- •Gerunds as subject
- •Sentence patterns with gerund as subject
- •Exercise 3. Possessives in Gerund Phrases as Subject
- •Exercise 4. Test your knowledge of proverbs.
- •Gerund as direct object
- •Remember!
- •Remeber!
- •Smth needs doing
- •Smth needs to be done
- •Smb needs to do
- •Exercise 6. Make sentences with worth.
- •Exercise 8. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 9. Using Possessives with Gerunds as Direct Object
- •In informal English objective forms of (pro)noun are commonly used with -ing instead of possessives
- •Gerund as object of a preposition
- •Remember!
- •Smb is used to doing----- is in the habit of doing smth
- •Smb used to do smth ----- did smth in the past
- •Exercise 10. Complete the sentences with prepositions and gerund
- •Write the correct preposition and to put the verb into the correct form. Use the verb in brackets at the end of each sentence.
- •Exercise 12. Change direct speech into reported speech. Begin each of your sentences in the way shown.
- •Exercise 14. Read these situations and write three sentences with used to as in the example.
- •Exercise 15. Read these situations and write a sentence with be/get used to.
- •Exercise 16. Put the verb into the correct form, -ing or infinitive (I am used to doing or I used to do).
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets. Use the appropriate forms of the gerund:
- •Exercise 18. Fill in the blanks with prepositions.
- •Exercise 20. Translate into English:
- •Exercise 21. The Fountain of Youth
- •Gerund as attribute
- •Sentence patterns with gerund as attribute
- •Exercise 22. Write the correct preposition and to put the verb into the correct form. Use the verb in brackets at the end of each sentence.
- •Exercise 23. Complete the sentences using gerunds.
- •Exercise 24. Translate into English
- •Gerund as adverbial modifier
- •Exercise 25. Read a sentence and then write a second sentence with the same meaning using a preposition.
- •Exercise 26. Complete the sentences using gerunds.
- •Exercise 27. Translate into English.
- •Gerund as part of a compound verbal predicate
- •Verbs followed by an infinitive or gerund with a difference in meaning
- •Exercise 31. Practice using troublesome verbs
- •Exercise 32. Read a sentence and write a second sentence with the same meaning. Begin your sentence in the way shown.
- •Exercise 33. Make your own sentences. Complete each sentence using -ing.
- •Exercise 34. Review of Troublesome Verbs
- •Exercise 35. Complete these sentences in any appropriate way using either the to-infinitive or the -ing form of the verb in brackets. If both forms are possible, give them both.
- •Exercise 36. Put the verb in the brackets after the verb «to like» into the correct form
- •Exercise 37. Here is some information about Tom when he was a child.
- •Exercise 38. Your friend has some problems and you have to be helpful. For each problem write a question with try.
- •Exercise 40. Make sentences with afraid. Read each situation and then use the words in brackets to write your sentence.
- •Exercise 43. Complete these sentences with either a to-infinitive or an -ing form. Choose an appropriate verb. Sometimes more than one verb is possible.
- •Using the perfect form of gerunds Exercise 44. Read this police report on a witness questioned about a robbery. Fill in the blanks by making gerunds in the perfect form from the verbs given.
- •Using the passive form of gerunds Exercise 45. Complete the sentences using active and passive gerunds.
- •Exercise 46. Complete the following article by filling in the blanks with the passive form of gerunds made from the verbs given in parentheses. (Use the verb be in the passive gerunds.)
- •Exercise 47. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 48. Complete the sentences using active and passive gerunds.
- •Exercise 49. Complete the sentences with one of the expressions mentioned above
- •Compare gerund to verbal noun
- •Exercise 50. Analyze the -ing forms in the sentences below. State which of them are gerunds and which verbal nouns:
- •Exercise 51. Analyze the -ing-forms stating whether they are gerunds or verbal nouns.
- •Reviewing Exercise 52. Identify the forms and functions of the Gerund
- •Exercise 53. Retirement Communities
- •Exercise 54. Replace the italicized clauses by gerund. Use prepositions where necessary:
- •Exercise 55. State the syntactic functions of the gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 56. Complete the sentences using the gerund from the following list:
- •Exercise 57. Complete the following sentences using gerund.
- •Exercise 58. Find the gerund and translate the sentences from English into Russian
- •Exercise 59. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary:
- •Exercise 60. Use the gerund from the following list as:
- •Exercise 61. Complete the following sentences using the gerund as:
- •Exercise 62. Translate into English using the gerund as:
- •Exercise 63. Replace the italicised parts of the sentence or clauses by gerundial phrases:
- •Exercise 64. Analyze the syntactic functions of the gerund. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 66. Use the required form of the gerund of the verb in brackets.
- •Exercise 67. Use the required form of the gerund and insert prepositions where necessary.
- •Exercise 68. Change the construction of the sentences using the gerund.
- •Exercise 69. Translate the sentences into English using gerunds.
- •Exercise 70. Translate into English:
- •Exercise 72. Translate into English:
- •Exercise 73. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 74. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 75. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 76. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 77. All Work and No Play
- •Exercise 80. Editing
- •Exercise 80. Personalization
- •Exercise 81. Translate into English using gerund.
- •Exercise 82. Translate into English.
- •Reference
- •Contents
- •Verbs followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with no difference in meaning 19
- •Verbs followed by an infinitive or gerund with a difference in meaning 21
A gerund consists of verb + -ing and behaves like a noun.
Objective verbs have four forms of the gerund
-
Indefinite
Passive
writing
being written
Perfect
Perfect Passive
having written
having been written
Subjective verbs have only two forms of the gerund.
They have no passive forms.
|
Indefinite |
Passive |
|
standing |
___________ |
|
Perfect |
Perfect Passive |
|
having stood |
____________ |
There is a tendency at present to avoid using the Perfect forms of the Gerund
Gerunds as subject
|
EXAMPLE
|
NOTES
|
|
Aging can be difficult for some people |
Gerund subjects are more common than infinitive subjects
|
|
Creative writing is one of my grandmother's talents.
|
The gerund can be part of a noun phrase |
|
His not appreciating her help surprised me. (The fact that he did not appreciate her help surprised me.)
|
A possessive (pro)noun before a gerund phrase can take the place of a noun clause.
|
|
Listening to her was difficult. It was difficult listening to her. |
It s possible to replace the gerund subject with it when it is followed by the verb be and an adjective. |
Sentence patterns with gerund as subject
A.
|
(smb’s ) doing smth |
does smth did smth will do smth would do smth |
Crying will do you no good. - Слезы вам не помогут.
Reading love stories made her cry. - Чтение романов доводило ее до слез.
His coming late upset her. - То, что он поздно пришел, расстроило ее.
His saying this made all the difference. - То, что он это сказал, стало решающим.
B.
|
it |
is was will be |
no use useless no good |
(smb’s ) doing smth |
It’s no use crying. - Бесполезно плакать.
It was no good objecting. - Возражать не имело смысла.
It is useless your going there now. Вам теперь бесполезно туда идти.
C.
|
there |
is was will be |
no doing smth |
There is no hiding this facts.- Эти факты не спрячешь.
There was no going back. - Назад пути уже не было.
Exercise 1.
DIRECTIONS: Although Derek's grandmother is 100 years old, she is fairly active. In each pair of sentences below, there is a statement about her activity and a statement describing the effect of the activity. Combine the pairs of sentences into one sentence with a gerund subject.
Example:
She gardens every day. This makes her feel useful Gardening makes her feel useful.
1 She has parties with her friends. This makes her feel young.
2. She takes long walks. This helps her to stay in shape.
3. She participates in a theater group and plays the piano on weekends. These activities add to her income.
4. She writes letters to friends in other countries. This keeps her in touch with the world.
5. She visits her grandchildren and plays with them. This is exciting for her.
6. She watches the news on TV every day. This keeps her up to date with current events.
Exercise 2. Translate into English.
1. Когда она в таком настроении, с ней не поговоришь. 2. Там не разрешалось курить. 3. Бесполезно разговаривать с ней сейчас. 4. Теперь их уже не остановить. 5. Весной эту реку не перейти. 6. Разговорами делу не поможешь. 7. Бесполезно было идти туда так поздно. 8. Слушать музыку было ее единственным удовольствием. 8. Этого нельзя было отрицать. 10. Ее слабостью было покупать обувь.