Posobie po grammatike

the past. At that time Jack was still living with the speaker and had been since his arrival.

b) This sentence refers to an activity that was over by an unspecified time in the past. At that time Jack was no longer living with the speaker.

Ex. 119 Complete the following sentences. Put the verbs into either a Perfect Simple or a Perfect Progressive form:

1)have been doing

2)have had

3)had been damaged

4)has changed, (has) checked, hasn’t completed

5)had been writing

6)has been getting

Ex. 120 Choose the best alternative:

1. have been meaning, 2. is snoring, 3. have you been learning, 4. I always find, 5. have been sitting, 6. have been visiting, 7. has just broken, 8. has been painting, 9. Have you been having, 10. I haven't danced, 11. has been working, 12. are you doing, 13. have liked, 14. have been typing, 15. has been complaining,16. am having, 17. have applied, 18. have been leaving

Ex. 121 Choose the correct variant:

l. b, 2. c, 3. b, 4. d, 5. d, 6. a, 7. d, 8. a, 9. b, 10. c.

Ex. 124 Put the beginnings and ends together: l. a, 2. b, 3. b, 4. a, 5. b, 6. a, 7. a, 8. b, 9. b, 10. a.

Ex. 125 Open the brackets using the correct tense form in as- and while – clauses:

1. reached, met 2. watched, steered 3. opened, came, stood 4. was having, slipped

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5. stopped, was crossing 6. dropped, was getting 7. worked, lived 8. stepped, rushed 9. was falling, rang up 10. broke, was skiing 11. arrived, was laying 12. was talking, stole 13. waited / were waiting, asked 14. lay, rose 15. narrowed, struggled 16. examined, walked.

Ex. 126 Complete the interview. Decide which is best for the context: the Past Simple, the Past Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Simple.

have had, was, felt, realized, finished, was, beat, had you played, started, went, had played, had beaten, had taken part, had won, gave, were, had to, haven't taken.

Ex. 127 Most of the following sentences contain errors in tense forms. Find each error and correct it.

2. —; 3. had been smoking; 4. were playing; 5. had had; 6. threw, caught; 7. have fallen; 8. have broken; 9. taught; 10. —; 11. has been working; 12. has been painting, is having; 13. —; 14. had been playing; 15. had been driving, had driven; 16. had read; 17. —; 18. was waiting; 19. have found; 20. have bought, cost; 21. written, finished; 22. bitten, 23. have spent; 24. had been expecting.

Ex. 130 Complete the following two extracts with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets:

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1.17. THE FUTURE SIMPLE

Ex. 134 Complete the following sentences with will/’ll or shall/’ll and a verb from the box:

2. ‘ll carry; 3. will drop; 4. Will you phone; 5. will announce; 6. Shall we tell; 7. ‘ll be; 8. will receive; 9. shall not invite/ shan’t invite; 10. will/ shall never make; 11. Shall we go; 12. will not/ won’t offer; 13. Shall I wash; 14. shall have.

1.21. DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURITY

Ex. 154 Match the following forms with the meanings and examples in the table:

1. the Future Simple with will, 2. to be going to + Infinitive, 3. The Future Simple with shall, 4. the Future Progressive, 5. the Present Progressive, 6. to be to + Infinitive, 7. the Present Simple, 8. the Future Simple in the Past.

Ex. 158 Complete the sentences with will to show the decisions made at the moment of speaking or to be going to to show the decisions or intentions made some time before the moment of speaking.

1. will open 2. will enjoy 3. are you going to return 4. will have 5. are going to have 6. will show 7. am going to show 8. is going to take 9. will do 10. are going to sell 11. am going to visit 12. will visit 13. am going to read 14. will read, am going to have 15. will do 16. am going to do

Ex. 159 Match the statements (on the left) with based either on the general beliefs (will) the predictions (on the right) which are or some evidences (to be going to):

1. a, 2. b, 3.b, 4. a, 5. a, 6. b, 7. a, 8. b, 9. b, 10. a.

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Ex. 160 Choose the suitable tense form:

1. leaves 2. are leaving 3. leave 4. leave 5. is he leaving 6. leave 7. are always leaving 8. Ieaves9. leave 10. don't leave 11. doesn't leave 12. is leaving 13. is leaving 14. leave 15. leave

Ex. 161 Discuss which verb form is the most appropriate in each of the following sentences:

Ex. 162 Match your answers for 1-6 above with the correct explanation

Ex. 163 Put the beginnings and ends together:

1. b, 2. a, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a, 6. b, 7. b, 8. a, 9. b, 10. a.

Ex. 166 Which form of the Present Tense is used in sentences a-c? Explain the effect of each form.

a.The Present Simple is used in a future time clause to refer to the time of an event in the future.

b.The Present Perfect Simple is used in a future time clause to emphasize that the event has been completed before the event in the main clause takes place.

c.The Present Progressive is used in a future time clause to emphasize that the event is an ongoing or incomplete situation.

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Ex. 167 Put the verb in brackets into an appropriate Present Tense:

Ex. 168 Translate the endings in brackets using the Present Simple, the Present Progressive or the Future Simple:

a)1. whether he loves Liz; 2. whether he will make a proposal to her; 3. if he is going to buy her a car; 4. whether he will buy her a ring; 5. when they will meet; 6. if he will come tonight; 7. when he will come; 8. if he will ring her up; 9. whether they will be happy; 10. if they will get married or not.

b)1. if they decide to get married; 2. if Ben comes with his decision and a cake today; 3. if they get married; 4. if they get married; 5. as soon as Liz and Ben inform them; 6. when his parents allow him to get married.

c)1. if you come back earlier; 2. if you will speak at the meeting; 3. until I find the keys; 4. while you are taking your exams; 5. until everybody leaves the building;

6.when he leaves hospital; 7. when he will leave hospital; 8. when I will retire; 9. when I retire; 10. till I call you; 11. while you are packing; 12.I am calling; 13. if you see him; 14. if I see you here again; 15. if she dates him and whether she will see him today; 16. whether he works and when he will come to the interview; 17. in case you get lost; 18. in case you see him; 19. if you see him.

Ex. 171 Match the questions and answers:

1. d, 2. e, 3. b, 4. h, 5. i, 6. c, 7. a, 8. j, 9. f, 10. l, 11. k, 12. g.

Ex. 174 Look at examples 1-5 of other ways of referring to future. Based on these examples, discuss when we use.

1. The Future Progressive is used to refer to an action in progress at a particular point in the future, or to imply that something is part of the normal course of events.

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2.The Past Progressive is used to refer to a plan or intention that was made previously, but that changed due to the circumstances.

3.be + Infinitive is used as a formal declaration to refer to an event that is scheduled to happen.

4.The Future Perfect Simple is used to refer to a state or an action before or leading up to a given time in the future.

5.The Future Perfect Progressive is used to refer to a state or an action before or leading up to a given time in the future, and implies either repetition or incompleteness.

Ex. 177 Which of the options below are used to suggest that something a) will happen, b) may happen or c) probably won’t happen?

a)will happen: certain to, bound to, sure to, set to

b)may happen: likely to

c)probably won’t happen: unlikely to

Ex. 178 Read the extract from a newspaper article. Which phrases are used to indicate what will happen? Which phrase indicates that it will happen soon?

The phrases ‘is about to’, ‘is due to’, ‘is expected to’ are used to indicate what will happen. The phrase ‘is about to’ indicates that it will happen soon.

Ex. 179 Translate the following into English concentrating on the use of the

Present Simple after to see (to), to take care and to make (be) sure:

1.See to it that he gets the message on time/ in time.

2.Don't worry. I'll take care that the brakes are in order.

3.I'll make sure that there's nobody in the room.

4.The sun is shining brightly today. I'll see that the children use sun block.

5.Take care that your husband doesn't eat fried food.

6.Make sure that he is under the beach umbrella and only after that leave the

beach.

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7.Okay, honey. I'll see to it that you have strawberry and vanilla icecream.

8.Before leaving make sure that the windows are closed.

9.I'll see to it that he doesn't go there again.

10.I'll take care that she doesn't date him.

11.You must make sure that he takes his car to the garage at 4.

12.Everything will be O.K. I'll see that Bill puts on his warm hat.

Ex. 182 Use the proper tense forms to express future actions in the following sentences:

1. is repaired 2. is 3. press 4. don't dance 5. will take/are taking 6. don'tgo7.get married 8. won't play 9. is paid 10. begins 11. close 12. will walk 13. comes 14. is coming/will come, will have 15. hear 16. are, start 17. will come 18. will return 19. doesn’t slam 20. buy.

2. THE PASSIVE VOICE

Ex. 187 Use the prompts in 1-5 to complete the responses using a passive verb form:

1.is being done/ prepared

2.was sent

3.has been bitten

4.are being followed

5.hasn’t been seen

Ex. 188 There are some verbs which can be expressed using the related noun, e.g. decide can be expressed as make a decision. Rewrite these sentences using a related noun and an appropriate verb.

1.decision has been made

2.warning has been issued/ given

3.agreement has been reached on a site

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4.offer of $4,000 has been made

5.advice was given

Ex. 189 Complete the text with the passive form of the verbs. Use the Present Simple, the Past Simple or the Present Perfect Simple:

2) was started, 3) was spent, 4) was tested, 5) was introduced, 6) was achieved, 7) is reduced, 8) is used, 9) have been built, 10) is produced

3. REVISION OF TENSES

Ex. 193 Use the verbs in the Perfect Simple or the Perfect Progressive, in the

Active or the Passive Voice:

Ex. 194 Is there any difference in meaning between the pairs of sentences 1-4? In which contexts might you see or hear sentences like these? Why is the agent necessary in 3b, but not in the other passive sentences?

There is no difference in meaning between the two sentences in each pair, only a change of context and, therefore, register.

1. a) an informal conversation

b) a more formal context such as a news report or newspaper article 2. a) an informal conversation

b) a more formal context such as a news report or statement 3. a) an in formal announcement of the event

b) a more formal notice of the event

The agent is necessary here because it is important that we know the speaker will be an expert.

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4. a) a student’s notebook or a spoken description of an experiment b) an impersonal description of the experiment in a textbook

Ex. 196 In the following sentences put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (tense, aspect, voice) according to the context. You may need to put the auxiliaries before the subjects.

1.I hope I’ll get a better job next week.

2.I’m sorry we can’t come to the party on Saturday. We are having dinner with some old friends.

3.You are always using my razor, why not buy one of your own?

4.Don’t forget, the coach leaves at 6.45 tomorrow morning, so you’d better get an early night.

5.When the phone rang, she picked up the receiver and put it down again!

6.Did you work at Millroy’s when they had that terrible fire? / Were you working at Millroy’s when they had that terrible fire?

7.You see, the ground is wet. It has been raining.

8.It’s definitely our favourite film, we have seen it six times.

9.The successful applicant was informed / had been informed by the end of last

month.

10.I see they have not still repaired/ are still repairing that hole.

11.Well, it’s a nice car. I am thinking of buying it.

12.Children are not allowed onto the playground unless accompanied by adults.

13.Hugo has broken his leg so he can’t go skiing next week.

14.We had been walking through the forest for two or three hours when we realized we were lost.

15.The soup does not smell too fresh – you’d better throw it out.

16.I turned left to avoid collision, but that car came too close, so it hit mine.

17.You are so suntanned. I heard you went to Greece for a week. How do you

like it?

18.You said you wanted me to come on Sunday, so I did. And where were you?

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Ex. 197 With each gapped sentence put the verb in brackets into the correct form (tense, aspect, voice) so that it is similar in meaning to the sentence in bold type above:

1.It rains nearly every day here.

2.When we were children we usually went to the seaside.

3.She was tired because she had been travelling all day.

4.I invited her out for a drink, but she was working, so she couldn’t.

5.Do you know that Phil has written a new novel?

6.I live in Manchester, but I am staying in Glasgow at the moment.

7.He has been to Eastern Africa several times, so he speaks quite good Swahili.

8.I have seen a lot of Mary these days.

9.The book will be published next month.

10.I have been working here for nearly six months.

11.You are being selfish!

12.The plane leaves at five.

13.I believe they will have built the shop by January.

14.It seems like Jane has been late for every class so far.

Ex. 198 Fill in the missing words in the following text about Henry Ford, the founder of Ford cars:

Ex. 199 Complete the text using the correct form and the tense of the verbs in