2013 Практическая фонетика
.pdfdon’t think so, and I am going to explain why. Most people confuse arranged marriage with forced marriage. A forced marriage is one where you have no choice.
However, when my parents choose a husband for me, if I don’t like him, I can tell them and they will find me another. I have a choice. It’s just that my parents do the looking for me. I think that’s a good idea. After all, they know who I am. They know me better than I know myself, and I trust them to find a good man who will make me happy. They would not choose a bad man for me to marry, would they? In Britain, though, people just hope to find their marriage partner at work, or in a pub or at a party. This means it must be hard to meet the right person, I think. Perhaps that’s why I see so many unhappy relationships and failed marriages. I would much rather trust my parents to find a husband for me, than rely on luck. I think my marriage will have a very good chance of success. So, when I say I am looking forward to my arranged marriage, ask yourself – is it really such a crazy idea?
130
ORGANS OF SPEECH
VOWELS
131
INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
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SOUND SYSTEM AND ORTHOGRAPHY |
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CONSONANTS |
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[p] |
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p |
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pen |
pp |
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happy |
gh |
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hiccough |
not pronounced |
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In words: cupboard; receipt; raspberry |
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In Greek words before n, s, t: |
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pneumonia, psalm, Ptolemy |
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[b] |
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b |
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be |
bb |
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ebb |
not pronounced |
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After m: lamb; |
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Before t: debt |
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[t] |
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t |
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take |
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tt |
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better |
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ending -ed after voiceless Consonants |
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stopped |
th |
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Thames; Anthony |
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not pronounced |
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In words: |
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bankruptcy; chestnut; often; boatswain |
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In words ending -stle, -sten: |
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listen; hasten; castle |
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In French borrowings: |
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restaurant; bouquet |
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[d] |
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d |
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do |
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dd |
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add |
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ending -ed after voiced Consonants |
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begged |
ddh |
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Buddhism |
not pronounced |
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handkerchief; handsome; Windsor |
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[k] |
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k |
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keep |
c |
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Before a, o, u: coat; can; cut |
c, ck |
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In terminal position: music; black |
qu |
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quick; banquet |
ch |
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In Latin, Greek words: character; chem- |
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ist; anchor; scheme |
cc |
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account |
sc |
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sceptic |
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cqu |
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acquaintance |
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gh |
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hough |
not pronounced |
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Before n in the initial position: knife |
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In the words: indict; victuals; muscle |
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[ks] |
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x |
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except; exhibition |
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[g] |
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g |
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Before a,o,u: game; go. |
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Also in words: get; girl; gig; give |
133
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g |
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Before a consonant: agree |
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In the terminal position: bag |
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gg |
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egg |
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gu |
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guard |
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gh |
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ghost |
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not pronounced |
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Before n in the initial and final posi- |
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tions: gnaw; sign |
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When spelt: |
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ng singer; |
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gm in the Greek words: diaphragm |
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gh high |
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[gz] |
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x |
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examine |
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x |
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In unaccented syllables: luxurious |
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[m] |
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m |
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meat |
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mm |
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summer |
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mb |
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comb |
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mn |
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autumn |
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[n] |
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n |
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no |
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nn |
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dinner |
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en |
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written |
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on |
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button |
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not pronounced |
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damn; solemn |
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[ŋ] |
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nk |
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sink |
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ing |
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writing |
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ngue |
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tongue |
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ng |
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When immediately followed by a vowel: |
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long |
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Exception: degrees of comparison of |
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adjectives: longer [ŋg] |
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[s] |
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s |
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speak |
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ss |
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pass |
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с |
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Before e, i, у: certain; circle; cynic |
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134
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sc |
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scene |
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sch |
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schism |
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not pronounced |
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In words: island; aisle |
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In French borrowings: corps; chamois |
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[ts] |
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tz |
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quartz |
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[z] |
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z |
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zeal; puzzle |
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s |
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In terminal position |
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after vowel or voiced consonant: hands |
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s |
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followed by vowel or voiced consonant: |
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husband; amusement |
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ss |
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dessert; dissolve; possess |
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[f] |
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f |
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fork |
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ff |
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off |
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ph |
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physics |
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pph |
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sapphire |
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ugh |
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enough |
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not pronounced |
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halfpenny |
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[v] |
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v |
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view |
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f |
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of (preposition) |
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ph |
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Stephen; nephew |
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[h] |
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h |
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how |
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wh |
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who |
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not pronounced |
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In the initial position: hour; honest |
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In the medial position: exhaust; exhibit |
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In some affixes: shepherd |
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[ʃ] |
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sh |
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she |
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s |
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sugar |
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ss |
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assure |
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si |
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Persia |
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ti |
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notion |
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sion after sonant |
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version |
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135
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ssi |
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mission |
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sch |
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schedule |
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se |
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nausea |
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ci |
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suspicion |
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ce |
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ocean |
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ch |
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In French borrowings: machine; chivalry |
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sci + a vowel |
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In the middle of a word after the ac- |
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cented syllable: conscience |
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[kʃ] |
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x |
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In accented syllables: luxury |
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[ʒ] |
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g |
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regime |
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s |
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pleasure |
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si |
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decision |
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zi |
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glazier |
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zu |
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azure |
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ti |
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transition |
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[r] |
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r |
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red |
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rr |
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merry |
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wr |
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write |
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rh |
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rhythm |
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not pronounced |
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At the end of the word: star; door; |
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Before a vowel: before |
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[j] |
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у+V |
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yes |
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i |
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onion |
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u |
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In initial position: union |
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In medial position: duty |
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eu |
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In initial position: euphony |
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In medial position: neuter |
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ue |
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rescue |
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ewe |
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ewe |
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eur |
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Europe |
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eau |
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beauty |
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ew; iew |
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In medial and final positions: new; |
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view |
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136
|
[1] |
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l |
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lay; well |
not pronounced |
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would; should; talk; walk; folk; |
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calm; half; almond; salmon |
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[w] |
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w |
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sweet |
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wh |
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why |
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qu |
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quite |
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su |
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persuade |
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Also in words |
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one; once; choir |
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not pronounced |
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When followed by r: write, wrong |
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In the words: who; whose; whom; |
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whole; two; answer; sword |
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In the geographical names ending in |
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-wich, -wick: Greenwich |
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[tʃ] |
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ch |
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child |
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tch |
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kitchen |
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tu |
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nature |
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ti |
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question |
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te |
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righteous |
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Also in words |
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mischief |
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[ʤ] |
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j |
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joy |
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di |
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soldier |
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g before e, i, y |
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In French, Latin borrowings: giant; |
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gem; gypsum |
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de |
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grandeur |
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dg |
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budget; knowledge |
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ge; gi |
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In the middle of the word in an ac- |
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cented syllable between the vowel |
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sounds: advantageous; legion |
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ge |
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At the end of words: large |
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Exception: rouge |
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du |
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verdure |
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ch |
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Greenwich; sandwich |
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137
|
SOUND SYSTEM AND ORTHOGRAPHY |
|
|
VOWELS |
|
|
[I:] |
|
e |
|
she |
ee |
|
keep |
ea |
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speak |
ie |
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field |
ei |
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receive |
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[I] |
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|
i |
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lid |
y |
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very |
ey |
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whiskey |
e, a before -ge |
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courage |
ie |
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sieve |
ai |
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captain |
ui |
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biscuit |
ei |
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forfeit |
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[e] |
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|
e |
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red |
ea |
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bread |
eo |
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jeopardy |
ei |
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leisure |
ie |
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friend |
ai |
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said |
ay |
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says |
a |
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any |
u |
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bury |
ee |
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threepenny |
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[æ] |
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a |
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sat |
ai |
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plaid |
Also in such words: |
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champagne, absolutely, abstract, |
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ambition |
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[α:] |
|
a+r |
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smart |
a+ss |
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grass |
a+st |
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last |
a+sk |
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task |
a+sp |
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grasp |
138
a+lf |
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half |
a+lm |
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calm |
a+nt |
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plant |
a+th |
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path |
ea+r |
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heart |
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[ɒ] |
|
o |
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not |
a |
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what |
au |
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because |
In such words: |
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knowledge, yacht |
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[ɔ:] |
|
o+r |
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short |
a+ll |
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ball |
au |
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autumn |
aw |
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draw |
augh |
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caught |
ough |
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brought |
wa+r |
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warm |
oo+r |
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floor |
ou+r |
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your |
au+r |
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autumn |
oa+r |
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oar |
ea |
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Georgia |
oa |
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broad |
w+a |
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water |
al |
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walk |
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[ʊ] |
|
u |
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put |
o |
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woman |
oo |
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book |
ou |
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could |
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[u:] |
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o |
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do |
oo + l, m, n, d, t |
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spoon, fool, room, mood, root |
u |
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true |
eu |
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rheumatism |
ui |
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fruit |
ou |
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soup |
ew |
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crew |
139