- •Белорусский государственный университет
- •Предисловие
- •1. Profession of an economist
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. K p. A. – one thousand per annum.
- •Ex. 3. Express in one word.
- •Comprehension
- •Degrees in Economics
- •Basic Courses
- •Supporting Courses
- •Required Courses Year 1
- •Questions
- •Outstanding Economists
- •The Founder of Economics
- •David Ricardo (1772–1823)
- •John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
- •Writing
- •Study the biographical data of Michael Del and Ingvar Kamprad, find the information about famous businessmen and write it down as in the examples that follows the tables.
- •Michael Dell
- •Timeline
- •Ingvar Kamprad Timeline
- •Example
- •Translation a. Translate into Russian. Woman’s Place in Management
- •B. Translate into English.
- •Listening
- •Speaking
- •Vocabulary academic adj – 1. Университетский; академический; учебный; 2. Чисто теоретический; 3. Фундаментальный (в противоположность прикладному)
- •Salary n – жалованье, оклад self-employed adj – обслуживающий свое собственное предприятие; работающий не по найму
- •2. Economics as a science
- •2.1. Economics and Economic Methods
- •Economics: the Study of Scarcity and Choice
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Opportunity Cost
- •Satisfying People’s Wants
- •Methodology
- •Economic Theory and Models
- •Speaking Discuss the following questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •Economic systems
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Translation a. Translate the text from English into Russian. Classification of Countries
- •Vocabulary
- •3. The macroeconomy
- •3.1. Gross domestic product
- •Gross Domestic Product
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Questions
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Vocabulary
- •3.2. InflAtion
- •Meaning and Measurement of Inflation
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Demand-Pull and Cost-Push Inflation
- •Does it Cost More to Laugh?
- •Writing
- •Consumer Price Index Criticism
- •Vocabulary
- •3.3. Economic business cycles and unemployment
- •Economic Business Cycles
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Comprehension
- •Unemployment
- •Types of Unemployment
- •W.H. Philips and the Philips Curve
- •Vocabulary
- •3.4. Banking discovering connections
- •Reading
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Comprehension
- •Commercial Banks of Britain
- •Banking in the usa
- •Banking and Monetary System of the Republic of Belarus
- •The Paris Club
- •Listening Student Banking
- •Student Banking
- •Application for Credit
- •Vocabulary
- •3.5. Money and monetary policy
- •Reading
- •Money and its Functions
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Comprehension
- •Classical Economics
- •Keynesian Economics
- •Monetarism
- •Instruments of Monetary Policy
- •Monetary Policy during the Great Depression
- •Listening Central Banking
- •Talking with Paul Volker
- •Vocabulary
- •Glossary
- •3.6. Fiscal policy
- •Fiscal Policy
- •Discretionary fiscal policy
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Other Issues in Fiscal Policy
- •The Role of Government
- •Writing
- •Transition and the Changing Role of Government
- •Budgets and Fiscal Policy
- •Briefing on Personal Taxation
- •Vocabulary
- •4. The microeconomy
- •4.1. Supply and demand
- •Supply and Demand
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Equilibrium: Mr.Demand, Meet Mr.Supply
- •Equilibrium
- •Elasticity
- •Ex. 2. Answer the questions on the text.
- •Negotiating on the Phone
- •North Holland Dairy Cooperative, Volendam, Postbus 4550nl-4452
- •Jan van Geelen
- •Vocabulary
- •4.2. Market structure
- •Monopoly
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Comprehension
- •Three Pricing Strategies
- •Market Leaders, Challengers and Followers
- •Vocabulary
- •5. The global economy
- •5.1. International trade
- •International Trade
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Comprehension
- •The Arguments for and against Free Trade
- •The Banana Wars
- •The Legacy of Adam Smith and David Ricardo
- •Listening
- •Vocabulary
- •5.2. Global market and developing nations discovering connections
- •The World’s Economies
- •Industrialized nations: Growing and Growing Old
- •Newly Industrialized Nations: Getting Going
- •Developing Nations
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •To develop, development, developed, developing
- •Comprehension
- •Economic Cooperation
- •Case study
- •B. Scanning for Information
- •Airbus Industrie
- •The Boeing Company
- •C. Interpreting Information
- •Multinational Corporations and Globalization: the Pros and Cons
- •Translation
- •Vocabulary
- •6. Business administration
- •6.1. Company structure discovering connections
- •Reading
- •Forms of Business Organization
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Comprehension
- •Flotation
- •Describing Company Structure
- •Is made up of is diveded into
- •Listening
- •Interview with Willhite
- •Vocabulary
- •6.2. Management
- •Nature of Management
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •A. Introduction to the problem
- •B. Scanning for Information
- •Beginning the Business
- •Text b Business Principle: Supermarket Shopping Should Be Fun To Stew Leonard, the distinction between a supermarket and an amusement park is slight, and not necessarily useful.
- •Business Principle: Listen to the Customer
- •Stew Leonard’s Fact Sheet
- •Look at the Stew Leonard's Approach to Supermarket Sales. What do you think about his ideas of running the business. Stew Leonard's Approach to Supermarket Sales
- •Principles of Management
- •What Makes a Good Manager?
- •Семь заповедей бизнесмена
- •Vocabulary
- •Glossary
- •6.3. Accounting
- •What is Accounting?
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Accounting and Financial Statements
- •The Accounting Profession
- •Business Documents
- •The Balance Sheet
- •Income Statement
- •Bookkeeping
- •Role Play
- •Project X
- •Vocabulary
- •6.4. Marketing
- •Concept of Marketing
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Building a Brand
- •The brand name
- •B. Scanning for Information
- •The Creation of Levi Jeans
- •Other Levi Strauss Products
- •Text c Why New Products Are Needed
- •Levi Strauss & Co. Product History
- •C. Discussion
- •Writing
- •Marketing Information System
- •You are discussing a new product with your marketing manager. You may use the dialogue below as a model.
- •Vocabulary
- •6.5. Advertising
- •Advertising
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •Comprehension
- •How Companies Advertise
- •Ad advertising campaign advertising standards advertisement advertising budget advertising agencies print
- •Designing an Advertising Campaign Putting the Problem in Perspective: Applying Business Concepts
- •E. Fieldwork
- •Every Day ups Are Trusted To Reliable Deliver 12 Million Shipments Worldwide
- •Vocabulary
- •Glossary
- •Список использованной литературы
- •Contents
Unemployment
Unemployment is the number of adult workers who are not employed and are seeking jobs. To be classified as unemployed, a person must be able and willing to work, be actively seeking work, and be without a job. Everyone who fits this description is unemployed. The labour force is the total number of employed and unemployed workers. The unemployment rate is unemployment expressed as a percentage of the labour force.
Try to imagine a world in which there is no unemployment. The world that we've just considered would clearly not be a nice place in which to live and work. Workers and jobs would be badly mismatched, productivity would probably not be very high, and there would be a good deal of unhappiness and lack of job satisfaction. The world that we live in differs from this fictional world in many respects, and we'll focus on two of them.
First, in the real world, people don't usually take the first job that comes their way. Instead, they spend time searching out what they believe will be the best job available for them.
Second, the real world is dynamic and ever-changing. Production and consumption change as new technologies are developed and exploited. The rapid expansion of jobs in the high-tech computer-oriented sectors and the loss of jobs in traditional sectors such as automobiles and steel making have resulted in a large rate of labour turnover, which has resulted in workers moving not only from one sector of the economy to another but from one region of the country to another.
Unemployment has negative sides. The most obvious cost of unemployment is the loss of output and the loss of income. How big this cost is depends on the natural rate of unemployment.
Besides prolonged unemployment seriously lowers the value of a person’s human capital, i.e. the value of a person’s education and acquired skills. When unemployment is prolonged, human capital depreciates or deteriorates – skills lose their value.
A rise in the unemployment rate also causes an increase in the amount of crime. When people cannot earn an income from legitimate work, they sometimes turn to crime. A high crime rate is also one of the costs of high unemployment.
A final cost that is difficult to quantify is the loss of self-esteem that is human dignity, which afflicts people.
Text 3
To check your comprehension do the tasks that follow.
Types of Unemployment
The unemployment rate is determined by three different types of unemployment: frictional, structural, and cyclical. Understanding these conceptual categories of unemployment aids in understanding and formulating policies to ease the burden of unemployment. In fact, each type of unemployment requires a different policy prescription to reduce it.
For some unemployed workers, the absence of a job is only temporary. At any given time, some people with marketable skills are fired, and others voluntarily quit jobs to accept or look for new ones. And there are always young people who leave school and search for their first job. Workers in industries, such as construction, experiencing short periods of unemployment between projects and temporary layoffs are common. Other workers are seasonally unemployed. For example, ski resort workers will be employed in the winter but not in the summer, and certain crops are harvested “in season.” Because jobs requiring their skills are available once the unemployed and the job vacancies are matched, such workers are considered “between jobs.” This type of unemployment is called frictional unemployment, and it is not of great concern.
The fact that job market information is imperfect influences frictional unemployment in the economy. Because it takes time to search for the information required to match employer and employees, some workers will always be frictionally unemployed. Frictional unemployment is therefore a normal condition in an economic system permitting freedom of job choice. Improved methods of distributing job information through job listings on the Internet can help unemployed workers find jobs more quickly and reduce frictional unemployment.
Unlike frictional unemployment, structural unemployment is not a short-term situation. Instead, it is long-term, or possibly permanent unemployment resulting from the non-existence of jobs for unemployed workers. Structural unemployment is unemployment caused by a mismatch of the skills of workers out of work and the skills required for existing job opportunities. Note that changing jobs and lack of job information are not problems for frictionally unemployed workers. While frictionally unemployed workers have marketable skills, structurally unemployed workers require additional education or retraining. Changes in the structure of the economy create the following three causes of structural unemployment.
First, workers might face joblessness because they lack the education or the job-related skills to perform available jobs. This type of structural unemployment particularly affects teenagers and minority groups, but other groups of workers can be affected as well.
Second, the consuming public may decide to increase the demand for Mazda RX-7s and decrease the demand for Chevrolet corvettes. This shift in demand would cause U.S. auto workers who lose their jobs and find jobs in another idustry in another location.
Third, implementation of the latest technology may also increase the pool of structural unemployment in a particular industry and region. For example, the U.S. textile industry, located primarily in the South, can fight less expensive foreign textile imports by installing modern machinery.
Cyclical unemployment is directly attributable to the lack of jobs caused by the business cycle. Cyclical unemployment is unemployment caused by the lack of jobs during a recession. When real GDP falls, companies close, jobs disappear, and workers scramble for fewer available jobs. Similar to the game of musical chairs, there are not enough chairs (jobs) for the number of players (workers) in the game.
Because both frictional and structural unemployment are present in good and bad times, full employment does not mean “zero percent unemployment.” Full employment is the situation in which an economy operates at an unemployment rate equal to the sum of the frictional and structural unemployment rates. Full employment therefore is the rate of unemployment that exists without cyclical unemployment.
Ex. 1. Choose the right answer according to the text and your background knowledge. Explain your choice.
The number of people officially unemployed is not the same as the number of people who can’t find a job because:
people who have jobs continue to look for better ones;
the armed forces is included;
discouraged workers are not counted;
none of the above;
all of the above.
Frictional unemployment refers to:
unemployment related to thee ups and downs of the business cycle;
workers who are between jobs;
people who spend relatively long periods out of work;
people who are out work and have no job skills.
A mismatch of the skills of unemployed workers and the skills required for existing jobs is defined as:
involuntary unemployment;
cyclical unemployment;
structural unemployment;
frictional unemployment.
Unemployment caused by a recession is called:
structural unemployment;
frictional unemployment;
involuntary unemployment;
cyclical unemployment.
5. Full employment occurs when the rate of unemployment consist of:
seasonal plus structural plus frictional unemployment;
cyclical plus frictional unemployment;
structural, frictional, and cyclical unemployment;
none of the above.
Ex. 2. Scan the text and say:
what changes in the economy create structural unemployment;
if economists consider a certain level of structural unemployment inevitable;
why frictional unemployment is considered to be persistent;
if there is any difference between frictional and structural unemployment;
what is meant by cyclical unemployment;
if full employment means absolute absence of unemployment;
what professions are obsolete nowadays and why;
what is the goal of full employment;
if there any advantages and disadvantages of being unemployed.
Ex. 3. Present the situation in job market in your country regarding different types of unemolyment.
WRITING
Write an abstract of the previous text.
TRANSLATION
A. Translate the text into Russian.