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2013 Практическая фонетика

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A Man of Words

A man of words and not of deeds

Is like a garden full of weeds

And when the weeds begin to grow,

It’s like a garden full of snow.

Mr. Burbank

Peter Sorry I kept you waiting, Guy.

Mr. Hunt I was wondering what you were doing. Peter I was talking to one of the secretaries.

Mr. Hunt Oh, That’s why you enjoy the job.

Peter That’s one of the reasons, I suppose. What were you doing while I was in the office?

Mr. Hunt While you were talking to her, I was reading a magazine. It’s published by the Chocolate Makers’ Association. Do you mind if I keep it? Peter I don’t mind if you keep it but I’ll ask Mr. Burbank if he minds. Ah, here he is.

Mr. Burbank Hello. Do you mind if we delay our tour for a few minutes? While I was dictating a letter to my secretary, my wife rang. Do you mind if I ring her?

Peter Of course we don’t mind.

WRITTEN PRACTICE

1. Протранскрибируйте высказывания. Проинтонируйте и произнесите фразы как приказ и как просьбу.

Say it again.

Get me the bag.

Give me my pen.

Let’s begin.

2. Протранскрибируйте и проинтонируйте следующие просьбы.

Please drive carefully.

Please bring me a chair.

Drive carefully, please.

Bring me a chair, please.

3. Протранскрибируйте и проинтонируйте следующие отрицательные предложения.

It is not a book.

I have no maps.

I cannot do it.

4. Протранскрибируйте и проинтонируйте следующие общие вопросы и ответы на них.

Are you ready?

- Yes, I am.

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Do you speak English?

- No, I don’t.

May I have this note?

- Yes, you may.

5. Протранскрибируйте и проинтонируйте следующие специальные вопросы.

a)

b)

Where does he live?

Who is he?

When does she come home?

What is she?

Whose book is it?

Where is it?

6. Протранскрибируйте и проинтонируйте следующие специальные вопросы к подлежащему и краткие ответы на них.

a)

 

- Who is the post graduate student?

- Pete is.

b)

 

- Who heads your institute?

- Professor N. Does.

c)

 

- Who can speak English?

- Michael can.

7. Протранскрибируйте и проинтонируйте следующие альтернативные вопросы.

Is it a plan or a map?

Do you speak English or French?

Is it white or black?

Is the book thin or thick?

8. Протранскрибируйте и проинтонируйте двумя способами следующие разделительные вопросы.

He is in the theatre, isn’t he?

Today is Monday, isn’t it?

You do not speak German, do you?

There are ten students in the class, aren’t there?

9. Протранскрибируйте и проинтонируйте следующие предложения с вводным «there».

1.

There is a table on the left.

4.

On the left there is a table.

2.

There are some flowers on the win-

5.

On the window there are some

dow.

flowers.

3.

There are two boys in the classroom.

6.

In the classroom there are two

 

 

boys.

10. Протранскрибируйте и проинтонируйте следующие предложения с перечислениями.

1.There are four members in my family: my mother, my father, my brother and I.

2.Our University trains teachers in many subjects: Russian language, for-

eign languages, physics, mathematics and history.

3. There are twenty two universities in Great Britain: sixteen in England, four in Scotland, one in Wales and one in Northern Ireland.

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UNIT VI

СЛОГ

SYLLABLE

Слог – минимальная произносительная единица речи, состоящая из одного или нескольких звуков, образующих тесное фонетическое единство. Слог можно рассматривать с акустической, артикуляционной, функциональной и графической точек зрения.

A syllable is the minimal unit of sounding speech.

The syllable can be analyzed from the acoustic and auditory, articulatory and functional points of view. It can be viewed in connection with its graphic representation.

С акустической точки зрения слог характеризуется силой произнесения (ударением), высотой голоса, звучностью, долготой.

Acoustically and auditorily a syllable is characterized by the force of utterance (accent), pitch of the voice, sonority and length.

Артикуляционная характеристика слога связана с соединением звуков и теориями формирования и деления слога.

Articulatory characteristics of a syllable are connected with a sound juncture and with the theories of a syllable formation and syllable division.

Функциональные (фонематические) характеристики слога связаны с основными отличительными свойствами слога.

Functional, or phonemic, characteristics of a syllable are connected with the constitutive, recognitive and distinctive properties of a syllable.

Фонетический тип слога зависит от звука, на который он оканчивается. Если в конце слога стоит гласный звук, то слог является открытым (open): me. Если конечным является согласный звук, то такой слог будет закрытым (closed): net. С точки зрения долготы слоги могут быть краткими и долгими. Слоги могут быть ударными и безударными.

Слог может состоять: 1) из одного слова; 2) может быть частью слова; 3) может быть частью грамматической формы.

Слоги в английском языке могут быть «сильными» и «слабыми». Любой сильный слог имеет своей вершиной гласную фонему.

Слабый слог может содержать редуцированные гласные [ә], [i], [ʊ] или вообще не содержать гласного, а состоять из слогообразующего согласного.

Strong syllable – is the syllable which has as its peak one of the vowel phonemes, but not the schwa vowel [ə], reduced [i] or [ʊ].

Weak syllable – is the one which can have sounds with obscured quality: the

schwa vowel [ə], a close front unrounded vowel [i], a close back rounded vowel [ʊ] and one of the syllabic consonants [l], [n], [m].

Сильный гласный – гласный, который находится под ударением. Если в слове два ударения, то гласные в обоих слогах являются сильными.

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Strong vowel (protected vowel) – is the vowel in the syllable which according to dictionaries has primary stress. If the word has two stresses then the vowels in both syllables are strong.

Существуют две функции слога: словообразующая и словоразличитель-

ная.

Словообразующая функция слога (constitutive function) заключается в способности слога быть словом непосредственно или частью слова.

Словоразличительная функция слога (distinctive function) заключается в способности слога дифференцировать слова и словоформы: I scream – Ice cream.

The constitutive function of the syllable lies in its ability to be a part of a word or a word itself.

The distinctive function of the syllable lies in its ability to differentiate words and word-forms.

Необходимым компонентом для практического изучения языка являются словообразование и слогоделение. Без них невозможно определить количество слогов в слове и правильно поставить ударение.

Необходимо различать фонетические слоги и орфографические слоги. Фонетические слоги состоят из фактически произносимых фонем. Орфографические слоги связаны с правилами чтения. Фонетические слоги не всегда совпадают с орфографическими слогами.

A phonetic syllable consists of actually pronounced speech sounds. A phonetic syllable and orthographic syllable do not always coincide.

Звуки, которые способны образовывать слоги, называются слогообразующими (syllabic). В английском языке слогообразующими могут быть гласные (монофтонги и дифтонги), а также сонанты [l], [n], [m] в конечной позиции слова, если им предшествует шумный согласный.

Syllabic – sounds that can form the peaks of prominence (syllables). The

English sonorants can form a syllable with consonants preceding them. Syllabic are vowels and sonorants. Among syllabic sonorants are [l, n], less commonly [m] in final position after or between noise consonants.

Сонанты [w, j, r] никогда не образуют слога, поскольку встречаются лишь в начальной позиции слова. Сонанты часто теряют свою слогообразующую функцию, когда находятся в конце слова перед гласной или в середине слова перед гласной в суффиксе: garden – gardening.

A syllable in English can be formed by a vowel, by a vowel and consonant, by a consonant and a sonorant.

Non-syllabic – consonants and sonorants [w, j, r] because they never occur word finally.

If sonorant is preceded by a vowel sound it loses its syllabic character.

Правильное слогоделение имеет особую значимость в английском языке, поскольку от него зависит верное восприятие смысла сказанного. Одной из трудностей является определение границы слога и отнесение интервокального согласного (intervocalic consonant) к предшествующему или последующему слогу.

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1)Граница слогоделения может быть указана ударением: cre’ate.

2)Переход от одного гласного к другому может являться границей слогоделения: seeing.

3)Границей слога может быть морфологическая часть: filming.

4)Интервокальный согласный относится к последующему слогу в случаях, когда согласному предшествует долгий гласный или дифтонг в подударном слоге, а в безударном слоге – краткий гласный. В данных положениях гласные всегда свободны (free) в конце своего произнесения и находятся в открытом слоге.

An intervocalic consonant tends to belong to the following syllabic sound incases when it is preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong in stressed position and short vowel in unstressed position, as they are always free at the end.

5) Интервокальный согласный относится предшествующему слогу в случаях, когда в подударном слоге согласному предшествует краткий гласный. В данных положениях краткие гласные усеченные (checked) в конце своего произнесения и находятся в закрытом слоге.

In the case of a short stressed vowel followed by a consonant, intervocalic consonant tends to belong to the preceding syllable as the English checked vowels can occur only in a closed syllable.

6) Граница слога проходит через согласный звук.

Следует отличать комбинации согласных звуков, которые могут являться зачином английских слогов (word-initial clusters) и кластеры, которые не являются зачином. Неразрывные кластеры неделимы и в интервокальном положении должны принадлежать одному слогу. Свободные кластеры могут отходить в разные слоги.

A consonant cluster is a sequence of consonant sounds that come together. Clusters which can occur in initial position should belong to one syllable.

Диграфы th, wh,ph, ch делятся только графически, фонетически они являются неделимыми, поскольку передают один звук.

Digraphs th, wh,ph, ch, are not phonologically divided but only graphically. LISTENING PRACTICE & MEMORY WORK

A Cradle Song

(by William Blake)

Sleep, sleep, beauty bright

Dreaming o’er the Joy of night

Sleep, sleep: in the sleep

Little sorrows sit and weep.

A Date for the Theatre

Mike Hello, Jack. Why the rush? Where are you going?

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Jack Hello, Mike. I’m on my way to meet Joyce at the station. We’re having dinner at a Chinese restaurant and then we’re off to the theatre.

Mike Do you often go to the theatre?

Jack Yes, Joyce and I usually go at least once a fortnight; sometimes more. Do you ever go?

Mike Yes, but I don’t often find time these days. There are so many things to do.

Jack True, true.

Mike Listen perhaps Janet and I can arrange to meet you and Joyce one Saturday evening. We can have dinner together and go on to the theatre.

Jack That’s a good idea. Look, I forget the name of the play, but there’s a good comedy on at the Theatre Royal next week. If you like, I can book four seats for next Saturday.

Mike All right. I’m meeting Janet this evening so I can make sure that she’s free next Saturday. I’ll ring you tomorrow to confirm if we are coming. Jack Fine. I must fly now. It’s six o’clock already and Joyce hates waiting around and I don’t want to spoil everything up by upsetting her before we start our evening.

Mike I’ll phone you tomorrow then. Give my regards to Joyce. Have a good evening.

The telephone

(by Alfred H. Miles)

Friends a hundred miles apart

Sit and chatter heart by heart.

Boys and girls from school afar

Speak to mother, ask papa.

Holiday Plans

Mary Have you had your holiday for this year yet, Jane?

Jane Not yet. I’m taking it at the end of September.

Mary Where are you going? Have you made up your mind?

Jane Not really. I thought of going to Spain again, but I’ve already been there twice and I’d like to try somewhere new.

Mary My brother’s just gone to Mexico for two weeks. I had a card from him yesterday and he seems to be having a good time. Why don’t you go there? Jane That’s OK for you well-off people, but I couldn’t possibly afford it. I’m much too hard up at the moment.

Mary The air-fare is quite expensive, I agree, but you needn’t spend a lot when you get there.

Jane I’ve already spent a lot of money this year. My flat was done up last month, so I haven’t got much to spare for expensive holidays abroad.

Mary Oh, I see.

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Jane Perhaps I’ll just go to Scotland or Ireland in the end. I’ve heard they’re both very beautiful, and I haven’t been to either of them.

Mary We went to Ireland two years ago to pay Jill and her husband a visit.

They’re in Dublin now.

Jane Oh, yes, there they are!

Mary If you decide on Ireland you can call in on them. Jill would willingly put you up for a few days, I’m sure.

Jane That’s a god idea! I haven’t seen Jill for more than three years now and I’d like to know how she’s getting on.

Limerick

(by Edward Lear)

There was a lady from Guam

Who said, “Now the ocean’s so calm

I will swim for a lark.”

She encountered a shark.

Let’s now sing the 90th Psalm.

A Little Gossip

Mrs. Jones

Good morning, Mrs. Smith. What beautiful weather again!

Mrs. Smith

Yes, lovely! What a splendid summer we’ve had so far this year!

Mrs. Jones

Yes, but some people are complaining about the heat and grum-

bling because we haven’t had much rain for the gardens.

Mrs. Smith

Some people are never satisfied.

Mrs. Jones

By the way, have you heard that young Patrick Ellis has had an-

other accident in his car?

Mrs. Smith

How awful! Is he badly hurt?

Mrs. Jones

Well, they took him to hospital but I don’t think it was serious

because he’s coming home again today.

Mrs. Smith

I suppose he was driving flat out again. Only yesterday I was tell-

ing Mrs. Tailor how madly he drives. And all his friends are just the same. Mrs. Jones I know. What wild things young men are these days!

Mrs. Smith Mm… I’ve got some news for you, too. Have you heard that Eva

Browning is getting married for the third time on September the tenth?

Mrs. Jones Fancy that! She only got her second divorce in the spring. What a dreadful woman she is!

Mrs. Smith Her first marriage only lasted six months – and that was only in

1972, wasn’t it?

Mrs. Jones Yes, that’s right. At this rate she’ll lose count of her husbands before she’s forty.

Mrs. Smith She may lose count, Mrs. Jones, but we certainly won’t.

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The Polka

(by Ogden Nash)

Hop step, step, step.

Hop step, step, step

Go to the Polish dancers.

Polka or Mazurka?

I wish I knew the answers.

Such names to me sound rigmarolish.

I must polish my Polish.

Linguistic Talent

Betty Why weren’t you at the German class last night, Joan? Have you given up?

Joan Well, no… I came back late yesterday and found Simon asleep in the chair. He’d been writing reports all day long and he was too worn out to go out again, so we gave the lesson a miss.

Betty You’ve missed quite a lot of lessons lately, haven’t you? Are you losing your enthusiasm?

Joan Yes, I’m afraid so. Neither Simon nor I have a gift for languages. People just laugh at us when we attempt to speak German. How did you and Eric pick it up so quickly and easily? You’ve hardly been in Germany a month.

Betty It was neither quick nor easy, I assure you. We’d both studied the language before we came, and we only needed to brush it up a bit.

Joan Anyway, all our friends here speak English fluently so we don’t really need to learn German.

Betty Well, Eric and I have been both learning and teaching languages for years and we enjoy it immensely.

Joan Well, keep it up! I’m all for teaching foreigners English, if it saves me the trouble of learning foreign languages myself.

WRITTEN PRACTICE

1. Протранскрибируйте слова. Посчитайте количество слогов.

alphabet

different

interesting

under

consonant

goes

internet

unit

bottle

houses

lines

university

business

information

sixty

wonderment

2. Протранскрибируйте слова. Посчитайте количество слогов.

87

bridge

bridges

kiss

kisses

Chris

Chris’s plans

match

Ian’s matches

fox

foxes

wash

washes

judge

judges

witch

witches

3. Протранскрибируйте слова. Подчеркните гласную в слабом слоге.

again

Britain

diplomacy

mountain

allow

cedar

international

police

America

composition

letter

today

4. Протранскрибируйте слова. Определите, является ли сонант слогообразующим.

able

comparison

global

loosen

article

couple

happen

marathon

bottle

dazzle

hassle

muddle

button

deafen

horizon

musician

capitalism

drizzle

jumble

occasion

chasm

fashion

kitten

python

collision

garden

knuckle

strengthen

colossal

given

little

wobble

5. Протранскрибируйте слова. Определите тип слога: V, CV, CCV, VC, VCC.

air

change

hold

slow

bell

eye

law

swear

belt

fly

learnt

ten

chain

film

oh

where

6. Протранскрибируйте слова. Какие комбинации из 2 согласных встречаются в зачине английского слога?

beauty

few

pray

sphere

black

fly

pure

spot

brown

fry

queen

star

clock

glass

queue

swim

crow

grow

sky

trip

drop

music

slow

tube

due

news

smile

twins

dwell

play

snow

view

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7. Протранскрибируйте слова. Какие комбинации из 3 согласных встречаются в зачине английского слога?

scream

squeak

splash

strain

skewer

stew

spray

straws

8. Протранскрибируйте слова. Какие комбинации согласных встречаются в конце английских слов?

abolished

concerned

packed

thumb

armed

devised

past

thump

bent

felt

pinch

warmth

bombs

fringe

sales

wealth

clicks

gulf

starves

wrapped

clips

kiln

tact

works

cold

left

tongues

youths

9. Протранскрибируйте слова. Разделите их на слоги.

advance

creative

liaison

rifle

advantageous

eaten

miracle

riot

bombing

feather

opening

repetition

button

grumble

personnel

sorry

capital

harmful

pinched

temperature

communicative

interested

poison

temporary

10. Прочитайте текст и протранскрибируйте комбинации согласных, появляющиеся внутри и на стыке слов.

When I started playing badminton, I was sixty and I hadn’t done any stre n- uous exercise for almost twenty years. But after just a few months I’d won the over-fifties national championship and an international competition.

My husband thinks I’m crazy and that I’ll injure myself. But I‘ve found a number of advantages in taking up a sport. I feel much healthier, and it’s important to be active at my age. And meeting new people has improved my social life. So I’ll carry on playing until I get too old.

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