PART 2

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TEXT 1

Pilgrims

They were members of the band of English Puritans, who in 1620 founded one of the most famous British settlements in America – Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts Bay. These (1) _____, led by William Bradford, had left their home in England and come to America in search of (2) _____

(3)_____. After a long, hard voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, their ship, the Mayflower, (4) _____ reached the land. In November the Pilgrims sailed into Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts to start their new life. They arrived there when it was too late to plant crops and their first winter was full of (5) _____. Although many people died, the Pilgrim (6) _____ survived the winter because of help from Indians who lived nearby. In spring the Pilgrims planted seeds and all summer long they worked on their farms and prayed for good crops. When fall came they had a very good harvest with plenty of food for the winter. In (7) _____ the men went hunting in the woods and shot wild turkey. In November when the crops were harvested, the Pilgrims gave thanks to God at a feast to which they invited their (8) _____ Indians to enjoy it with them.

In memory of that happy (9) _____ Americans celebrate Thanksgiving Day every year. Families and friends get together for a big feast to eat (10) _____ food and to give thanks for all good things. The meal usually includes roast turkey with stuffing and gravy, a sweet source made of cranberries, sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie.

TEXT 2

William Penn and His Holy Experiment

In 1763-1767 English surveyors, Mason and Dixon, drew a line across the eastern seaboard to settle the long dispute about the boundaries between Maryland and Delaware to the south and Pennsylvania to the north. To this day this line (1) _____ the boundary between southern and northern sentiment in the United States.

The land to the North was already occupied by a modest number of Swedes, Finns and Dutchmen, when in 1681 William Penn persuaded the King of England to grant him land for a Quaker colony in America and founded there one of the (2) _____ colonies on the continent. Here he offered a haven to the members of the Society of Friends (commonly called Quakers, whose basic principles were simple living and pacifism and who were guided by his or her own “inner light” or “Christ within” rather than by the rules of a religious

(3)_____ and to any others who would share their plan to live together in a spirit of (4) _____ love. He invited and welcomed to his colony (5) _____ of various religions from different countries, and gave them free land. Penn also dealt (6) ____ and (7) _____ with the Indians, and the colony was on good terms with them.

Today the Friends Service Committee carries on many (8) _____ projects: fights hunger and disease in parts of Africa as well as on Haiti and on American Indian reservations, helps the (9) _____ in the United States. The Society of Friends (10) _____ lives up to its time.

TEXT 3

The Gifted Dr. Franklin

In 1723 there arrived in Philadelphia a penniless young man, eager for work and for knowledge. A few years later he had his own print shop and he was publishing one of the most (1) _____ read newspapers in the colonies. So he became a (2) _____ and a (3) _____, and a learned man in many subjects. He also helped to spread learning by establishing a public library and by founding the American (4) _____ Society, which is an important academy of great (5) _____ to this day. He also started a school that is now the University of Pennsylvania.

Franklin initiated many (6) _____ in the city of Philadelphia, making it one of the world’s first cities to have paved and lighted streets as well as a police force and a fire-fighting company. He was also an inventor. His many (7)_____ inventions included the Franklin stove, which was a very efficient heater, and the lightning rod, which was used to protect buildings in electric storms. His (8) _____ work with (9) _____ earned Franklin world fame.

Franklin played an important role in the early history of the United States. He took part in drawing up the Declaration of (10) _____ and the Constitution. At age 81, he was twice as old as most of the other men and was greatly respected.

As an active member and as president of the Abolitionist Society, Franklin devoted the last years of his life to the movement to abolish society.

TEXT 4

He is Important to All Americans

Many of the leaders who helped to found the United States were highly cultured; yet even among them Thomas Jefferson stood out for his learning and his talents. He was born in Richmond, Virginia on April 13,1743. He was very slim. He had red hair and freckles. He was shy and retiring. He was a classical (1) _____ , learned in Greek philosophy and in ancient literature. He was a (2) _____ lawyer. A (3) _____ architect, he designed his beautiful home, Montichello, as well as the buildings of the University of Virginia. He was also a (4) _____ and a clever (5) _____, who originated many (6) _____

devices, including folding doors, revolving chairs and an improved plow. One of the important things that Jefferson did was to write the Declaration of Independence.

Jefferson also drew up the (7) _____ for his state, Virginia, and served as its (8)_____. He was sent to France as the foreign minister of the United States and afterward was President Washington’s Secretary of State.

After forty years of brilliant public service Jefferson left (9) _____ life. In his remaining years he founded the University of Virginia, and acted as its administrator. This he considered his most important work, above all his political (10) _____.

It’s an interesting fact that Jefferson died fifty years later on July 4, 1826.

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TEXT 5

Who can be U.S. President?

In the (1) _____ of the United States it is written: “No person except a (2)_____ born citizen, or a citizen of the United States shall be to the office of President; neither shall be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of 35 years and been fourteen years a resident within the

United States.”

The President of the United States is (3) _____ every four years to a fouryear term of office, with no more than two full terms allowed. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first and the only President to be elected for a third time as well as a fourth. After his death an amendment was (4) _____ passed prohibiting a President from serving more than two terms. Each U.S. president says a 35-word “oath of office” when he takes over. An oath is a promise: “I do (5) _____ swear that I will (6) _____ execute the office of president of the United States, and will do the best of my (7) _____, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States”.

The swearing-in is called inauguration.

Being (8) _____ of the country, the president has a big job. As (9) _____ in chief, the president is in charge of the U.S. armed forces. He must see that they are ready for combat.

As economic leader, the president has to try to keep prices from going up and up. He also must try to keep American businesses busy and American (10)_____ on the job.

TEXT 6

Woman Suffrage

Today women can vote in (1) _____. This was not the case in 1800s. There were many other rights that women didn’t have. They could not sue for divorce. When Susan B. Anthony was born, in 1820, most people believed that all women should be wives and mothers and stay at home. But Susan’s family believed that both men and women should fight for a better world. They encouraged her to speak out against black (2) _____ and against the use of (3) _____. She was called “the woman who changed the mind of a (4)_____ ”.

Susan became a (5) _____. She tried to join the temperance (6) _____, which was against making or selling beer, wine and liquor. But she was not allowed to speak at (7) _____ because she was a woman. She decided to fight for women’s rights. In 1869 Anthony and her friend started the National Woman

Suffrage (8) _____. In 1872 Anthony tried to vote in the (9) _____ election. She was arrested and fined $100. Though many people laughed at her, she kept forming ever-larger suffrage groups.

When she died in 1906, women still were not allowed to vote. Finally, in 1920, the United States changed its laws and allowed women to vote in all elections. In 1979, the U.S. (10) _____ issued new one-dollar coin with Susan B.Anthony’s picture on it. She was the first woman to appear on a U.S. coin.

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TEXT 7

Cowboys of the Middle West

Cowboys were herders of cattle with many hard tasks to perform in dealing with large herds on the grasslands of the Middle West. They became famous in the days of the Long Drives (from 1860 to 1886), when the cattle ranchers found that in other states they could get ten times more money for their cattle.

That’s how cattle drives got started. The cowboys’ work was hard and

(1)_____. From dawn to dusk they performed their duties, rounding up the cattle of different (2) _____, branding them or marking with their owner’s symbol, and repairing (3) _____. A small group of cowboys had full (4)_____ for a very big herd. They had to protect the herd against cattle thieves or (5) _____, Indian (6) _____ and angry (7) _____ who feared that their crops might be ruined.

In 1886 bad weather caused the death of huge numbers of cattle on the “open range”. And it brought an end to the Long Drives. From then on the cattle had to be cared for on large ranches in the Texas area; and the cowboys became more settled ranch (8) _____. Thus the era of the cattle drive – the real era of the cowboy – lasted only about twenty years.

The cowboy was very often the romantic hero of the “western” movies and played an important part in the (9) _____ and (10) _____ of the Wild West.

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TEXT 8

Star-Spangled Banner

The Americans adopted their new flag on June 14, 1777. Today June 14th is Flag Day in the USA. The first American flag had 13 red and white stripes on it (the stripes came from Britain’s flag) – a star and a stripe for each of the 13 (1)_____ colonies. As the country grew, more states joined it. But there was no place on the flag for stripes. So it was so decided to add just a new star every time a new state joined the Union.

The (2) _____of the 1777 flag is (3) _____. But there is a story that the first flag was a patchwork quilt made by a patriotic lady, Betsy Rose by name. The final pattern of the flag became (4) _____ in 1912. The colors of the American flag are red, blue and white. The red symbolizes hardiness and courage, the white – (5) _____ and innocence, and the blue – (6) _____, vigilance and perseverance. It has 13 stripes for the Colonies, and 50 stars arranged in a row.

The American (7) _____ flag is often called “Stars and Stripes” or the “StarSprangled Banner” by the name of the national anthem of the United States. The “Star-Sprangled Banner” and the flags of the states are found in many places and displayed on many occasions, including even (8) _____ against the government. Americans use the stars and the stripes as a design for clothes, shoes, hats. It is a (9) _____ of (10) _____ feeling of the American people.

TEXT 9

The Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty National Monument, located on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, is one of the most (1) _____ visited (2) _____ in America. the colossal figure of a woman with uplifted flame across the entrance to the New World is a symbol of America to many people, but it was conceived as an (3) _____ of French republican ideals. The idea for such a monument was first discussed in 1865 at the Paris home of Edouard Rene Lefebvre de Laboulaye, legal (4) _____ and (5) _____ on America. He wanted to create a monument that would keep alive the (6) _____ ideal in France and strengthen (7)_____ between two peoples, who shared this ideal.

The engineering problems were (8) _____ solved by Gustave Eiffel. After its (9)_____ in June 1884, the statue stood in Paris until it was dismantled and sent to America early in 1885. Only one condition was placed on France’s gift to America. The younger nation had to provide the statue’s (10) _____

and pedestal. Public appeal for donations began in 1877. But donations were not as generous as expected, and the completion of the pedestal was in jeopardy. It was Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian immigrant and publisher of the New York World, who took on the job of raising the money. With his newspaper he stressed the symbolic importance of the statue. The completed pedestal and statue were dedicated on October 28, 1886.

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TEXT 10

Philanthropy

It has become an American (1) _____ that those who attain great wealth return some of it to the public through philanthropy. An early example of this was the generosity of Amos Lawrence of Massachysetts, a wealthy merchant, who donated to (2) _____ and (3) _____ causes.

In the early years of the twentieth century several men who had made vast fortunes likewise became great philanthropists. Andrew Carnegie, who had begun working twelve hours a day when he was only fourteen years old, became one of the world’s richest men by pioneering in the steel (4) _____. After he retired in 1900 he devoted his time and his wealth to the (5) _____

of free public libraries. He also set up foundations for (6) _____ research and for world peace.

John Rockefeller, who also began as a poor boy, became (7) _____ rich through oil refineries and other enterprises. In his old age he began to donate millions for various (8) _____, supporting research as well as humanitarian causes in the United States.

Through the Ford Foundation, based on automobile profits, Henry Ford 2 donated $500 million in 1950 to universities and hospitals for improving education and health. Some of this money was (9) _____ spent fighting cholera and typhus in far-off Nepal.

Other wealthy Americans have founded Universities, art museums, research institutes and other facilities to help people and to (10) _____ their lives.

TEXT 11

From the history of Great Britain

To know the history of any country is (1) _____. It (2) _____ our outlook and helps us to understand the people’s customs and traditions better.

Great Britain has a long and rich history. About two thousand year ago the British Isles were inhabited by Celtic tribes. They were waging wars through their whole history. They fought against the Romans, Germans, Scandinavians and Danes.

The Romans came from Italy in 43 A.D. Their (3) _____ was to expand the boundaries of the Roman Empire. The Romans brought to Britain their way of life, their language and religion. They built large towns, constructed a wide network of roads and made Latin an (4) _____ language of the country.

The Angles and Saxons came from Germany, Denmark and Jutland. By the end of the sixth century they founded seven (5) _____, which gradually merged into one country, England, to defend themselves against the raids of the new enemies.

The Scandinavian (6) _____ began in the 8th century. The Scandinavians were good (7) _____ and traders. They favoured the growth of towns and the (8)_____ of trade in England.

The Normans invaded the British Isles from France in 1066. As a result of this invasion the English language changed (9) _____. The French to be spoken by the Normans was the official language of England for almost three centuries. The modern English has a lot of words of French origin.

So, as we can see, the Englishmen are the (10) _____ of all the invaders.

TEXT 12

Joshua Reynolds (1723-1793)

Joshua Reynolds, the prominent figure in the English school of painting, was born at Plympton Earldom, in Devonshire. He received a very good (1)_____

from his father, who was a clergyman and the master of the free grammar school. At the age of seventeen Joshua, who had already shown a fondness for drawing, was apprenticed in London to Thomas Hudson, a popular portrait (2) _____. In some years Reinolds went to Italy to continue his study. In London, Reynolds became at once the (3) _____ portrait painter of the day. He used the most (4) _____ means of expression known to him, bringing his canvases to life through his own (5) _____ of the individual. He tried to achieve the vivid colours of the 16th century Rembrandt’s mastery of chiaroscuro, the dynamic style of the 17th century Italian (6) _____ and combine it all with his own knowledge and (7) _____.

When working Reynolds held his painting palette by a long handle. He painted with brushes 18 inched in length; he worked always standing, and he placed his canvas on his easel close by his (8) _____, almost side by side.

Joshua Reynolds painted portraits, group pictures and historical themes. His sitters included the (9) _____ prominent people of the time.

His picture The Infant Hercules Strangling the Serpents was commissioned by Katherine 2 of Russia. In this picture Joshua Reynolds wished to portray in allegorical form the might of young Russia defeating its enemies as (10)_____ as the infant Hercules.

TEXT 13

Andrew Lloyd Webber

Andrew Lloyd Webber is one of the outstanding contemporary English (1)_____. He is famous for his electric, rock-based works which helped revitalize British and American musical theatre in the late 20th century. He was born on March 22, 1948 in London. While a student he began collaborating with Tymothy Rice on romantic (2) _____.Rice wrote the lyrics to Lloyd Webber’s music. Their top oratorio for children earned world-wide (3)_____. It was followed by the rock opera “Jesus Christ Superstar, ” an

(4)_____ popular work that blended classical forms with rock music to tell the story of Jesus’ life. This show was one of the longest-running (5) _____

in Britain.

In his next major classical, “Cats”, Lloyd Webber set to music verses from a children’s book by T.S.Eliot. It is about the life of cats that love and suffer like people. They eclipsed all other (6) _____ staged in Britain and America for many years. This musical strikes the spectators’ (7) _____ with superb music, (8) _____ and captivating melodies, which have become (9) _____.

Lloyd Webber’s best musicals were brilliant spectacles that featured vivid melodies and (10) _____ dramatic staging. He was able to blend such disparate genres as rock and roll, English music-hall song, and operatic forms into music that had a wide popular appeal.

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TEXT 14

The Beatles

In the second half of the 20th century Great Britain became the world centre of pop music. Such outstanding groups as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Deep Purple brought (1) _____ fame to the music of the British Isles.

The Beatles was one of the most influential pop groups, first performing in 1959 in Liverpool. The names of the four Beatles – John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr – soon became popular all over the world. At first the group performed music that was influenced by

American rock’n’roll. However their (2) _____ songs, imaginative lyrics and (3)_____ melodies attracted attention of the (4) _____ from many countries. The (5) _____ wrote words and music and their songs were about love, (6)_____, good and bad times.

The Beatles changed pop music forever. From their first single “Love Me Do”, of a Lennon – McCartney (7) _____ in 1962, people recognized something different in their music than the usual pop songs at the time. Their songs seemed more tuneful, more (8) _____ than what most singers were recording at that time. The Beatles were also more (9) _____ than many other (10)_____. Many people began to listen to pop music than before. Their music can relax, treat, inspire, provoke our deepest emotions and fill our hearts with kindness, joy and happiness.

TEXT 15

Tony Blair

The former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair was born on the 6th of May 1953, in the family of a barrister. He was born in Edinburgh, but spent most of his (1) _____ in Durham. At the age of 14 he returned to Edinburgh to finish his education at Fettes College. He studied law at Oxford, and went on to become a barrister himself.

After the 1992 (2) _____ Labour’s new leader, John Smith, promoted Blair to Shadow Home Secretary. It was in this post that Blair made famous his pledge that Labour would be tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime.

John Smith died suddenly and (3) _____ in 1994, and in the (4) _____

contest Tony Blair won a large majority of his party’s support. Blair immediately launched his campaign for the modernization of the Labour party. The Labour party won the 1997 General Election after 18 years in Opposition. At the age of 43, Tony Blair became the (5) _____ Prime Minister. The (6) _____ began to implement a far-reaching programme of (7)_____ change, putting the question of devolution to referendums in Scotland and Wales.

An elected post of Mayor of London was established at the head of a new capital-wide (8) _____, and all but 92 hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords in the first stage of its reform. The government has also implemented an (9) _____ programme in its priority areas of health and education. Blair’s credo is “(10) _____ is the best economic policy”.

TEXT 16

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare, the greatest and most famous of English writers, and probably the greatest playwright who has ever lived, was born in the town of Stratford-on Avon, in 1564. His father, John Shakespeare, was a merchant, his mother was a farmer’s daughter. In his (1) _____ William liked to see the performances of traveling groups of actors. Sometimes he wrote little plays and staged them with his friends. William received an excellent classical education. He lived in Stratford until he was about 21 and went to London. There he became an (2) _____ and member of one of the chief acting companies. The theatre where he worked was called “The Globe”. It became the first (3) _____ theatre. William’s experience as an actor helped him

(4)_____ in the writing of his plays. His knowledge of the stage and his (5)_____ genius made his plays the most wonderful plays ever written. (6)_____ many writers who never live to enjoy their fame, Shakespeare achieved great (7) _____ during his lifetime. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays of three types: comedies, tragedies and historical dramas. Love and death, (8)_____ and treason, (9) _____ and lie are the main ideas of his plays. Shakespeare is acknowledged as one of the greatest writers of all times, and has remained popular with (10) _____ around the world.

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TEXT 17

Easter

Although the Christian religion gave the world Easter as we know it today, the (1) _____ owes its name and many of its customs and symbols to a pagan festival called Eostre. Every spring northern European peoples celebrated the festival of Eostre to honour the awakening of new life in (2) _____. Christians (3) _____ the rising of the sun to the (4) _____ of Jesus and their own (5) _____ rebirth.

Easter comes on a Sunday between March and April. It marks the end of winter and the beginning of spring. Easter is a (6) _____ holiday. At Easter people buy new clothes to wear on Easter Sunday. There is a popular belief that wearing three new things on Easter will bring good luck in the year. After church services many people like to take walks down the street sin their new Easter hats and suits. This (7) _____ procession of people dressed in bright new spring clothes is called the “Easter Parade”. At Easter people exchange presents which (8) _____ take the form of an Easter egg, a symbol of wealth.

In England (9) _____ roll eggs down hills on Easter morning, a game which has been connected to the rolling away of the rock from Jesus Christ’s tomb when he was resurrected.

The Easter bunny is a rabbit-spirit. The rabbit is the most fertile animal, that’s why our ancestors selected it as a symbol of new life. Today children enjoy eating candy bunnies and listening to stories about the Easter bunny, who (10)_____ brings Easter eggs in a fancy basket.

TEXT 18

English as a World Language

It is well known that for more than 100 years Great Britain has spread its influence in about 50 state-members of the British Commonwealth. Alongside with the British colonial policy, economy, commerce and culture, the English language began spreading all over the world. In Shakespeare’s time it was a “provincial” language of secondary importance with only six million native (1) _____. Nowadays English has become the world’s most important language in politics, trade and (2) _____ relations.

English is the (3) _____ language in the USA, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Even more (4) _____ English is studied and used as a foreign language. In this respect it acquired an (5) _____ status. It is used for (6) _____ across frontiers, listening to broadcasts, reading books and newspapers, in commerce and travel. Half of the world’s (7) _____ literature is English. English is associated with technological and economic (8) _____

of the great (9) _____ countries and it is the principal language of international aid. It is the language of automation and computer technology.

It’s not only the universal language of international aviation, shipping and sport, it is to a (10) _____ degree the universal language of literacy and public communication. It is the major language of diplomacy and is the most frequently used language.

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TEXT 19

George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)

George Gordon Byron, one of the greatest English poets of liberty, is an outstanding (1) _____ of revolutionary romanticism in England.

Byron was born in an old (2) _____ family in London in 1788. His mother came of a rich Scottish family. His father was a poor army (3) _____ who spent his wife’s money very soon and died when the boy was three years old.

George spent his (4) _____ in Scotland, where he went to a Grammar school. The boy was born lame, but he liked sports and trained every day. He could ride a horse very well, was a champion (5) _____, a boxer and took part in athletic (6) _____.

It was the time after the first bourgeois revolution in France when the reactionary governments of Europe were trying to kill (7) _____. The industrial revolution developed in England and many people lost their work. Byron hated exploitation and sympathized with the working class. In his first speech in Parliament Byron defended the English proletariat and accused the Government of the exploitation of (8) _____. The English bourgeois society made Byron’s life intolerable.

In 1816 Byron left England forever. In Italy he joined the Italian (9) _____

for national liberation against Austrian oppression. After the suppression of the Italian movement for (10) _____, Byron went to Greece and joined the Greeks in their struggle for liberty against the Turks. There he fell ill with typhus and died when he was only 36 years old.

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TEXT 20

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

His father was a doctor and he sent Charles to Edinburgh University to study medicine. But Darwin didn’t want to become a doctor. Then his father sent him to Cambridge University.

While studying at Cambridge University Darwin continued to collect insects and this gave him real (1) _____. After he had been three years at Cambridge,

Darwin sailed as a naturalist with a British expedition on the ship “Beagle” which made a voyage round the world. During this long voyage Darwin studied many (2) _____kinds of plants and animals in all parts of the world.

After his studies and discoveries he could not believe in the old dogma that the world had been created in seven days. He saw quite (3) _____ that all living things had developed through long ages from (4) _____ forms of life.

In 1859 Darwin (5) _____ his main work “The Origin of Species”, in which he destroyed the (6) _____ that all species of animals and plants were created by God, that they had always existed in the same form. Twelve years later

Darwin published his second book “The Descent of Man”. In this book he applied his theory of evolution to the (7) _____ race.

Darwin’s theory of evolution marked the beginning of a new period in the (8)_____ of biology, the Darwin period. On the basis of Darwin’s theory of the (9) _____ development of the organic world, Ivan Michurin, the great Russian (10) _____, developed the idea of changing nature in the interests of man.

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TEXT 6

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TEXT 11

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TEXT 16

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PART 2

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