Posobie po grammatike
.pdf12.Jack and Nicole … for two years.
A are married |
C have been married |
B married |
D used to be married |
13.Sam asked, “Who has taken my book?”. A Sam asked who has taken my book. B Sam asked who had taken his book. C Sam asked who has his book taken. D Sam asked who took his book.
14.Ted asked Ron, “Where do your parents live?”. A Ted asked Ron where do his parents live.
B Ted asked Ron where did his parents live. C Ted asked Ron where his parents lived.
D Ted asked Ron where his parents had lived.
15.Police found that the door lock … prior to the burglary.
A had been altered |
C was altered |
B altered |
D had altered |
16.Jane said that she … Moscow … .
A left, two years ago |
C had left, two years before |
B had left, two years ago |
D would leave, two years before |
17.Their wedding anniversary celebration was … in the Hilton Hotel.
A hold |
C be held |
B has held |
D held |
18.The teacher told us that water … at 100 degrees Centigrade.
A boils |
C is boiled |
B boiled |
D is boiling |
19.It’s really unfair! You … me!
A always ctiricise |
C are always ctiricising |
B always criticises |
D have always been ctiricised |
191
20. Mary’s mother asked her, “Are you tired?”. A Mary’s mother asked her she is tired.
B Mary’s mother asked her she was tired. C Mary’s mother asked her if she was tired. D Mary’s mother asked her if she is tired.
*For keys consult Appendix IV*
192
REFERENCE LIST
1.Английский язык для студентов языковых вузов : второй этап обучения: учебник / Г. Н. Зыкова [и др.] ; под ред. Л. А. Кочетовой. – М. : Астрель; АСТ, 2002. – 384 с.
2. Барановская, Т. В. Грамматика английского языка. Сборник упражнений / Т. В. Барановская. – Киев : ИП Логос, 2002. – 368 с.
3.Березина, О. А. Английский язык для студентов университетов. Упражнения по грамматике / О. А. Березина, Е. М. Шпилюк. – СПб. : Союз, 2002. – 256 с.
4.Грамматика английского языка / В. Л. Каушанская [и др.]. – М. : Айрис-пресс, 2008. – 384 с.
5. Дроздова, Т. Ю. English Grammar : Reference and Practice : учебное пособие /
Т. Ю. Дроздова, А. И. Берестова, В. Г. Маилова. – СПб. : Антология, 2005. – 400 с.
6.Крылова, И. П. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка: учебное пособие для институтов и факультетов иностранных языков / И. П. Крылова. – М. :
|
Университет, 2000. – 432 с. |
|
7. |
Николаенко, Т. Г. Тесты по грамматике английского языка / Т. Г. Николаенко. – М. : |
|
|
Рольф; Айрис-пресс, 1998. – 160 с. |
|
8. |
Практическая грамматика современного английского языка |
/ под общ. ред. |
|
Л. В. Хведченя. – Минск : Интерпрессервис; Книжный Дом, 2002. |
– 688 с. |
9.Утевская, Н. Л. English Grammar Book. Version 2.0 = Грамматика английского языка. Версия 2.0 : учебное пособие / Н. Л. Утевская. – СПб. : Антология, 2011. – 480 с.
10.Alexander, L. G. Longman English Grammar / L. G. Alexander. – London and New York : Longman, 1995. – 374 p.
11.Alexander, L. G. Longman English Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students: Self-study Edition with Key / L. G. Alexander. – London and New York : Longman, 1998. – 296 p.
12.Carter, R. Cambridge Grammar of English : A Comprehensive Guide : Spoken and Written English : Grammar and Usage / R. Carter, M. McCarthy. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2006. – 973 p.
13.Doodley, J. Grammarway 1 / J. Doodley, V. Evans. – Newbury : Express Publishing, 2002. – 142 p.
14.Doodley, J. Grammarway 2 / J. Doodley, V. Evans. – Newbury : Express Publishing, 2004. - 192 p.
15.Doodley, J. Grammarway 3 with answers / J. Doodley, V. Evans. – Newbury : Express Publishing, 1999. - 275 p.
16.Doodley, J. Grammarway 4 with answers / J. Doodley, V. Evans. – Newbury : Express
Publishing, 1999. - 278 p.
193
17.Gude, K. Proficiency Masterclass, Student’s Book / K. Gude, M. Duckworth. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002. -181 p.
18.Hewings, M. Advanced Grammar in Use : A Self-study Reference and Practice Book for Advanced Learners of English with Answers / M. Hewings. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2002. – 340 p.
19.Koch, R. S. Focus on Grammar : An Advanced Course for Reference and Practice : Workbook / R.S.Koch, K.S. Fosle. – Longman : Pearson Education Limited, 2000. – 218 p.
20.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English / W. Nichols [and etc.]. – London : Longman, 1995. – 1668 p.
21.Murphy, R. English Grammar in Use : A Self-study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students with Answers / R. Murphy. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2003. – 350 p.
22.Prodromou, L. Grammar and Vocabulary for First Certificate / L. Prodromou. – Longman : Pearson Education Limited, 2000. – 319 p.
23.Side, R. Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency / R. Side, G. Wellman. – Longman : Pearson Education Limited, 2000. – 286 p.
24.Upper Intermediate English 3 (CEF version) B2 / K. Campbell-Howes [and etc.]. – EF Education First : Luxembourg, 2009. – 146 p.
25.Vince, M. English Grammar in Context : Advanced with Key / M. Vince. – Oxford : Macmillan, 2008. – 240 p.
26.Walker, E. Grammar Practice for Elementary Students / E. Walker, S. Elsworth. – Longman : Pearson Education Limited, 2000. – 172 p.
27.Walker, E. Grammar Practice for Pre-Intermediate Students / E. Walker, S. Elsworth. – Longman : Pearson Education Limited, 2000. – 174 p.
28.Walker, E. Grammar Practice for Upper-Intermediate Students / E. Walker, S. Elsworth. – Longman : Pearson Education Limited, 2000. – 204 p.
29.Walton, R. Focus on Advanced English CAE : Grammar Practice / R. Walton. – Longman : Pearson Education Limited, 2000. – 111 p.
30.Watcyn-Jones, P. Grammar Games and Activities / P. Watcyn-Jones. – Oxford : Penguin Books Ltd, 1995. – 184 p.
194
Present
|
APPENDIX I: TABLES OF TENSES |
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The Active Voice2 |
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Simple |
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Progressive |
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Образование: |
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Образование: |
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+ V1, Vs/es |
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+ am/ is/ are Ving |
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- do not, does not V1 |
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- am not/ is not/ are not Ving |
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? Do / Does V1 |
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? Am / Is / Are Ving |
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? Wh do / does V1 |
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? Wh am / is / are Ving |
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Употребление: |
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Употребление: |
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1)Когда говорят о постоянном, |
1)Когда действие происходит в |
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повторяющемся |
действии |
в |
данный момент |
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настоящем |
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• She is writing a letter now. |
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• She always gets up at 8 o’clock. |
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2)Когда |
говорится |
о |
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2)Когда |
утверждают |
научный |
существующей ситуации |
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факт |
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• The phone isn’t working. |
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• Water boils at 100 degrees. |
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3)Когда |
говорится |
о |
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3)Когда |
говорится |
|
о |
запланированном |
будущем |
||
запланированном |
|
будущем |
действии (планы говорящего) |
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событии (по расписанию) |
|
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• We are |
meeting tomorrow with |
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• Our plane leaves at 5 o’clock. |
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my friend. |
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4)Когда пересказываются события |
4)Когда выражается раздражение |
||||||
прочитанной |
книги |
или |
(с такими словами как always, |
||||
просмотренного фильма |
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constantly) |
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• Our hero goes off to search for |
• You are always borrowing |
||||||
the treasure, which he eventually |
money! |
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finds after many adventures. |
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Слова – указатели: |
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Слова – указатели: |
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sometimes, seldom, usually, often, |
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now, at the moment, at present, these |
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hardly ever, normally, in the |
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days, nowadays, still, today, tonight |
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morning/ afternoon/ evening, every |
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day/ week/ month/ year, at night, at |
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the weekend, on Fridays |
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для глаголов, которые не используются в Progressive3
2 = I, =you, we, they, = he, she, it; + = утвердительные предложения; - = отрицательные предложения; ? = вопросительные предложения; ? Wh = специальные вопросы с вопросительными словами what, where, why, when, how, which; V1 = инфинитив глагола (без частицы to); Vs/es = глагол с окончанием – s (es); V ing = глагол с окончание – ing; V3 (Ved) = 3-я форма глагола.
3Список глаголов, не используемых в Progressive, смотрите в Appendix II.
195
Present
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Perfect Simple |
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|
Perfect Progressive |
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Образование: |
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Образование: |
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+ have / has V3 (Ved) |
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+ have been / has been Ving |
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- have not, has not V3 (Ved) |
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- |
haven’t been / hasn’t been |
||||
? Have / Has V3 (Ved) |
|
Ving |
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? Wh have / has V3 (Ved) |
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? Have been / Has been Ving |
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Употребление: |
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? |
Wh have been / |
has been |
|
1)Когда говорят о событии, |
Ving |
|
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произошедшем в неопределенное |
Употребление: |
|
|||||
время в прошлом |
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|
1)Когда говорят о действии, |
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• I’ve had lunch, thank you. |
|
которое началось в прошлом, |
|||||
2)При |
выражении |
событий, |
продолжалось в настоящем и до |
||||
которые только что произошли |
|
сих пор продолжается |
|
||||
• Max has just arrived home from |
(используется с предлогами since |
||||||
work. |
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и for) |
here since |
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3)При |
выражении |
результата |
• |
We have been living |
|||
действия |
происходившего |
в |
|
1999. |
|
||
прошлом, но результат имеет |
• |
She has been working at school |
|||||
связь с настоящим (this day |
|
for 20 years. |
|
||||
(evening, week, year) |
|
|
2)Когда говорят об активности, |
||||
• You have lost weight this year. |
|
которая началась в прошлом и |
|||||
4)[часто] |
с |
превосходной |
только что закончилась |
|
|||
степенью говоря |
о |
жизненном |
• |
It has been raining |
quite hard |
||
опыте |
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during the night. |
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• This is the worst meal I’ve ever |
3)Когда говорят о недавно |
||||||
eaten. |
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законченном |
действии, |
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5)С выражением first time |
|
кратковременный |
результат |
||||
• It is the first time I have been to |
которого очевиден |
|
|||||
the USA. |
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|
• It smells strange! Have you been |
|||
Слова – указатели: |
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|
frying onions? |
|
||
already, just, never, ever, before, |
Слова – указатели: |
|
|||||
yet, recently, lately, today, this week |
for a long time (two hours), since last |
||||||
(year, month), for ages (long time, |
|
week (year, month), all this year |
|||||
three days, two hours), since |
(day, week, morning, my life), these |
||||||
January (2 o’clock, last week, 2005, |
|
two days |
|
||||
he came) |
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196
Past
Simple |
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|
Progressive |
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Образование: |
|
|
Образование: |
|
|
+ V2 (Ved) |
|
+ was / were Ving |
|||
- didn’t V1 |
|
- |
wasn’t / weren’t Ving |
||
? Did V1 |
|
|
? Was / Were Ving |
||
? Wh did V1 |
|
? Wh was / were Ving |
|||
Употребление: |
|
|
Употребление: |
|
|
1)Когда говорят о событии, |
1)Когда говорят о событии, |
||||
произошедшем |
в определенный |
которое длилось в тот момент, |
|||
период времени в прошлом, но |
когда другое |
действие уже |
|||
нет связи с настоящим |
|
произошло или |
оно отмечено |
||
• We went to the theatre last night. |
определенным временем |
||||
2)Когда |
говорят |
о |
• When I was walking in the park I |
||
последовательности действий |
в |
|
heard a cry. |
|
|
прошлом |
|
|
• I was writing a letter at 5 o’clock. |
||
• John got home, opened the door, |
2)Когда дается фон событию |
||||
and |
|
|
• I liked out of the window. It was |
||
found the house completely empty. |
|
raining. |
|
||
3)При согласовании времен в |
3)Когда говорится о прерванном |
||||
косвенной речи |
|
|
событии в прошлом |
||
• He said that he was a stranger. |
|
• |
She phoned while I was having |
||
4)После выражений It’s high time, |
|
lunch. |
|
||
I’d rather |
|
|
4)Для выражения одновременных |
||
• It’s time we went to my room. |
|
действий в прошлом |
|||
• I’d rather you didn’t pay for me. |
• |
The children were playing while |
|||
5)После I wish, If only когда |
|
their mother was watching them. |
|||
выражается |
сожаление |
о |
|
|
|
существующем факте |
|
|
|
|
|
• I wish I had a car. |
|
Слова – указатели: |
|||
• If only I was taller. |
|
||||
Слова – указатели: |
|
the whole day, all day long, at 5 |
|||
yesterday, yesterday morning |
|
o’clock yesterday |
|
||
(evening), the day before yesterday, |
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||
last week (year, month, night), a few |
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||
days ago, two days ago, a week ago, |
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||
long ago, last winter (autumn, |
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|
spring, summer) |
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|
197 |
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|
Past
Perfect Simple |
|
Perfect Progressive |
||
Образование: |
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|
Образование: |
|
+ had V3 (Ved) |
|
+ had been Ving |
|
|
- had not V3 (Ved) |
|
- hadn’t been Ving |
||
? Had V3 (Ved) |
|
? Had been Ving |
|
|
? Wh had V3 (Ved) |
|
? Wh had been Ving |
||
Употребление: |
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|
Употребление: |
|
1)Когда говорят о событии, |
Когда говорят о длительной или |
|||
которое произошло в прошлом |
повторяющейся природе события, |
|||
раньше, чем другое событие |
|
которое произошло |
до другого |
|
• When I arrived, Mike had |
события в прошлом |
|
||
already left. |
|
|
• He failed the exam |
because he |
2)После I wish, If only, когда |
had been going out every |
|||
выражается |
сожаление |
о |
evening. |
|
прошлом |
|
|
|
|
•I wish I had learnt Spanish at college
3)В косвенной речи, если событие |
Слова – указатели: |
|||
произошло |
до |
того, |
как |
For, since, how long, before, until, |
говорящий |
сказал, |
подумал, |
for a long time (two hours, three |
|
решил и т.д. |
|
|
|
weeks), since morning( he came), all |
• He said |
that he had gone to |
day (that year, week, morning, my |
||
school yesterday. |
|
|
life) |
|
Слова – указатели: |
|
|
|
|
by 6 o’clock, by that time, by the |
|
|
||
time you came, just, already, before, |
|
|||
yet, after, when, hardly…when, |
|
|
||
scarcely…when, since 2 o’clock, |
|
|
||
since he came |
|
|
|
198
Future
Simple |
Progressive |
Образование: |
Образование: |
+ will V1 |
+ will be Ving |
- won’t V1 |
- won’t be Ving |
? Will V1 |
? Will be Ving |
? Wh will V1 |
? Wh will be Ving |
Употребление: |
|
Употребление: |
|
|
1)Когда |
выражают |
Когда говорят о событии, которое |
||
предположение о будущем |
будет |
происходить |
в |
|
• We will be there |
by Monday |
определенный момент времени в |
||
night. |
|
будущем |
|
|
2)Когда выражают обещание |
• When we get there, they will be |
|||
• I will write as soon as I get there. |
getting ready for the party. |
|
||
3)Когда принимается решение в |
|
|
|
|
момент говорения |
|
|
|
|
• It is stuffy here, I will open the |
Слова – указатели: |
|
||
window. |
|
|
||
4)При выражении угрозы |
at 5 o’clock tomorrow, this time next |
|||
• I will kill you! |
|
month |
|
|
5)Когда предлагается помощь |
|
|
|
|
• Shall I open the window? |
|
|
|
Слова – указатели: tomorrow (morning, evening, afternoon, night), the day after
tomorrow, in a week (month, year), tonight, soon, on Sunday evening, next week (month, year, Monday, Thursday afternoon), some other time, in the near future
199
Future
Perfect Simple |
|
Perfect Progressive |
|
Образование: |
Образование: |
|
|
+ will have V3 (Ved) |
+ will have been Ving |
|
|
- won’t have V3 (Ved) |
- won’t have been Ving |
|
|
? Will have V3 (Ved) |
? Will have been Ving |
|
|
? Wh will have V3 (Ved) |
? Wh will have been Ving |
||
Употребление: |
Употребление: |
|
|
Когда говорят о событии, которое |
Когда говорят о событии, которое |
||
будет закончено в определенное |
не будет закончено в определенное |
||
время в будущем |
время в будущем |
|
|
• The film will have started by the |
• |
By the end of May I will |
have |
time we get there. |
|
been living here for 5 years. |
|
• I will have typed this document |
• |
I will have been writing a |
letter |
by tomorrow. |
|
by 5 o’clock tomorrow. |
|
Слова – указатели: |
Слова – указатели: |
|
|
by 6 o’clock, by that time, by the |
by the end of May, for a long time, |
||
end of the year, for a long time, |
for two hours, since morning |
|
|
since morning |
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|
200