Posobie po grammatike
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The Passive Voice |
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Образование: |
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Simple |
Progressive |
Perfect Simple |
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+ am / are / is |
+ am/ are/ is |
+ have/ has been |
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V3 (Ved) |
being V3 (Ved) |
V3 (Ved) |
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- am not/ aren’t/ |
- am not/ aren’t/ |
- haven’t/ hasn’t |
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Present |
isn’t V3 (Ved) |
isn’t being V3 (Ved) |
been V3 (Ved) |
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? Am / Are / Is |
? Am / Are /Is |
? Have/Has |
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V3 (Ved) |
being V3 (Ved) |
beenV3 (Ved) |
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? Wh am /are / is |
? Wh am / are /is |
? Wh have/has been |
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V3 (Ved) |
being V3 (Ved) |
V3 (Ved) |
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+ was/ were V3 |
+ was/were being |
+ had been V3 |
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(Ved) |
V3 (Ved) |
(Ved) |
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- wasn’t/ weren’t |
- wasn’t/ weren’t |
- hadn’t been V3 |
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Past |
V3 (Ved) |
being V3 (Ved) |
(Ved) |
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? Was / Were |
? Was /Werebeing |
? Had beenV3 |
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V3 (Ved) |
V3 (Ved) |
(Ved) |
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? Wh was / were |
? Wh was/were |
? Wh had been |
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V3 (Ved) |
being V3 (Ved) |
V3 (Ved) |
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+ will be V3 |
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+ will have been |
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(Ved) |
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V3 (Ved) |
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- won’t be V3 |
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- won’t have |
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Future |
(Ved) |
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been V3 (Ved) |
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? Will be V3 |
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? Will have |
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(Ved) |
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beenV3 (Ved) |
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? Wh will be V3 |
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? Wh will have |
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(Ved) |
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been V3(Ved) |
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201 |
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The Passive Voice
Использование:
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Use |
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Examples |
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1. |
Когда человек, который совершает |
1) |
My purse was stolen on the train. – |
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действие, неизвестен, неважен или |
неизвестен |
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понятен из контекста |
2) These tables were made in Bali. – |
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неважен |
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3) My house was painted two weeks |
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ago. – понятен из контекста |
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2. |
Когда само действие более важно, |
1) |
The Fine Arts Museum will be |
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чем тот, кто |
его производит |
opened to public on November 14th. |
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(например: в заголовках газет, |
(объявление) |
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рекламе, |
инструкциях, |
2) |
The seeds are planted months |
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объявлениях, руководствах и т.д.) |
before the year’s wheat is harvested. |
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(руководство) |
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3. |
В пассивном залоге не могут |
1) |
The café holds 230 people. |
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употребляться |
непереходные |
2) |
The suit didn’t fit him at all. |
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глаголы. Такие как: to arrive, to fly, |
3) |
The cake lacks sugar. |
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to have, to possess, to be, to become, |
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to lack, to belong, to consist, to hold, |
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to fit, to suit, to come, to appear и др. |
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4. |
В некоторых предложениях глагол |
1) |
The window opened and fresh air |
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употребляется в форме активного |
finally appeared in the hall. |
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залога, но имеет пассивное |
2) |
This fabric irons terribly. |
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значение. |
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202 |
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5. |
Если есть необходимость |
указать |
1) I was told about the case by my |
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на того, кто осуществлял действие, |
husband. |
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или при помощи чего оно |
2) The details were made with glass. |
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производилось – используется BY |
3)He was attacked with a knife. |
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(кем выполнено действие) или |
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WITH (инструмент, материал, |
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ингредиент). |
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6. |
После модальных глаголов |
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1) All I want is to be heard. |
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используется пассивный |
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2) The task must be prepared by 11 |
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инфинитив: TO BE DONE / TO |
a.m. |
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HAVE BEEN DONE. |
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3) My daughter must have been |
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Can/could + be done / have been |
called, while I was at work. |
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done |
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May/might + be done / have been |
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done |
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Must/have to + be done / have been |
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done |
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Should/would + be done / have been |
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done |
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Needn’t + be done / have been done |
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7. |
Можно составить |
два |
разных |
I wasn’t given the answer. / The |
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предложения |
с |
пассивным |
answer wasn’t given to me. |
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залогом, имеющих один и тот же |
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смысл. Для этого достаточно |
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вынести на первое место разные |
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подлежащие. |
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Somebody + is/ was/ will be + told/ |
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203 |
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offered/ given/ promised + smth |
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8. |
Следует обратить |
внимание |
на |
1) I told not to go there. – в русском |
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некоторые |
сложности построения |
языке подлежащим является |
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пассивных |
конструкций |
с |
личное местоимение «Я». |
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использованием |
глаголов: |
to |
2) I was told not to go there. – в |
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advise, to award, to allow, to deny, to |
русском языке подлежащее |
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forbid, to grant, to forgive, to pay, to |
отсутствует. |
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order, to offer, to show, to promise, |
3) Have you been introduced at the |
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to refuse, to teach. |
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beginning of the interview? – в |
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В таких ситуациях в русском |
русском языке подлежащее |
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языке, кроме всего прочего, |
отсутствует. |
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исчезает подлежащее. |
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204
APPENDIX II: VERBS NOT USED IN THE PROGRESSIVE FORM
Verbs with state meanings are not used in the Progressive form. They are as follows:
verbs denoting sense perception: to see, to look, to hear, to feel (=perceive);
verbs denoting mental activity: to know, to believe, to think (=have an opinion), to doubt, to feel (=have an opinion), to guess, to imagine, to mean, to realize, to recognize, to remember, to suppose, to understand;
verbs denoting wish: to want, to wish;
verbs denoting feeling: to love, to like, to dislike, to hate, to prefer;
verbs denoting abstract relations: to be, to have, to contain, to depend, to belong, to concern, to consist of, to deserve, to fit, to include, to involve, to lack, to matter, to need, to owe, to own, to possess, to appear, to resemble, to seem;
verbs denoting physical properties of objects: to measure (=have length, etc.), to taste (=have a flavor), to smell (=give out a smell), to sound, to weigh (=have weight);
verbs denoting affect or influence: to astonish, to impress, to please, to satisfy, to surprise
Some verbs can be used in the Progressive form. Verbs with state meanings are used only in the Simple form. When used in the Progressive form the verbs have different meanings, that is action meanings, e.g.:
state |
action |
do |
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What do you do? |
What are you doing? |
(=What’s your job?) |
(=Explain your actions) |
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be, have
This house is over 100 years old.
Do you have a car?
imagine, suppose, think, expect
I imagine you feel the same.
I suppose this is Jim.
What do you think? (=have an opinion)
I don’t expect him to understand.
see, hear
I see you’ve had your hair cut.
I don’t hear any noises.
feel, smell, taste
I feel sick.
The room smells awful!
look
He is being very silly!
I am having a great time here.
Ghosts! No, you are imagining things!
You are supposing he is guilty. (=make an assumption)
What are you thinking of?
– I am thinking of changing a job. (=considering)
Are you expecting someone?
Jane is seeing Harry. (=visiting, spending time with)
You are hearing things! (=imagining)
I am feeling hurt by her words. (=now) I am smelling the flowers! (=active)
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This book looks interesting. |
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Jim looks ill. |
Helen is looking well. |
(=description of appearance) |
(=description of appearance)4 |
appear |
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You visa appears to be out of |
Tom is appearing in Hamlet at the |
date. |
Grand Theatre. |
enjoy, love, like |
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I enjoy / love going for long |
Are you enjoying the party? |
walks. |
I am loving every minute of my new |
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job! |
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(=going on at the moment) |
4 Notice that in descriptions of appearance look can be used in both Simple and Progressive forms.
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APPENDIX III: A LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS |
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№ |
Bare Infinitive |
The Past Simple |
The Past |
Translation |
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Participle |
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1. |
arise |
arose |
arisen |
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2. |
awake |
awoke |
awoken |
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3. |
be |
was |
been |
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were |
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4. |
bear |
bore |
born |
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borne |
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5. |
beat |
beat |
beaten |
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6. |
become |
became |
become |
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7. |
begin |
began |
begun |
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8. |
bend |
bent |
bent |
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9. |
bet |
bet / betted |
bet / betted |
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10. |
bid |
bid |
bid |
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11. |
bind |
bound |
bound |
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12. |
bite |
bit |
bitten / bit |
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13. |
bleed |
bled |
bled |
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14. |
blow |
blew |
blown |
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15. |
break |
broke |
broken |
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16. |
bring |
brought |
brought |
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17. |
broadcast |
broadcast |
broadcast |
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18. |
build |
built |
built |
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19. |
burn |
burned / burnt |
burned / burnt |
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20. |
burst |
burst |
burst |
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21. |
bust |
bust / AmE busted |
bust / AmE busted |
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22. |
buy |
bought |
bought |
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23. |
be able to / |
could |
been able to |
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can5 |
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24. |
cast |
cast |
cast |
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25. |
catch |
caught |
caught |
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26. |
choose |
chose |
chosen |
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27. |
cling |
clung |
clung |
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28. |
clothe |
clothed / clad |
clothed / clad |
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29. |
come |
came |
come |
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30. |
cost |
cost |
cost |
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31. |
creep |
crept |
crept |
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32. |
cut |
cut |
cut |
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33. |
deal |
dealt |
dealt |
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34. |
dig |
dug |
dug |
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35. |
do |
did |
done |
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36. |
dive |
dived /AmE dove |
dived |
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37. |
draw |
drew |
drawn |
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38. |
dream |
dreamed / dreamt |
dreamed / dreamt |
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39. |
drink |
drank |
drunk6 |
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40. |
drive |
drove |
driven |
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41. |
dwell |
dwelt / dwelled |
dwelt / dwelled |
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42. |
eat |
ate |
eaten |
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43. |
fall |
fell |
fallen |
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44. |
feed |
fed |
fed |
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45. |
feel7 |
felt |
felt |
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46. |
fight |
fought |
fought |
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5Notice that can is not a bare Infinitive, but the Present Simple form.
6Do not confuse with a) the adjective drunk meaning ‘unable to control your behavior because you have drunk too much alcohol, e.g. to get drunk; b) the noun drunk (also drunkard) meaning someone who is drunk or often gets drunk and c) the adjective drunken meaning ‘drunk or showing that you are drunk’, e.g. drunken shouting;
7Do not confuse with fill – filled – filled.
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47. |
find |
found |
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found |
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48. |
fit |
fitted / fit |
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fitted / AmE fit |
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49. |
flee |
fled |
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fled |
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50. |
fling |
flung |
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flung |
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51. |
fly |
flew |
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flown |
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52. |
forbid |
forbade |
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forbidden |
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53. |
forecast |
forecast |
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forecast |
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54. |
forget |
forgot |
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forgotten |
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55. |
forgive |
forgave |
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forgiven |
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56. |
forsake |
forsook |
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forsaken |
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57. |
freeze |
froze |
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frozen |
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58. |
get |
got |
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got / AmE gotten |
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59. |
give |
gave |
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given |
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60. |
go |
went |
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gone |
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61. |
grind |
ground |
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ground |
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62. |
grow |
grew |
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grown |
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63. |
hang |
hung |
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hung |
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hanged |
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hanged |
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64. |
have |
had |
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had |
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65. |
hear |
heard |
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heard |
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66. |
hew |
hewed |
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hewed / |
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literary hewn |
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67. |
hide |
hid |
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hidden / hid |
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68. |
hit |
hit |
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hit |
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69. |
hold |
held |
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held |
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70. |
hurt |
hurt |
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hurt |
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71. |
keep |
kept |
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kept |
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72. |
kneel |
knelt / |
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knelt / |
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esp AmE kneeled |
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esp AmE kneeled |
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210 |
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