain to recognise movements, touch and weight.

kinanaesthesia / k n ni s θi ziə/ noun the fact of not being able to sense the movement and position of parts of the body (NOTE: The US spelling is kinanesthesia.)

kinase / ka ne z/ noun an enzyme belonging to a large family of related substances that bind to the energy-providing molecule ATP and regulate functions such as cell division and signalling between cells

kine- /k ni/ prefix movement

kinematics / k n m t ks/ noun the science of movement, especially of body movements kineplasty / k n pl sti/ noun an amputation in which the muscles of the stump of the amputated limb are used to operate an artificial limb (NOTE: The plural is kineplasties.) kinesi- /ka ni si/ prefix movement (NOTE:

used before vowels)

kinesiology / ka ni si ɒləd i/ noun the study of human movements, particularly with regard to their use in treatment

kinesis noun the movement of a cell in response to a stimulus. Compare taxis -kinesis /k ni s s/ suffix 1. activity or motion 2. a change in the movement of a cell, though not in any particular direction. Examples are a

change in its speed or in its turning behaviour. kinesitherapy / ka ni si θerəpi/ noun thera-

py involving movement of parts of the body kinetic /k net k, ka net k/ adjective relat-

ing to movement

King’s Fund / k ŋz f"nd/ noun a major inde-

pendent health charity in London

King’s model / k ŋz mɒd(ə)l/ noun a model of nurse–patient relationships based on ten principles: interaction, perception, communication, transaction, role, stress, growth and development, time, self and space. Through an exchange of information nurses and patients work together to help individuals and groups attain, maintain and restore health.

kinin / ka n n/ noun a polypeptide that makes blood vessels widen and smooth muscles con-

tract

Kirschner wire / k! ʃ(ə)nə wa ə/, Kirschner’s wire noun a wire attached to a bone and tightened to provide traction to a fracture [Described 1909. After Martin Kirschner (1879– 1942), Professor of Surgery at Heidelberg, Germany.]

kiss of life / k s əv la f/ noun same as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (informal)

kJ abbr kilojoule

Klebsiella / klebsi elə/ noun a Gram-nega- tive bacterium, one form of which, Klebsiella

pneumoniae, can cause pneumonia

Klebs-Loeffler bacillus / klebz leflə bəs ləs/ noun the bacterium which causes diph-

213

Krukenberg tumour

theria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae [After Theodor Albrecht Klebs (1834–1913), bacteriologist in Zürich, Switzerland, and Chicago, USA; Friedrich August Loeffler (1852–1915), bacteriologist in Berlin, Germany]

Kleihauer test / kla haυə test/, KleihauerBetke test noun a test used to check whether there has been any blood loss from a fetus to the mother across the placenta. It is usually done immediately after delivery.

klepto- /kleptəυ/ prefix stealing or theft kleptomania / kleptəυ me niə/ noun a form

of mental disorder in which someone has a compulsive desire to steal things, even things of little value

kleptomaniac / kleptəυ me ni k/ noun a person who has a compulsive desire to steal

Klinefelter’s syndrome / kla nfeltəz s n drəυm/ noun a genetic disorder in which a male has an extra female chromosome, making an XXY set, giving sterility and partial female characteristics [Described 1942. After Harry Fitch Klinefelter Jr. (b. 1912), Associate Professor of Medicine, John Hopkins Medical

School, Baltimore, USA.]

Klumpke’s paralysis / klu mpkəz pə r ləs s/ noun a form of paralysis due to an injury during birth, affecting the forearm and hand. Also called Déjerine-Klumpke’s syndrome [Described 1885. After Augusta Klumpke (Madame Déjerine-Klumpke) (1859–1937), French neurologist, one of the first women to qualify in Paris in 1888.]

knee /ni / noun a joint in the middle of the leg, joining the femur and the tibia (NOTE: For other terms referring to the knee, see genu.) kneecap / ni k p/ noun same as patella knee jerk / ni d ! k/ noun same as patellar reflex

knee joint /ni d ɔ nt/ noun a joint where the femur and the tibia are joined, covered by the kneecap

knit /n t/ verb (of broken bones) to join together again Broken bones take longer to knit in elderly people than in children. (NOTE: knitting

– knitted – knit)

knock-knee / nɒk ni / noun a state in which the knees touch and the ankles are apart when a person is standing straight. Also called genu valgum

knock-kneed /nɒk ni d/ adjective referring to a person whose knees touch when he or she stands straight with feet slightly apart

knock out / nɒk aυt/ verb to hit someone so hard that he or she is no longer conscious He was knocked out by a blow on the head. knuckle / n"k(ə)l/ noun the back of each joint on a person’s hand

Kocher manoeuvre / kɒkə mə nu və/ noun a method for realigning a dislocated shoulder in which the arm is raised and a sud-

den change is made between inward and out-

ward rotation of the head of the joint

Koch’s bacillus / kəυks bə s ləs/ noun the bacterium which causes tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis [Described 1882. After Robert Koch (1843–1910), Professor of Hygiene in Berlin, Germany, later Director of the Institute for Infectious Diseases. (Nobel Prize 1905).]

Koch-Weeks bacillus / kəυk wi ks bəs ləs/ noun the bacillus which causes con-

junctivitis

Köhler’s disease / k! ləz d si z/ noun a degeneration of the navicular bone in children. Also called scaphoiditis [Described 1908 and 1926. After Alban Köhler (1874–1947), German radiologist.]

koilonychia / kɔ ləυ n kiə/ noun a condition in which the fingernails are brittle and con-

cave, caused by iron-deficiency anaemia

Koplik’s spots / kɒpl ks spɒts/ plural noun small white spots with a blue tinge surrounded by a red areola, found in the mouth in the early stages of measles [Described 1896. After Henry

Koplik (1858–1927), US paediatrician.]

Korotkoff’s method / kɒrətkɒfs meθəd/ noun a method of finding a person’s blood pressure by inflating a cuff around his or her upper arm to a pressure well above the systolic blood pressure and then gradually decreasing

it

Korsakoff’s syndrome / kɔ səkɒfs s n drəυm/ noun a condition, caused usually by chronic alcoholism or disorders in which there is a deficiency of vitamin B, in which a person’s memory fails and he or she invents things which have not happened and is confused [Described 1887. After Sergei Sergeyevich Korsa-

koff (1854–1900), Russian psychiatrist.] kraurosis penis /krɔ rəυs s pi n s/ noun a

condition in which the foreskin becomes dry

and shrivelled

kraurosis vulvae /krə rəυs s v"lvə/ noun a condition in which the vulva becomes thin and dry due to lack of oestrogen, found usually

in elderly women

Krause corpuscles / kraυzə kɔ p"s(ə)lz/ plural noun encapsulated nerve endings in the mucous membrane of the mouth, nose, eyes and genitals [Described 1860. After Wilhelm Johann Friedrich Krause (1833–1910), German

anatomist.]

Krebs cycle / krebz sa k(ə)l/ noun same as citric acid cycle [Described 1937. After Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–81), German biochemist who emigrated to England in 1934. Shared the Nobel prize for Medicine 1953 with F.A. Lipmann.]

Krukenberg tumour / kru kənb! &tju mə/ noun a malignant tumour in the ovary secondary to a tumour in the stomach [After Friedrich Krukenberg (1871–1946), German gynaecologist]

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