Лекции по русской литературе / Лекции по русской литературе_Набоков В_1999 -440с

"'#', 659 '6(5 ! '=$& 4$ V 56' 8 5'A $4!"E8 '?- 4 S(" (8. 7' '6(5 ! #'=$&3' &"$S (4!"(( N '#'. R='- 6$4E & 9" 9 6 $" #'#'4(65 '#' 5 49 5'' 6( 5 6 Z =$&=E6$8 6 $" 5$8'B M &" . j '- ' 'S("! 3 ="' 5 - ='("' 6 8 =(, $ 4Z3 - ='5 ' V' '8(W$""E(, '" 5 =(89 59 A(4 , ' '=$9 $M( 59 8 'S("! 6$M"'B, 6 ' 6=(89 $ $?5 =3"'-4'# S(5 $9 5 4$ 3(=M 6$( V &$ " '8 "( " M"E8 &$"9 98 - 6' 5 ""$9 « 3(9»'6(5 . > 8 =( [( E, [( "'#' 58 =(" 9 [( "'#' #'5 '35 6$ 6E5W$9 5 ( ("! '#', S(#' 8'# 3'5 S! 5 =$5 !, M(4$" (, 6'=S(5 B 8 4!5 - N ' "'6$9 W - "(4!, (=(3 ' '='B =( 4'"9 '4(" '= "E( &$-$&S . d "( #'6'=Z ' "=$65 6(""'B '& A 4 "=$6- 5 6(""'8 ' S(" . > $ '8 8 =( "( 8'M( ?E ! "=$65 - 6(""'#' ' S(" 9, ' '8 S ' $8 "( " S(" '6, "S (4(B; 8 = N ' (5 !, '" 5 4ZS$( 65(, S ' 8'M( (#' =$&= W !, 'N '8 659 '( 5'6(=W("5 6'6$" (, 659 $9 ?'=!?$, 659 $9 "=$65 6(""$9 A(4! 4 5 4 ( ((

3'5 S! $ M( "(8E54 8E, $ &8("(" ( &6(&3"'B '=- ? E. a ' 8 = :'#'49, $ $ '6'B '" 5'6(=W(""' ' - 4 S(" ' 8 =$ D'45 '#', R W "$, j(V'6$ 4 8'(#' 5'?5 6(""'#'. 7' ' ='S (" :'#'49 #4$&$ 8'# #'#'- 4 & ='6$ !59, S(4'6( '='B 3$( 59 6 3( ! '?=E6 (#' 8 =$ 6 5$8EV "('M 3$""EV 8(5 $V. d '?c(V$4 8"'- M(5 6' 5 =$", "(S ' 6='3( W "(4 ; $ 9 ; $ (6 S$ ?E4' 5 =$5 "'B 8(S 'B '#' 4 "'#' 54 S$B"'#' &"$-'8'#', ' '=EB " '#3$ "( 54EW$4 ' :'#'4(.

* * *

CZM( «l "(4 » S=(&6ES$B"' ='5 . Y(3"EB 8$4("!-B S "'6" = " 8$( 6$M"'( =(W(" ( &$ $&E6$( "'6 Z W "(4!. R' $ (( W!Z , '"$ =(6=$[$( 59 6 8(S (#' M &" . > (=6EB M( 6(S(=, '#3$ '" (( "$3(6$( , W "(4! "(#' 5" 8$Z 6'=E "$ (8"'B 4 A(. j "'6"8 =$( ' #'=9, (#' = 6 3(" ( ?='3 ' #'='3 . >'659 b$? 4$, "', '"(S"', '34 ""EB 5ZM( ( $ 65(- #3$ :'#'49) 6 5 4(, 6' 6" =(""(B 5 = =( N '#' =$"5A("3(" $4!"'#' $"( 3' $. i49 '#' S '?E ' 3'5-

121

' "5 6 (#' 'A(" !, "$3' =' &6(5 "(S ' 6='3( 8- 5 6(""'#' 5$4! ', ' 6(=#" ! = 6ES" Z W $4 4 (=$-="EV A(""'5 (B '54(3'6$ ! &$ $6 '='8 ' (#' 56(=VS(4'6(S(5 '#' 6''?=$M(" 9. \ = :'#'49 5='3" $ 8 '"A( A 98 6 5'6=(8(""'B b & (, $ «>5(4("- "$9 - #$=8'W $» 4 «>5(4(""$9 - 6&=E6»; '" "( 'V'M "$ 5 ' 'B"' 6=$[$6W (59, '3'?"' S$5'6'8 8(V$" &- 8 , 8 =E ='W4'#' 6( $. > 4 (=$ ="'8 5 4( (5 ! 56'9 = 6 &"$, $ 6 ='5 =$"5 6(, "' "(8"'# 8 & = 55 V S $ (4(B V'S( 59 "E=" ! 5 =(8#4$6 6 #'#'4(6- 5 B 8$# S(5 B V$'5. X 55 (, ' '=E( 5S $Z D =#(- "(6$ 6(4 8 5$ (4(8 4 5 39 ' R W "( ' #" 5- "E8 4 ?=( ' ' (= j$B '65 '#', 4 W! 5 '4!&9 ' '- 6(=V"'5 $ "5 6(""'#' #'#'4(65 '#' 8'=9 3'6'4!5 - 6 Z 59 (8, S ' 8 $M( 59 "$58(W 'B, Z8'='8 ?='- 5 'B #='B 54'6. 7' 6'3'4$&, 5 $ (4! S(="'#' M(8S #$, ' , ' =(3 'S $( S 3'6 [ 8'=5 V #4 ? " &'" $8 "$ 49M(, "$B3( 6 «l "(4 » (" , 5A( 49Z[ ( "$W b'=8 ?E 9 5 3= # 8 b'=8$8 5'5 '9" 98 , ' '- =E( 8E 58 "' '[ [$(8 6 =(3 ( 8 " E 56(=V5'&"$- (4!"'#' 6'5 = 9 9. R='&$ R W "$ =(V8(="$; ='&$ :'#'49 ' 8("!W(B 8(=( S( E=(V8(="$. g#' 8'M"' 5=$6- " ! 5 (#' 5'6=(8("" '8 8$ (8$ '8 @'?$S(65 8,' '=EB 6&'=6$4 g6 4 3'6 8 = ' =E4 5 ' 4( "$&$3 8"'# ( ('= , '&3"(( =$&=$?' $""E( aB"W (B"'8. g5- 4 $=$44(4!"E( 4 " "( 65 =(S$Z 59, ' "( ' '8 , S ' 65 =( !59 '" "( 8'# , $ ' '8 , S ' " V (5 ! 3= # ( &$?' E. 25 55 6' :'#'49, ' =E6W((59 "$8 6 «l "(4 », ' $&E6$( , S ' $=$44(4!"E( 4 " 8'# "( '4! ' 65 =( !59, "' 8'# &6 6$ !59 (=( E- 6$ !59 5$8E8 = S 34 6E8 '?=$&'8, $ '4(?4Z 59, ?$95! = 8$4(BW(B =9? , 36( '4'""E, ' =$M("- "E( 6 6'3(. :(" B :'#'49 - N ' (5 ! $ 5$8$9 =9?! "$ 6'3(; 36$M3E 36$ ? 3( 9 !, (54 "( 6$3=$ "EB '- =("! & 9 , 6 8 =( :'#'49 65( N ' =' 5V'3 (5 (- 5 6(""', $8 " "$W(B =$55 3'S"'B 8$ (8$ , " 65(V "$W V 5(63'b & S(5 V '"6("A B 5 5$8 8 5'?'B, (5- 4 #'6'= ! 5(=!(&"', "( 5 [(5 6 ( .

* * *

122

R='A(55 '3(6$" 9, ' '='8 =(3$( 59 ; $ B ; $ (- 6 S, W !( '?4$S(" ( 6 W "(4! "$ 5$8'8 3(4( - (#' =$&'?4$S(" (, '5 ( (""EB 6'&6=$ '4"'B "$#' ( (#' M( = &=$ $. C 5$8'#' "$S$4$ '6(5 '" =(" = ( 59 349 56'(#' 56(=Vc(5 (5 6(""'#' =EM $ 6 6E5' , $-( ?(&'? 3"E( 5 6 3 '3='?"'5 , $ V'M3(" ( "$ AE 'S $V ' 4 A(, S '?E 5?(=(S! ?$W8$ , 4 (#' 589 (" (, '#3$ '" "( &"$( , #3( "$V'3 59 - '5=(34 AE 4 "$ 5(=(3 "( b=$&E, - 65( N 3( $4 '5 (-(""' =$5 6'=9Z S "'6" $ ; $ 9 ; $ (6 S$, 6'"A( '6(5 (#' = &=$ $M( 59 5$8'B '59&$(8'B, 5$8'B =($4!"'B '5 $5!Z (#' 5 [(5 6$. X$55 $& ' (#'= &=$ (, 5" Z[(8 ' 4 A$8 R( (=? =#$ 6 ' 5 $V W "(4 , ' "9 'B "(#' #=$? (498 , 6 '"A( '"A'6 5"96W(8 W "(4! 5 6$M"'#' S "'6" $, ' '=EB ' $- &$459 '8'S! (8 6 ?(3(, - N ' =$55 $& 8'M( ' $&$ !- 59 '6(=V"'5 "'8 S $ (4Z '?ES"'B 5 '= (B ' = - 6 3(" 9V, "' '"A =(6=$[$( 59 6 "(S ', S(8 9 "( 8'# '3E5 $ ! N ( $. a ' $ 'b('& dégringolade [5 =(8 (4!"'( $3(" ( (b=$"A.)].

«Y(3"'( &"$S (4!"'( 4 A' S ! "( 8(=. <$ " ?E4 '" V$=$ (=(" 6 $"A(49= 6''?[( (=(3 " &W 8 , V' 9, 61" 6W "$ '3 " 8 M(5 6(""EB 6 3 (#' b -

# = , 659 B #'6'= 4: «f, $ 'B V$=$ (=!» - "' &3(5! '", '3'?"' 6(5!8$ 8"'# 8, 8(Z[ 8 ?'#$ E=5 Z "$- = M"'5 !, 'S 65 6'6$4 $ 'B 5 =$V, S ' "( ?(& = S "E 3$M( 5 $4 ' $5$ !59 "$5S( $ '#'-" ? 3! ?'4(&"(""'#'= $3 $. %" 5$8 3$M( 5 " 4 '5 '=(( 5 4(S W "(4! 56'Z &$ = S$4 S(= "( 56' 8 #'4'5'8: «R'W(4 6' 6(5! 3 V 3'8'B!» < S(=, 54EW$6W #'4'5, ' '=EB=' &"'5 59 '?E "'6(""' 6 =(W (4!"E( 8 " E 3$M( ('?=$ ( 6" 8$" ( "$ S$5 '( '6 '=(" ( N '#' 54'6$) 5' ='6'M3$( 59 '(-S(8 #'=$&3' 3(B5 6 (4!- "(BW 8, =9 $4 "$ 659 B 54 S$B #'4'6 56'Z 6 4(S , &$8$V" 459 " '8 '8S$459 $ 5 =(4$. \ " 6 W(5 ! 5 "(?'4!W 8 ( ' '5'?E8 #'#'4(65 8 S$5$8) &"$- S (4!"'( 4 A' M( ?E4 =(3 '3c(&3'8 56'(#' 3'8$. Y4(3"EB, (=( #$""EB ?(& W "(4 , 68(5 ' '#' S '- ?E <$='4 "( 26$"'6"(, '" = (V$4 5(?(, 3' 4(459'(- $ 3' 56'(B '8"$ E ='6(4 "'S! 6(5!8$ 6 ?'4!-

123

W'8 ?(5 '=93 (, $ S ' "$ 3= #'B 3("! ' = &$ S$(8 3'S! (8 5 $&$4$ =98': «DE 5(#'3"9 5'65(8 ?4(3(",$ $». 7' $ $ 8'4S$4 ( 'W4$ $='3 9 "$ ? ?4(B- 5 Z = S ) " '8 " 54'6$ ' '8, S ' 5 " 8 54 S - 4'5!, #3( '" ?E4, 3$ V' (4 (V$ !. a ' =' 5W(5 - 6 ( 53(4$4' "$ "(#' 5 4!"'( 6 (S$ 4(" ( ( "$S "$- ( 59 5" M(" (, $ Nbb( "$9 ='&$ &$A 9, ' '= Z :'- #'4! 4Z? 4 '4!&'6$ ! 349 56' V " M3). %" 3$M( #'=$&- 3' =(M( 5 $4 #'6'= ! '3S "(""E8: «<$ 6E 58(( (,'" 8$( ( 4 , ' (=(3 6$8 ?»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«D(?( S(#' V'S( 59?» - ' $&$4' $ 'B4$ , $ '#' M 6EV "( "$B3(W!. Y 3'S" 5 $&$4: «7 S(#'», - 3$ '6'=' 4 ' M( S$5 "$&$3. R= 6 3(- " (, '3"$ ' M(, ?E4' M( #'=$&3' 6EW( ='5 '8, "'5 4'=('#='8"E( 5E , "$ =$6 6 W$# , $ $&$4'5!, %? V'6 8'5 , 5 =E4'5! 5'6(=W(""' 6 "'S"'B (8"'-

(».

R' ' «"( 8(5 "EV» '3='?"'5 (B ( $ V, $ "(6'&8 -8'( 3' [(" (, S ' «6&='54E( '='59 $» '?ES"' 54 - S$Z 59 6 S$5 "EV 3'8$V) =' &6'3 # "' S(5 '( 3(B5 6 (, $ S ' 'S 5 $(W! & 6 3 '3" ='- 5 Z 6([! ( 6 N '8- ' 659 =$5' $ b "$4!"'#' $ '=-

124

3$). :'#'4(8 "$8(=(""' &$8$5 ='6$"$ 5$8$9 6$M"$9"b'=8$A 9, #4$6"$9 '8 '& A '""$9 3(9 '6(5 (6(3! 659 $9 =($4!"'5 ! - N ' 8$5 $). j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b$" $5 S(5 $9 4!8 "$A 9, ?'=8' $" (, ?'=- 8' $" ( 6'&6=$[(" ( 6 V$'5, V ' '='#' 65( 6'&" - 4'. 7$ N '8 56(=V6E5' '8 ='6"( 5 55 6$ 4 (=$ =$,'"(S"', "( &$" 8$( 59 ' 4$ 6$" (8 5 3!?E '?(&3'- 4(""'#' S(4'6( $ 4 =' 49 98 6 $3=(5 64$5 ! 8 -

?(&E89""EV ?(&&6 S"EV '=$?4(B.

* * *

<$ , "$6(="'(, M( 95" 4 5(?( 36$- = 5$8EV (= (- 4 6EV S $ (49, N ' '?=$[(" ( - (3 "5 6(""'(, S ', ' 5 [(5 6 , 8("9 &$" 8$( . k(4! 8' V ?(#4EV &$8( ' ' 6'=S(5 6( :'#'49, "$3' "$3(9 !59, 5 $4$ 5'6(=W(""' 95"$. := ?' #'6'=9, '"$ 56'3 59 54(3 Z[(8 : (54 6E V' ( &"$ ! S '-" ? 3! ' X'55 , (54 6E M$M3( ('"9 !, 'S(8 ='3='#W ( "(8AE =' #=$4 56'B ?4 A, (54 6$5 " (=(5 Z « 3( », «b$ E» « ("3("A » - "( ='#$B ( :'#'49. <$ '=M"$9 =$?' $ ' & S(" Z = 5- 5 '#' 9&E $, "('?V'3 8$9 349 '#', S '?E (#' ='S(5 !, "( ' 4$ 59 = 6ES"'B 349 6$5 8'"( 'B. 7( ='"! ( (#', "( ='"! (. g8 "(S(#' 6$8 5 $&$ !. 7( '3V'3 (

125

=(4!5$8. D$8 6E5' '( "$ =9M(" (. i'5 &$ =E . 2&- ?(#$B (, 6'&3(=M (5!, "( "$3'. \"( V' (4'5! ?E = - 6(5 &3(5! '4"EB (=(S("! &$ =( '6, 6( ' #='&. > ='S(8, 6=93 4 N ' '"$3'? 59 - 6(3! 54 S$B"EB S - $ (4!, "$6(="', $ 3$4( ' "( &$?(=( 59. 7' 9 ? 3 'S("! =$3 "(54 S$B"'8 S $ (4Z - ?=$ !98 8' 8, 8' 8 36'B" $8. \'B ?=$ #=$( "$ # ?"'B #$=8'" (. \'9 5(5 =$ S $( . %"$ 8'9 ( 9. C"$S$4$ 6E S ( $&?

# ?"EV, &$3"(9&ES"EV, & ?"EV, ? 6E, ' '=E( M MM$ ,

# 39 , $ W8(4! 8 V$-A(A(. R'54( $ 'B-" ? 3! #4$5"'B 5 $"( ( ' 4(6E6$ !59. > (=6EB =$& ='5 4'- "96 4 S"'( 8(5 ' 8(" (, 6E '[ ( '3(=(6("(4'5 ! 6 #'4'6(. 7' 9 "( 6 M 3= #'#' '3V'3$ :'#'4Z (3$, 6 ='S(8, 4Z?'8 3= #'8 = 55 '8 5$ (4Z). g#'=' &6(3(" 9, $ 659 $9 6(4 $9 4 (=$ =$, - N ' b("'8(" 9&E $, $ "( 3(B. \' (=(6'3E ' 3(4!"EV 8(5 - N ' 4 SW((, "$ S ' 5 '5'?(" 8'B ?(3"EB 54'6$=!; "' (54 ?E '" ?E4 $ M( 5'6(=W(""E, $ 8 V 54EW 8'( 6" =(""(( V', 9, "( 8(9 6'&8'M"'5 (- =(3$ ! V " '"$A Z, 65( =$6"' "( 8'# ?E &$8(" ! :'- #'49. C $=$95! (=(3$ ! 8'( ' "'W(" ( (#' 5 55 6 , 9 "( =(3c96 4 " '3"'#' '[ 8'#' 3' $&$ (4!5 6$ (#' " "$ S ' "( 'V'M(B = ='3E. d 8'# 4 W! '4'M$ = -"$ 5(=3A( 6(=M3$ !, S ' 9 "( 6E3 8$4 :'#'49. %" 3(B5 6 (4!"' 5$4, '" 3(B5 6 (4!"' M 4. :'#'4! ='- 3 459 1 $ =(49 1809 #. R' 54'6$8 (#' 8$ (= ('"$, '- "(S"', = 3 8$4$ N ' M$4 B $"( 3' ), 5 V' 6'=(" (,' '='( '" "$ 5$4 6 9 ! 4( , ='S(4 <$ " 5 , 3'6'4!- "' &6(5 "EB 5$ (4!. <$ " 5 '?"94 6$M"' 8'4S$6W(- #' =(?(" $ 5 $&$4 5S$5 4 6E8 ='3 (498: «2& "(#' ? 3( ?'4!W'B $4$" , 3$B (8 '4! ' 5 3!?$ 6 = '6'- 3 (4 S (49-V= 5 $" "$». 7' 6' ', S ' :'#'4! ='- 3 459 1 $ =(49, N ' =$63$.

- 7 S ' M... - 5 $&$4 8'B &3$ (4!.

^'4' Z [(4! "(M"'#' &$ $ $ '?=$8494 8=$S"E( 5 $- 4E. <=$9 (( ' W 4 5! (498 $ =(5" A$8 , $ ([( 3$4!W(, 6 #4 ? "( 5$8'B [(4 , 8'M"' ?E4' =$&4 S ! 5 4 N E 3= # V, 5'65(8 ?(5 4' "EV #'= '8("!W(. \E

126

?E4 6 W $ ( • $, 5 3(4 6 #'5 "'B #'="'#' ' (49. D'" ( '5 "E "$ ?4 M" V 5 $4$V ?4(3"E( =$8 3E 5 $=EV W$V "EV ' 6$4'6 6'5 '4!&'6$4 5! &(= $4!"E8 ' "'8 8'4S$4 6' = "94 S$5 ( 6 "$W(B ?(5(3( -= 8(="' $ M(, $ ?$B='"'65 ( '= =( E 6 3 $4'#( j S '6$ 5 C'?$ (6 S(8.

- 7 S ' M, - 5 $&$4 8'B &3$ (4!, - 8"( "=$6 59, "' 9 3 8$Z, S ' 5 3(" $8 "$3' =$55 $&$ !, 6 S(8 $8 3(4'.

d5 $&$4...

-7( , - 6'&=$& 4 '". - d "( ' '8. d ' '8, S ' 5 3(" $8 "$3' ?'4!W( =$55 $&$ ! ' 5'S "(" 9V :'#'49. d 8(Z 6 6 3 5ZM( E. 28 &$V'S( 59 &"$ !, ' S(8 M( N " # .

d' 6( 4...

-7( , N '#' 6E "( 53(4$4 , - 5 $&$4 '". - d 65( ='S(4 'S("! 6" 8$ (4!"' 8'9 M("$ 'M(, "' 5ZM( '6 8E "(&"$4 . 2 ' '8, 6 '"A( 3'4M"' ?E ! S '-" ? 3! 6='3( ? ?4 '#=$b 4 V='"'4'# . C 3(" 3'4M(" '"9 ! S ' S(8 , "$S( '" = 3( 6 &$8(W$ (4!5 6' "( &$- V'S( S $ ! 3$4!W(. d 5 $&$4, S ' 4Z?'B " (44 #(" - "EB S(4'6( 8'M( "$B 3$ E ='S ( 56(3(" 9 6 V'- ='W(B N"A 4' (3 4 6 4Z?'8 S(?" ( ' = 55 'B 4 (=$ =(. %" 6'&=$& 4, S ' 5 3(" "('?9&$ (4!"' S(- 4'6( " (44 #(" "EB, $ '8 M( '" ? 3( "(3'6'4(", (54 (#' &$5 $69 ([( ' S(8- ' 5 =$649 !59. d 5 $&$4, S ' 5 3(" E ?E6$Z =$&"E(. %" ' 6( 4, S ' 5 'S &=(" 9 &3$ (49 65( '" '3" 8 8 ='8 8$&$"E.

-d M( E $459 '?c95" !, - 5 $&$4 9, - S ' 6 =' &6(3(- " 9V :'#'49 '34 ""E( 5ZM( E ='Z 59 &$ 'S(6 3"E8 . a '34 ""E( 5ZM( E 9 &4$#$Z. g#' =$55 $&E '4! '

4 $, '3=$M$( 6"(W"(8 '?4 5 [(5 6$ 5'6(=W(""' 3= #'B '='3E - 5 $M(8, $ 'B-" ? 3! ' 49="'B ?$- ?'S (.

-7 S ' M(? - 5 ='5 4 '".

-24 , 6(="((, "( ' 49="'B, "( ' 49="'B 9[(= A A.

127

-7 3$, '"9 "', - 5 $&$4 '". - d 65( '" 8$Z. 7' 6'"A( '"A'6 5ZM( (5 ! 5ZM( , 5 3(" "$3' =$5- 5 $&$ !, S ' =' 5V'3 . 7$ = 8(=, ' $ 9 5$8 "( ='- S(4 «X(6 &'=$», 8("9 "( ?E4' " 8$4(BW(#' =(3- 5 $64(" 9, 6 S(8 $8 3(4', V' 9 9 6" 8$ (4!"' & S 4 6$W = ' 5!.

-C $M (, - 5 ='5 4 9, - S ' M( =' 5V'3 6 «X(6 &'=(»?

-7 $ M(, - 5 $&$4 '", ' " 6W 5! 6 =(54(, - =' 5- V'3 ', S ' 8'4'3'B S(4'6( &$5 =94 6 #'='3(, ' '8 S ' =' #=$4 65( 56' 3("!# 6 $= E, $ #'='3 '4'"'4 $"'6, '" 5 '4!& ( N V '4 $"'6, S '?E 3'?E ! 3("!# , 6" W 6 8, ? 3 ' '" #'5 3$=5 6(""EB S "'6" , '54$""EB & A(" =$ 349 "5 ( A . ; '#3$ '" V 5 '4!&'6$4, 5'?4$&" 4 3'S 8N=$, "$ 459 8N- =$ '4 S 4 6&9 ' 5 3(B, 6=$S(B, '8([ '6, '=- #'6A(6 659 '#' ='3$ $38 " 5 =$ '='6, '" (&M$( & #'='3$ $ =$& (=(3 (8, $ = (&M$( "$5 '9[ B "- 5 ( '=.

d5 $&$4...

-i$, '"(S"', 6E 8'M( ( N ' &4'M !, - 6(4 '3 W"' 5'#4$5 459 8'B &3$ (4!. - 7' 6' ([( «\(= 6E( 3 - W ». R='S $6 6$W #4$6 , 9 "( 8'# ?E 5 $&$ !, 6 S(8 $8 3(4'. 2 ='8( '#', $ 9 M( #'6'= 4, 3'4M"$ ?E ! ? ?4 '#=$b 9.

-g54 =(S! 3( ' 5 5 ( (=(6'3'6 " # ' :'#'4(...

-7 3$, - 5 $&$4 8'B &3$ (4!.

-g54 6$8 "$3' N ', 3(4' '?5 ' ='5 ', ' '8 S ',='8( ' 4 S"' (=(6(3(""EV :(=" «\(= 6EV 3 W», «X(6 &'=$» «l "(4 », ' '=E( '96 4 5! '#3$, '- #3$ 9 5$8 "$3=E6$459 "$3 N 'B =$?' 'B, "( " S(#', '4! ' (=(4'M(" 9, 5 $M$Z[ ( :'#'49 3' "(4( '5 .

> N 8 " 36$ [(" $ ' (=-5 $" (49 - S(="EB 5 '?- 6 54E8 W$8 5 8 $ S"'B '5 " 'B 6 #'4 ?'6$ EV ?(4 $V ?(4$9 5 S $ 5 ='&'6E8 9 "EW $8 "$ 8'=3(M 6' ( - 6 $ 4 5! 6 36(=!, ' '= Z '- ' ' =E4, &$ '6E494 "$ 89# V 4$ $V 8(M3 8(?(4!Z, "' ?E4M( 5V6$S("E "$"E "$&$3 "$ (==$5 .

128

-R'8 8' N '#', - ='3'4M$4 9, - 8"( "( &6(5 "' " '3- "'B $"#4 B5 'B =$?' E ' :'#'4(, 3'5 'B"'B '8 "$" 9,='8( ' 4 S"'B #4$6E 6 «25 '= = 55 'B 4 (=$ =E» \ =5 '#'. C [(5 6 Z , '"(S"', 5' " = 55 V =$?' . 7( ' '=E( 'S("! V'='W , "' 8"'M(5 6' 3= # V = "$3- 4(M$ "(4( E8 "$ =$64(" 98 6='3( «:'#'4! - M 6'-5(A A$=5 'B X'55 », 4 «:'#'4!-=($4 5 », 4 «:'- #'4! - 6(4 B ?'=(A 5 =( '5 " S(5 6'8 ?Z=' =$ - (B», 4 «:'#'4! - = 55 B i ("5». Y(3$ 6 '8, S ', (54 9 5 $" (=(S 549 ! N =$?' E, 9 "( =(8(""' '-E $Z5! =$&6(9 ! 5 , 6 4ZS$9 6 5 5' 6E3 8$""E( "$&6$" 9 6''?=$M$(8EV $6 '='6, 6E " '#3$ '4 '8 "( ? 3( ( &"$ !, 6 5$8'8 4 3(4( i'?='4Z?'6, 4 26$- "'6-X$& 8" , 4 %659" '-< 4 ...

-7( , - '5 (W"' =(=6$4 8("9 8'B &3$ (4!, - 9 "( 3 - 8$Z, S ' " M(" 5 5' " # ' :'#'4(. d 8(4 6 6 3 5 5' 5'S "(" B 5$8'#' :'#'49 5 V='"'4'# (B V '96- 4(" 9, (#' M &" S '-" ? 3! ' 5ZM( $V ='S((. >$8 N ' 4(# ' 53(4$ !. 2 "$8 " M(" (#' '= =( .

-%? N '8 9 5$8 3 8$4, - 5 $&$4 9. - i$, 3$6$B ( 3$3 8'= =( #'#'4(65 '#' "'5$. 7( #'4'6"'B, "( '95"'B='S((, $ '4! ' (#' "'5$. Y'4!W'B, '3 "' B, '5 =EB "'5, S( ' "$= 5'6$""EB S(=" 4$8 , $ 6(4 S(""'(&'?=$M(" ( $ '#'- ' 6$M"'#' '=#$"$ "('?ES"'B &''- 4'# S(5 'B '5'? . d 8'# ' ='5 ! i'? M "5 '#', N '- #' "( '3=$M$(8'#' 8$5 (=$ = 5 " $, 4 V 3'M" $ & ^''4'# S(5 '#' 8 &(9...

-2 N ' '# ? " # , - 5 $&$4 8'B &3$ (4!.

* * *

Y'4!W "5 6' b$ '6, = 6(3(""EV 8"'Z, 6&9 ' & =(- 4(5 "'B ? '#=$b :'#'49, "$ 5$""'B >(=(5$(6E8 (1933). >E6'3E 8' 5'?5 6(""E(. % S$96W (59 = 55 (= , = 395! "$3 (8, S '?E ' =(3(4 ! 64 9" (4'M ! 8' ='8$"E "$ '3V'39[ Z '4'S , =$&$ 36$

129

= 69&E6$4 8("9 :'#'4Z, "' '#493(6 ([( =$&, 6 - 3(4 , S ' 9 =$&69&$4 &4E '4 $ ' $&$4$5! 5 'B.

1818 - 1883

26$" C(=#((6 S D =#("(6 ='3 459 6 1818 #. 6 %=4( - "(- ?'4!W'8 ='6 "A $4!"'8 #'='3 ( 5=(3"(= 55 'B '4'- 5E, 6 5(8!( 5'5 '9 (4!"'#' '8([ $. g#' 3( 5 6' ='- W4' 6 8(" , #3( '" 8'# "$?4Z3$ ! M &"! =( '5 "EVV ' "'W(" 9 5 V'&9(6$8 , 3'V'3 6W ( 3' =$B" V='964(" B M(5 ' '5 : 56' 8 5$8'3 =5 6'8 8$ ! 3'6(- 4$ =(5 !9", $ &$ (8 5'?5 6("" Z 5(8!Z 3' ' 5 "( M$4 '#' 5 [(5 6'6$" 9. %?'M$9 5E"$, '"$ '3"'6=(8("- "' =(54(3'6$4$ (#', $=$9 &$ 8$4(BW(( "( '54 W$" (4 ='5 ' . > '54(35 6 , '#3$ D =#("(6 E $459 65 !59 &$ =( '5 "EV, '"$ 4 W 4$ (#' 3'V'3$ '?- =( 4$ "$ "$5 '9[ Z " [( , V' 9 6 ? 3 [(8 (#' 'M 3$- 4' '#='8"'( "$54(35 6'. i' '"A$ 3"(B & $89 (#' "($3 4 5! ?'4(&"(""E( 6 (S$ 4(" 9 3( 5 6$. R'54( 58(= 8$ (= D =#("(6 = 4'M 4 "(8$4' 5 4 B, S '?E '?4(#S ! M &"! 56' V =( '5 "EV, '56'?'3 4 65Z 3'- 8$W"ZZ S(493! 659S(5 5'3(B5 6'6$4 '56'?'3 (4!- "'B =(b'=8( 1861 #.

> 3( 5 6( '" '4 S 4 (5 ='( '?=E6'S"'( '?=$&'6$- " (. C=(3 8"'#'S 54(""EV (3$#'#'6, ?(& =$&?'=$ = - #4$W$(8EV 8$ (=!Z, ' $3$4 5! =(5 =$""E( 4Z3 , 6 4ZS$9 ' =$B"(B 8(=( '3"'#' ='b(55 '"$4!"'#' 5(3(4!" $. R'54( #'3$ S(?E 6 \'5 '65 '8 =(V 6 R( (=? =#5 '8 " 6(=5 ( (, ' '=EB '" ?4$#' '4 S"' ' '"S 4 6 1837 #., "(#' "( 5'&3$4'5! '[ [(" 9, S ' '" '4 S 4 V'='W(( '?=$&'6$" (, 5 1838-#' ' 1841 #. D =#("(6 '5([$4 Y(=4 "5 B " 6(=5 ( , E $95! 6'5 '4" ! ='?(4E. ^$ #'3E M &" 6 Y(=4 "( '" 5?4 - & 459 5 #= 'B 8'4'3EV = 55 V 5 3(" '6, ' '=E(

130