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Unit VI

Карьера и выдающиеся личности современности

Биографии выдающихся людей из разных областей знаний, автобиография. Авторское резюме

Грамматика: придаточные дополнения и придаточные определительные. Союзное и бессоюзное присоединение. Многозначность служебных слов: one, it, that…..

Walter Elias Disney Jr

Introductory text

Our Century and the next One

As centuries go, this one was of the most amazing: inspiring, at times horrifying, always fascinating. Sure, the 15th was pretty wild, with Renaissance and Spanish Inquisition in full flower, Copernicus beginning to contemplate the solar system and Columbus spreading the culture of Europe to the Americas. Of course, there was the 1st century, which because of the life and death of Jesus had the most impact of any. Socrates and Plato made the 5th century BC also rather remarkable. But who live in the 20th can claim that ours has been one of the top four or five of recorded history.

Let’s take stock for a moment. To name just a few random things we did in a hundred years: we split the atom, invented jazz and rock, launched airplanes and landed on the moon, concocted a general theory of relativity, devised transistors and figured out how to etch millions of them on tiny microchips, discovered penicillin and the structure of DNA, fought down fascism and communism, developed cinema and television, built highways and wired the world. And against all odds, we avoided blowing ourselves up.

All this produced some memorable players. Look around. There’s Lenin arriving at the Finland Station. Winston Churchill with his cigar, Louis Armstrong with his horn, Charlie Chaplin with his cane. Einstein is in his study, and the Beatles are on “The Ed Sullivan Show”.

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The tape recorder was unveiled in 1900 at the Paris Expedition, and Kodak introduced the Brownie camera, an apt symbol of a century in which technology would at first seem magical, then become simple, cheap and personal. The Wright brothers tried out their gliders. Lenin published his first newspaper calling for revolution in Russia. And the German physicist Max Planck made one of the discoveries that would shape the century: that atoms emit radiation of energy in bursts he called quanta.

From these seeds was born a century that can be summed up and labeled in a handful of ways:

THE CENTURY OF FREEDOM.

Freedom won. It has beaten back the two totalitarian alternatives that arose to challenge it, fascism and communism. By the 1990s the ideals developed by centuries of philosophers - individual rights, civil liberties, personal freedoms and democratic participation in the choice of leaders - have finally been supported by more than half the world population.

THE ELECTRONIC CENTURY.

A definite event occurred three years before the XXth century began: the discovery of the electron by British physicist J.J.Thomson. Along with Plank's theory of quantum physics, this discovery led to the first weapon of mass destruction, which helped hasten the end of the Second World War and became the reality of the cold war. Alan Turing harnessed electronics to devise the first digital computers.

THE GLOBAL CENTURY.

Human society over milleniums has evolved from villages to city-states and then to empires. In this century everything became global: not only military issues are global, so are economic and even cultural ones. People everywhere are threatened by weapons anywhere, they produce and consume in a single networked economy, and increasingly they have access to the same movies and music and ideas.

THE MASS-MARKET CENTURY.

Yet another defining event of the century came in 1913 when Henry Ford opened his assembly line. Products were mass-produced and mass-marketed, with all the centralization and conformity that entails. Television sets and toothpaste, magazines and movies, shows and shoes: they were distributed or broadcast from central facilities to millions of people.

WHAT WILL THE NEXT CENTURY BE?

Let's take that risk and peer into the haze. In the digital realm, the next big advance will be voice recognition. The rudiments are already here but in primitive form. In a decade or so we'll be able to chat not only with our computers but automobile navigation systems, thermostats, microwaves and any other devices we want to boss around. That will open the way to the next phase of the digital age: artificial intelligence. By our providing so many thoughts to our machines each day, they'll accumulate enough information about how we think so that they'll be able to mimic our minds. Scary, huh? But potentially quite useful. At least until they decide they don't need us any more and start building even smarter machines they can boss around. The digital revolution is likely to pale in comparison to the revolution in biotechnology that is just beginning. For the past 10,000 years there has been no significant change in our human DNA. No doubt, we'll make some improvements and some mistakes. We'll encode our dreams and vanities and hubris. We'll clone ourselves. By plying Dr. Frankenstein, we'll have the chance to make miracles or monsters. The challenges will be not scientific but moral. Among the few things certain about the century is that it will be wired,

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networked and global. Because national borders will be unable to block the flow of information and innovation.

Vocabulary: century - век

amaze - удивительный, поразительный inspire - вдохновлять

horrify - ужасать

fascinate - пленять, чаровать wild - дикий; грубый

in full flower- в полном расцвете contemplate - рассматривать, размышлять spread - распространять

impact - воздействие, влияние remarkable - замечательный claim - заявлять, провозглашать top - здесь: во главе

tale* stock - провести учен, инвентаризацию at random - наугад

split - расщепить invent - изобрести

launch - стартовать, запустить concoct = formulate

devise - здесь: изобрести figure out - выяснить etch - здесь: соединить tiny - крошечный

DNA - ДНК

highway - автомагистраль odds - здесь: шансы avoid -избегать

blow* up - взорвать memorable - памятный

horn - рожок (муз.инструмент) cane - трость

unveil - открыть

introduce - здесь: изобрести glider - пранер

call for - призывать к emit - испускать burst - вспышка quanta - мн.ч.: кванты seeds - мн.ч.: семена label - ярлык

handful - горсть, ряд civil - гражданский finally - в конечном итоге support - поддерживать population - население defining - решающий event - событие

occur - происходить, случаться

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along with - наряду с weapon - оружие destruction - разрушение hasten - подгонять, ускорять harness - здесь: применять devise = invent - изобретать evolve - развивать(ся) military - военный

issue - вопрос threaten - угрожать consume - потреблять single - здесь: единый

increasingly - все в большей мере assembly line - линия сборки, конвейер conformity - соответствие, согласованность entail - влечь за собой

distribute - распределять broadcast - вещать

peer - всматриваться haze - дымка

realm - реальность advance - продвижение

voice recognition - распознавание голоса decade - десятилетие

chat - болтаь, разговаривать navigation - навигация, управление microwave - микроволновая печь device - прибор

boss - управлять, распоряжаться

artificial intelligence - искусственный разум provide - обеспечивать

mimic - подражать, имитировать scary - жутко

smart - умный, сообразительный pale - бледнеть

comparison - сравнение significant - значительный

improvement - усовершенствование encode - закодировать

vanity - суета hubris - тщеславие miracle - чудо monster - чудовище

certain - определенный border - граница

flow - поток

innovation - новшество, новинка

.

Word Study.

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1.flow of information 2. national borders 3. civil liberties 4. in full flower 5. solar system 6. theory of relativity 7. defining event 8. weapon of mass destruction 9.

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in a handful of ways 10. navigation system 11. military issues 12. assembly line 13. apt symbol of a century 14. voice recognition 15. artificial intelligence 16. tape recorder 17. tiny microchip 18. significant change

a/ крошечный микрочип b/ магнитофон c/ оружие массового поражения d/ система навигации e/ гражданские свободы f/ искусственный разум g/ разными способами h/ значительная перемена i/ подходящий символ века j/ военные вопросы k/ в полном расцвете l/ солнечная система m/ поток информации n/ решающее событие o/ теория относительности p/ национальные границы q/ линия сборки, конвейер r/ распознавание голоса

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1.to label differently 2. to unveil a secret 3. to take stock 4. to split the аtom 5. tp try out gliders 6. to hasten the end (of) 7. to emit radiation 8. to mimic human minds 9. to call for revolution 10. to make miracles 11. to threaten by weapons 12. to name just a few 13. to discover the structure of DNA 14. to launch airplanes

a/ открыть структуру ДНК b/ испускать радиацию c/ запускать самолеты d/ назвать всего несколько e/ называть по-разному f/ приблизить конец g/ раскрыть секрет h/ творить чудеса i/ провести учет/инвентаризацию j/ угрожать оружием k/ подражать человеческому разуму l/ испытывать планеры m/ призывать к революции n/ расщепить атом

Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Люди, живущие в ХХ веке, могут утверждать, что наш (век) относится к числу величайший из четырех-пяти веков в истории человечества.

2.Давайте проведем краткий учет.

3.Назовем наугад лишь несколько вещей, за последние сто лет: мы расщепили атом, изобрели джаз и рок, запустили самолеты и приземлились на луне, сформулировали общую теорию относительности, изобрели транзисторы, поместили их на крошечные микросхемы (чипы), открыли пенициллин и структуру ДНК и т.д.

4.Имея на то все шансы, мы избежали того, чтобы взорвать себя.

5.Магнитофон был изобретен в 1900 г. и Кодак подарил миру свою фотокамеру - подходящий символ для века, в котором все сначала кажется волшебным, потом становится простым и доступным каждому.

6.Из этих изобретений родился век, который можно называть по-разному.

7.Решающее для электроники событие произошло за три года до начала века: британский физик Томпсон открыл электрон.

8.Наряду с теорией квантовой физики Планка, это открытие привело к первому оружию массового поражения, которое могло ускорить приблизить конец второй мировой войны и стала реальностью холодной войны.

9.Человеческое общество в ходе тысячелетий эволюционировало от деревень и городов до государств и империй.

10.В этом веке все стало глобальным: от военных до культурных и экологических вопросов.

11.Еще одно решающее событие произошло в 1913 г., когда Генри Форд изобрел линию сборки (конвейер).

12.Следующая фаза цифрового века - это искусственный разум.

13.Цифровая революция, в свою очередь, вероятно, побледнеет в сравнении с биотехнологией, которая еще только начинается.

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14.Национальные границы не смогут заблокировать поток информации и новшеств.

Comprehension Check.

Ex. Answer the following questions:

1.What are the achievements of the XX century?

2.Who are the memorable "players" of the hundred of years?

3.What is the apt symbol of the century?

4.In what way can the XX century be labeled?

5.What are the predictions for the next century?

6.What is certain about it?

Topics to discuss.

1.Describe briefly the following centuries:

• a/ 1st century;

• b/ 5th century;

• c/ 15th century.

2.2. Describe the XX century as:

•a/ the century of freedom;

•b/ the electrical century;

•c/ the global century;

1. d/ the mass-market century.

3. Predictions for the next century

Text IA

SECRETS OF SUCCESS.

WHAT MAKES SOCIETIES INNOVATE?

Genius and talent seem to know few national borders, and yet some countries clearly do better at invention and innovation than others. Why is this? The unsatisfying answer is that we really don't know and that mostly common sense is of help. In two words: culture and circumstances. Some countries nourish a climate that consistently encourages the new, the practical and the useful. The United States shines here. In other cases, circumstances - war or its threat, international commercial rivalries - induce bursts of invention or enthusiasm for new technology. Japan is the classic example. Innovation - putting new ideas and technologies to practical use - differs from pure discovery and invention. The United States, though the world's most innovative and technologically advanced society, has hardly monopolised critical discoveries or inventions. Until World War II, most great science was done in Europe: from Isaac Newton's physics to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

Major breakthroughs in technology also often originated in Europe. The Italian Guglieimo Marconi invented the radio in 1895. It's no secret why the West now dominates invention and innovation. One requirement for success is a belief that science and technology matter for national power, human well-being and economic growth. This is a Western idea - a product of the Renaissance - that, until recently, didn't have much place in Asian or African societies. Japan was the first Asian nation to adopt the Western faith. Having (like China) isolated itself, Japan was stunned by the arrival of U.S. warships in 1853 with superior weapons.

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Rather than re-main vulnerable, the Japanese scoured the West for new technologies and methods. By 1905 the Japanese had caught up so well that they humbled the Russians in the Russian-Japanese War. Consider: "I accost an American sailor and inquire why the ships of his country are built so as to last for only a short time," Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in "Democracy in America" in the 1830s. "He answers without hesitation that the art of navigation is every day making such rapid progress that the finest vessel would become almost useless if it lasted beyond a few years." The drive to discover and improve reflected an optimistic belief in progress and a rejection of traditional society, where status and power were fixed by birth or custom. Tocqueville contrasted America's democratic impulse with Europe's aristocratic heritage: "We do not find [in the United States], as among an aristocratic people, one class that keeps quiet because it is well off; and another that does not venture to stir because it despairs of improving its condition. Everyone is in motion, some in quest of power, others of gain." Tocqueville was mostly right. Not until after World War II did the United States get Germany and Britain (separately) in Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry. Generally, Americans have done best by using science and technology practical-ly and profitably. The great American inventors (from Thomas Edison and the light bulb to Alexander Graham Bell and the phone and the Wright brothers and the plane) make the point. So does Silicon Valley.

Because everyone seeks to win - and no one knows exactly what theory, gadget or trick will work - there's constant experimentation and improvisation. Silicon Valley succeeds in part because "failure here is understood to be an integral aspect of the growth process," writes Christopher Meyer of Stanford University in a new book ("Relent-less Growth"). "Investors, entrepreneurs, and technologies will readily abandon a company or technology .that looks unlikely to thrive."

Just what causes societies to be like this isn't especially clear. Countries have no guarantee of permanent success. Great Britain remains the classic fall from grace. It pioneered the Industrial Revolution. Yet by the end of the 19th century, Britain was falling. behind both Germany and the United States for reasons that remain unsettled. Harvard historian David Landes argues that Britain became a victim of its own success: merchants were complacent about markets; companies stayed under control of founding families that had long lost their drive and imagination. American innovation has (so far) endured, though its style has varied.

In the 19th century, invention evolved from a mostly amateur affair into a professional activity. Later, many large companies (General Electric, Kodak, AT&T) created their own laboratories. After World War II - and because of it - the federal government sharply raised its support of research. In 1995 federal funds were 35 percent of all R6-D; of this, four fifths was for military, health and space projects. There is no magic formula. Breakthroughs grab headlines, but more typical are routine improvements, refinements and advancements in products and technologies. There's constant feed-back between customers and suppliers, laboratories and factories, universities and companies. Innovation is a spirit; it subsists on trial and error. It would be odd - indeed a contradiction - if anyone found a once-and-for-all way to do it.

Vocabulary.

innovate - вводить новшества, изменения border - граница

invention - изобретение common sense - здравый смысл circumstances - обстоятельства

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nourish - питать

consistently - последовательно, стойко encourage - поощрять, подбадривать threat - угроза

rivalry - соперничество, конкуренция induce - побуждать, стимулировать burst - взрыв, вспышка; поток

pure - чистый discovery - открытие advanced - передовой

breakthrough - прорыв, крупное открытие originate - происходить

requirement - требование belief - вера

matter - значить, означать well-being - благосостояние

Renaissance - Возрождение

until recently - до недавнего времени adopt - принимать

faith - вера

stun - оглушять, ошеломлять weapons - оружие

remain - оставаться vulnerable - уязвимый

scour (for) - рыскать, прочесывать (в поисках) catch* up - догнать, нагнать

humble - унижать, смирять

accost - устар.: приветствовать, обращаться inquire - спрашивать

last - длиться; быть достаточным, хватать hesitation - колебание

rapid - быстрый vessel - судно beyond - свыше

drive - здесь: побуждение, стимул improve - улучшать, совершенствовать reflect - отражать

rejection - отрицание, отказ custom - обычай, привычка heritage - наследие, наследство venture - рискнуть, отважиться stir - двигаться, шевелиться despair - отчаяние

motion - движение

in quest (of) - в поисках gain - прибыль, заработок

profitably - выгодно, с доходом bulb - лампочка

make* the point - брать за правило seek* - искать

exactly - точно

gadget - прибор, устройство

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trick - уловка, трюк succeed - удаваться in part - частично

failure - неудача, неуспех relent-less - неустанный abandon - отказываться (от) unlikely - вряд ли

thrive* - процветать, преуспевать cause - заставлять

permanent - постоянный

fall* from grace - попасть в немилость pioneer - прокладывать путь, быть 1-ым fall* behind - отставать

unsettled - неулаженный argue - доказывать victim - жертва

merchant - торговец, продавец

complacent - самодовольный, благодушный imagination - воображение

endure - здесь: продолжаться amateur - любительский affair - дело

sharply - резко

raise - поднять, повысить funds - фонды

magic - волшебный

breakthrough - прорыв, крупное открытие grab - захватить

headline - заголовок

improvement - улучшение, усовершенствование refinement - усовершенствование

advancement - продвижение; успех, прогресс feed-back - обратная связь

customer - покупатель supplier - поставщик spirit - дух

subsist - жить, существовать trial - здесь: испытание, попытка error - ошибка

odd - странно

contradiction - противоречие

Word Study.

Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents.

1.customers and suppliers a/ постоянная обратная связь

2.magic formula b/ без колебания

3.advanced society c/ свыше нескольких лет

4.commercial rivalty d/ в поисках власти

5.common sense e/ угроза войны

6.unsatisfying answer f/ стимул (к)

7.threat of war g/ любительское дело

8.burst of invention h/ передовое общество

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9.until recently j/ коммерческое соперничество

10.drive (to) k/ здравый смысл

11.in quest of power l/ неотъемлемая часть

12.without hesitation m/ покупатели и поставщики

13.beyond a few years n/ благосостояние человека

14.constant feedback o/ до недавнего времени

15.amateur affair p/ каждодневные улучшения

16.light bulb q/ волшебная формула

17.routine improvements r/ неустраивающий ответ

18.integral part s/ лампочка

19.human well-being t/ вспышка(поток)изобретений

Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents.

1.to encourage the new a/ предстоит стать

2.to subsist on trial and erroe b/ процветать

3.to endure for a long time c/ оставаться уязвимым

4.to improve conditions d/ существовать на пробах и ошибках

5.to bound to become e/ отказаться от компании

6.to put into practice f/ удаваться частично

7.to fall behind g/ попасть в немилость

8.to thrive h/ стать жертвой

9.to venture to stir i/ поощрять новое

10.to abandon a company j/ длиться долгое время

11.to know exactly k/ осуществлять на практике

12.to remain vulnerable l/ рискнуть пошевелиться

13.to be widespread m/ улучшать условия

14.to make the point n/ точно знать

15.to fall from grace o/ отстать

16.to succeed in part p/ быть распространенным

17.to become a victim (of) q/ взять за правило

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Похоже, что гений и талант не знают государственных границ, тем не менее, некоторые страны являются первыми в сфере новшеств и изобретений.

2.Почему? Удовлетворительного ответа на этот вопрос нет, все дело - в здравом смысле.

3.Ответ в двух словах - много значат культура и обстоятельства.

4.Неокторые страны подпитывает климат, который неуклонно поощряет новое, практичное и полезное.

5.В других случаях, обстоятельства - война или ее угроза, международное коммерческое соперничество (конкуренция) - стимулируют поток

(вспышку) изобретений или энтузиазм к новым технологиям.

6.Япония в этом отношении (respect) является классическим примером.

7.Нововведение - воплощение (putting) новых идей и тенологий на практике - отличается от чистых открытий и изобретений.

8.Не секрет, почему Запад сейчас доминирует в вопросе новшеств и изобретений.

9.Есть одно требование для успеха - вера в то, что наука и техника значат для национальной мощи, благосостояния человека и экономического роста.

10.Стимул к открытиям и усовершенствованиям отразил оптимистичную веру в прогресс и отрицание традиционного общества, где статус и власть

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передаются либо по традиции, либо от отца к сыну.

11.В целом, американцы достигли лучщих успехов, применяя науку и технику на практике и с выгодой.

12.Ни одна страна в мире не имеет гарантии постоянного успеха.

13.Для этого нет никакой волшебной формулы.

14.Крупные изобретения (breakthroughs) захватывают газетные заголовки,

но более типичны повседневные (routine) улучшения.

15. Есть постоянная обратная связь между покупателями и поставщиками изделий и технологий, между лабораториями и заводами, университетами и компаниями.

16. Новшество - это дух, который существет на пробах и ошибках. 17. Было бы странно (odd) и невероятно, если бы кто-то нашел единый способ изобретений на все случаи жизни.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions.

1.Do genius and talent know national borders?

2.What causes inventions?

3.What does traditional society mean?

4.What is the requirement for success?

5.How is failure understood?

6.Do countries have a guarantee of permanent success?

7.Is there a magic formula for innovations and inventions?

Topics to Discuss.

1.Invention.

2.Requirements for success.

3.Possibility of constant success.

4.Failure in research or innovation.

Text IB

YOUNG ENGINEERS.

Hannah Reynolds,

26, master's degree in aircraft engineering from North Lincolnshire College, senior development engineer, British Airways. HANNAH REYNOLDS was aiming for medicine when something changed her mind. "In the final year of my physics A-level, there was a module on electronics. I enjoyed it so much that I decided to give up medicine and pursue engineering. I preferred it because it is so 'hands on.''

At British Airways, Han-nah works on the computer systems that run an aircraft, such as the cockpit displays that tell pilots what is happening in their aircraft, and allow them to control and monitor everything from the fuel to passengers' oxygen supplies. Hannah provides technical support to the avionics workshop: it is office and computer-based. When a piece of equipment is thought by the pilot to be faulty, it is taken off the aircraft and sent to the workshop for testing, usually by highly-automated, computerised test equipment. Han-nah helps design improvements to the test equipment, and to monitor trends and reliability.

"If two or three components are all failing in the same way or at the same time, we have to go to the manufacturer to talk about alternatives or solutions." Though she is studying for a master's degree in business. Hannah aims to get as broad a range of engineering experience as she can in the airline industry. Possibilities

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include operations, which involves work on air-craft due to fly within hours, and heavy maintenance.

At her level, Hannah is not taking a spanner to planes, but organising, scheduling, co-ordinating and providing high level technical expertise: variety is one of the main attractions of Hannah's job. "No two days are ever alike. And the engineering field is changing literally every day. There is no opportunity to get bored."

Vocabulary. senior - старший aim - иметь целью enjoy - нравиться give* up - бросать

pursue - заниматься чем-то; иметь профессию engineering - инженерное дело, профессия prefer - предпочитать

run an aircraft - управлять самолетом cockpit - кабина пилота

monitor - отслеживать fuel - топливо

oxygen supplies - запасы кислорода provide - обеспечивать

support - поддержка workshop - матерская equipment - оборудование a piece of equipment - прибор faulty - неисправный

take* off - снять (с)

improve-ment - улучшение, усовершенствование trend - тенденция

reliability - надежность compo-nent - деталь fail - не удаваться

manufacturer - производитель solution - решение

though - хотя

master's degree - степень магистра broad range - широкий круг experience - опыт

include - включать involve - включать

due to - из-за, благодаря heavy - здесь: большой объем maintenance - техобслуживание spanner - гаечный ключ schedule - составлять график provide - обеспечивать

variety - разнообразие

attraction - привлекательная черта alike - похожий

literally - буквально get* bored - заскучать

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Mark Lansley, 30, degree in chemical engineering from Leeds University, project engineer with Glaxochem.

MARK works in a factory making the active ingredients for antibiotics. His job is to design and build chemical plant, co-ordinating the input of a wide range of people - draftsmen, chemical, electronics and instrument engineers, people concerned with health, safety and quality - to get the plant up and running. Much work centres on equipment that is already there: "You may have to change things to meet new EC regulations or reduce costs, or to make improvements in conditions or capacity or speed." He normally works on several projects at a time. At present they include work on reducing the factory's waste, recycling chemicals, automating a repetitive job, improving a filter system to increase capacity, and the computer control of chemical plant. Different things have excited him during his career. "At first I really enjoyed doing technical things, seeing how things worked, really getting to the bottom of them. Then I got into designing equipment. Running up and down stairs to see valves open and close precisely when software I'd written said they should - it was a real thrill. "A year in production changed my outlook. I was moving away from the equipment to managing people. That gave me a new joy, to initiate an objective and then manage the people to achieve it. You need to motivate and communicate, to be enthusiastic. It's great to see someone who was not enthusiastic turn around, begin to come in early, work late, show you what they've done." Mark enjoys the pleasure of being creative, solving problems, and of producing things. He is keenly aware of his wealth-creating role. He also travels widely - to Singapore, Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland: "It's glamorous. That may not be the image people have, but it is."

Vocabulary.

design - разрабатывать plant - предприятие input - вклад; здесь: труд

wide range - широкий круг draftsman - разработчик проектов concerned (with) - обеспокоенный safety - безопасность

regulation - инструкция, постановление reduce - сокращать

improvement - усовершенствование condition - условие

capacity - возможность, мощность speed - скорость

at a time - одновременно recycling - переработка

increase capacity - увеличить мощность excite - восхищать

get* to the bottom - добираться до сути stair(case) - лестница

valve - клапан precisely - точно

thrill - трепет, волнение production - производство outlook - взгляд

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joy - удовольствие objective - цель

achieve - добиться, достичь motivate - заинтересовать creative - творческий solve problems - решать

keen - страстно жедать, стремиться be aware (of) - знать, быть уверенным wealth - богатство, благосостояние glamorous - чарующий, пленительный

Christine Thompson, 24, degree in civil engineering from Loughborough University, employed by Oscar Faber TPA

TRANSPORT engineering is not just the hidden face of engineering; it is very nearly the hidden face of civil engineering, of which it is a specialisation. The sandwich placement of her degree course put Christine Thompson off "straight" civil engineering, but when she opted instead for transport, she had no idea what she had let herself in or. In explaining transport engineering, Christine likes to quote her boss: "If it moves, we're interested in it - pedestrians, cars, lorries, planes, ships." Though she considers herself a jack-of-all-trades, Christine's job has two main components: transportation modelling and traffic engineering. Transportation engineering uses computer models to predict the amount of traffic that is going to use roads. Preliminary surveys involve interviewing people about their journeys - the start, the finish, the reason. Results are fed into the computer. By adding new roads to the model of existing roads and traffic, you can see what will happen in different situations. Traffic engineering is the nitty-gritty of designing roads and junctions. Chris-tine may be called in to help sort out a junction that is not working. "After looking at cars using the junction, where they come from, where they exit, and using a computer model, a range of options is developed. They could include, for example, a new signalling sequence, or a roundabout." Christine enjoys the mix. "Modelling can take several years because of the scale and intricacy. It really takes time fully to understand what's involved. Traffic is much more immediate. short-term and intense. You might have to design a junction in a week. I do like it, but you couldn't do it all the time, you'd get worn out.'' She is learning all the time and her job offers enormous scope for specialisation. "I also feel I'm doing some good in the long run: that my work has a social value"

Vocabulary.

civil - гражданский

employed - принятый на работу hidden - скрытый

opted (for) - предпочесть quote - цитировать pedestrian - пешеход lorry - грузовик

jack-of-all-trades - знаток всех профессий transportation - перевозки

traffic - (авто)движение predict - предсказывать amount - объем

preliminary - предварительный

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survey - исследование feеd*(into) - разг.: загружать (в) adding - добавление

existing - существующий

nitty-gritty - сленг: наиболее трудоемкая и практическая часть (дела) junction - узел; перекресток

range of options - ряд вариантов sequence - последовательность roundabout - окружной, обходной (путь) scale - масштаб

intricacy - сложность, путаница short-term - краткосрочный

get* worn out - очень устать, исчерпать enormous - огромный

scope - объем

value - ценность, значимость

Word Study.

Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents.

1.faulty equipment a/ ряд вариантов

2.social value b/ открытый клапан

3.amount of traffic c/ запасы кислорода

4.at a time d/ прибор

5.wide range (of) e/ общественная значимость

6.existing roads f/ буквально каждый день

7.repetitive job g/ неисправное оборудование

8.literally every day h/ одновременно

9.a piece of equipment j/ широкий круг

10.oxygen supplies k/ объем автодвижения

11.open valve l/ существующие дороги

12.range of options m/ монотонная работа

Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents.

1.to quote smb. a/ оказывать поддержку

2.to increase capability b/ проводить техобслуживание

3.to be alike c/ управлять самолетом

4.to increase productivity d/ изменить свои взгляды

5.to provide maintenance e/ предпочесть что-то чему-то

6.to run an aircraft f/ добраться до сути

7.to pursue engineering g/ быть похожим

8.to change one's outlook h/ цитировать кого-то

9.to reduce wastes i/ увеличить производительность

10.to opt smth for smth j/ выбрать профессию инженера

11.to provide support k/ увеличить мощность

12.to get to the bottom l/ сократить кол-во отходов

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Мне так понравился курс электроники, что я решила бросить медицину и выбрать профессию инженераю

2.Ханна работает на компьютерными системами, которые управляют

самолетами.

3. Эти системы позволяют пилотам контролировать и отслеживать все - от

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топлива до запасов кислорода.

4.Ханна обеспечивает техническую поддержку авиамастерской.

5.Когда пилот считает, что какой-то прибор неисправен, этот прибор снимают с самолета и отправляют на проверку.

6.Если 2-3 детали дают одновременно одинаковый сбой, нам приходится вести переговоры с производителем и находить решение.

7.Ханна не берет в руки гаечный ключ, ее круг обязанностей и без того широк.

8.Обязанность Марка - координировать деятельность (вклад) людей в работу (running) предприятием.

9.Он работает над несколькими проектами одновременно.

10.В настоящее время они занимаются вопросами сокращения отходов

производства, переработки химических веществ, автоматизации монотонного труда, улучшения системы фильтрации и увеличения мощности предприятия.

11.Год работы на производстве изменил его взгляды.

12.Марку нравится работать творчески, принимать решения и производить разные вещи.

13.Объясняя работу транспортного инженера, Кристина любит цитировать своего начальника.

14.Кристина считает себя знатоком всех специальностей, но две основные области ее специализации - это моделирование перевозок и движения

транспорта.

15. Она учится все время, и ее работа предлагает огромный объем специализации.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions.

1.Why did Hannah decide to give up medicine?

2.What are her duties at work?

3.What is done when a pilot considers some piece of equipment to be faulty?

4.Where does Mark work?

5.What is he busy with at present?

6.What for does he like his job?

7.What does transport engineering deal with?

8.What are Christine's duties at work?

Topics to Discuss.

1.Aircraft Engineering (speak as if you were Hannah Reynolds).

2.Chemical Engineering (speak as if you were Mark Lansley).

3.Transportation Engineering (speak as if you were Christine Thompson).

Text IC

OCEANS OF RESEARCH.

When Jucy Berwald started her research career a decade ago, "oceanography" was no discipline for land-lubbers. Whether it was an afternoon on Santa Monica

Bay or month long research expeditions to the South Pacific, collecting data meant going out to sea and dropping bottles, thermometers and probes down into

the deep. Times are changing. These days, much of her data come in over the Internet, from automated sampling equipment, satellites and colleagues around the world. Sitting at her desk on the University, Berwald can summon up water-

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temperature measurements from the Sargasso Sea, current speeds and directions

off Hawaii and the concentration of dissolved nitrate in Monterey Bay, Calif., much of it in real time. For wired oceanographers like Berwald, carpal tunnel

syndrome is replacing seasickness as the major job hazard. "It's kind of terrible, actually," she says. "I really don't have to go to sea anymore at all."

Scientists were e-mailing lab results and "Far Side" punch lines back and forth for years before the phrase "you've got mail" entered the lexicon. In the two

decades since the debut of Bitnet, one of the predecessors of today's Internet,

communicating by computer has worked its way into nearly every facet of scientific endeavor. There are plenty of flashy high-tech applications— Web-

controlled robotic lab assistants, telescopes that respond to e-mail commands—

but the most significant impact of e-science may be the most basic. The Internet makes it possible to share specialized knowledge and large amounts of data

quickly and efficiently with colleagues around the world. The resulting synergy is transforming every discipline of science, from particle physics to phylogeny. The

effects are particularly evident in fields like oceanography and marine biology, in which widely dispersed groups of investigators work together and generate vast

amounts of data that require specialized interpretation.

"I really have no idea how I would get any of this done without the Internet," says Berwald, a postdoctoral researcher. Working with USC oceanography

professor Dale Kiefer, she distills years' worth of precise observations—e-mailed

to her directly or posted to Web sites by colleagues around the world—into elegant sets of equations that can be used to predict how a particular part of the

ocean might respond to changes, such as increased fishing or discharge from a nearby pulp mill.

That sort of work requires vast quantities of pure data, which is where scientists like Michael McPhaden come in. A physical oceanographer with the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Seattle, McPhaden oversees the

Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) project, a network of 70 sampling buoys spread across the equatorial Pacific from Indonesia to the Galapagos Islands. The

buoys gather some two megabytes of air and ocean data every day and transmit a condensed version of the information to shore via satellite. The raw data stream is

zapped over the Net to McPhaden's lab for processing and also forwarded to researchers and weather forecasters, and posted to the project Web site

(www.pmel.noaa.gov/ toga-ter/home.html), often within hours of being collected.

The system made the accurate and early prediction of the 1997 El Nino possible and has become an integral part of weather forecasting. "Our intent is to spread

the data as widely as we can," says McPhaden. "More availability means more

scientific return E-science does not have to be particularly high tech in order to be high impact. Decades' worth of data, much of it once all but hidden in obscure

libraries and the back comers of musty old labs, have been dusted off, digitized and posted on the Web. Jeremy Jackson, a paleo-biologist at Scripps Institution of

Oceanography in San Diego, studies the evolution of coral reefs. Together with more than 30 colleagues from seven countries and around the United States,

Jackson is contributing to a Web catalog and identification guide, developed by

Ann Budd at the University of Iowa, for every species of marine animal known to have lived in the seas of tropical America over the past 24 million years. "In

many ways the work we're doing is 19th-century science," says Jackson, "but on a

scale that has never before been possible." Now, instead of taking a month to dig through collections of shells and preserved specimens, researchers and students

will be able to surf over to nmita.geology.uiowa.edu to access the biological treasures of 500 different museum collections, information once available only to

specialists with generous travel grants. The impact in Europe and North America is significant, Jackson says, but in Latin America, where research funding is hard

to come by and technologystarved colleagues have been known to monopolize the local Internet cafes for hours i a time, the Web is making top-level research

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possible for the first time. "Everything the Internet does here, it does all those thin

and more in the developing world."

Sometimes e-science can be as simple a collegial helping hand. "Say I've got a snap and I don't know what it is," says Jackson "The world expert lives in New Zealand an I'm in Panama. So I send an image" and an answer comes back within

days. Sure, you could do the same thing the old-fashioned way, speaking of snails, but e-mail mean never having to rely on the postal service c Micronesia.

The interactions can be mud more involved than that. "With one collaborator,"

recalls McPhaden, "we wrote and revised a paper, submitted it and had it published before we ever met in person." The work was conducted almost

entirely on the Internet and lasted more than a year considerably longer, one

would suspect than most online relationships.

As for Berwald, she says she misses going on research expeditions, and being at arm's length from the object of her study has its drawbacks. "You gain a lot going to sea," she says, "intuition you don't get sitting at a desk." In science as in the

rest of the wired world, the paradox of e-mail applies; the more connected you are the less real contact you have with the world. It's just that in science, all that e-

mailing might actually be helping to get some work done.

ERIKA CHECK

Vocabulary. decade

land-lubber - чел-к, непривычный к морю и кораблям collecting data - сбор данных

drop - бросать

sampling - сбор образцов equipment - оборудование

satellite - спутник

summon up - суммировать measurement - измерение

speed - скорость dissolved - растворенный

bay - залив carpal - запястный

replace - заменять, замещать

hazard - опасность, риск back and forth - туда-сюда

predecessor - предшественник facet - грань, аспект

endeavor - старание, попытка

flashy - бросающийся в глаза, заметный application - применение

significant - значительынй impact - воздействие

share - делиться

amount - объем, количество efficiently - эффективно

particle - частица particularly - особенно

evident - очевидный marine - морской

dispersed - разбросанный

vast amounts - огромные кол-ва require - требовать(ся)

interpretation - толкование, объяснение distil - извлекать самое существенное years' worth - стоящий годы работы

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precise - точный

equation - уравнение predict - прогнозировать

particular - тот или иной; конкретный respond (to) - реагировать (на)

discharge - сток

pulp mill - целлюлозно-бумажный комбинат pure - чистый, безупречный

oversee* - наблюдать buoys - мн.ч.: буйки

transmit - передавать

condensed - сжатый

raw - сырой, необработанный stream - поток

pro-cess - обрабатывать

forward - передавать

weather forecaster - метеоролог accu-rate - точный

integral - неотъемлемый forecasting - прогнозирование

intent - намерение

hidden - скрытый, прячущийся оbscure - незаметный,

dust off - отряхнуть от пыли digitize - перевести в цифровой вид

guide - руководство, справочник species - ед.ч.: вид

scale - масштаб

dig - копать(ся), рыть(ся) shell - ракушка

specimen - образчик, экземпляр urf over - здесь: рыться, искать

treasure - богатство generous - щедрый

im-pact - воздействие funding - финансирование

starve - умирать с голода

at a time - подряд snail - улитка

in an old-fashioned way - по старинке rely on - полагаться на

recall - вспоминать submit - предоставлять

meеt* in person - встретиться лично

entirely - целиком, полностью miss - не хватать, скучать

drawback - недостаток actually - на самом деле

Word Study to the Text.

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1.on a scale 2. integral part 3. accurate data 4. weather forecast 5. condensed version 6. precise observation 7. large (vast) amount 8. significant impact 9. hightech applications 10. standard equipment 11. collecting data 12. a decade ago 13.

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into the deep 14. sampling equipment 15. back and forth 16. scientific endeavor 17. research funding 18. at a time 19. job hazard 20. the old-fashioned way

a/ точные данные b/ сокращенная версия c/ существенное влияние d/ неотъемлемая часть e/ стандартное оборудование f/ прогноз погоды g/ в масштабе h/ десять лет назад i/ подряд j/ в старомодной манере k/ огромное количество l/ финансирование исследований m/ оборудование по сбору образцов n/ риск в работе o/ научные попытки p/ на глубину q/ применение высоких технологий r/ туда-сюда s/ точное наблюдение t/ сбор данных

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1. to last a year 2. to meet in person 3. to share one's knowledge(with) 4. to require interpretation 5. hidden in libraries 6. to respond to changes 7. to submit papers

a/ требовать толкования b/ скрытый в библиотеках c/ реагировать на изменения d/ длиться год e/ представить документы f/ встретиться лично g/ поделиться знаниями (с)

Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Когда Джули Бервальд начинала свою научно-исследовательскую карьеру, океанография была наукой не для тех, кто не привычен к морю и кораблям.

2.Сбор данных в те времена означал выходы в море и спуск бутылочек и термометров в морские глубины.

3.В наши дни большинство данных по Интернету, со спутников, от автоматического оборудования по сбору образцов и от коллег со всего мира.

4.Сидя у себя за столом в студгородке, Бервальд может суммировать (подсчитывать) изменения температур воды, скорости и направления течений от Гавайских островов и концентрацию нитратов, растворенных в водах залива Монтерей.

5.Для океанографов, подсоединенных к Интернету (wired) подобно Джули Бервальд, не существует больше опасностей, связанных с работой.

6.Сейчас существует множество сфер применения высоких технологий - контролируемые через Сеть роботы, которые реагируют на электронные команды, но самое значительное воздействие электронной науки может быть самым значимым.

7.Интернет позволяет (make it possible)быстро и эффективно делиться специальными знаниями и огромными объемами данных с коллегами со всего мира.

8.Результаты особенно (particularly) видны в таких отраслях, как океанография и морская биология, в который различные группы исследователей работают и выдают (generate) огромное количество данных, которые требуют специального толкования.

9."Наше намерение - насколько можно шире распространять получаемые данные".

10.Электронная наука не должна быть очень высокотехнологичной для того, чтобы иметь большое воздействие.

11.Данные, собираемые десятилетиями, многие из которых когда-то были скрыты в библиотеках, вводятся (digitized) в Интернет.

12.Джереми Джонсон, палеобиолог из института океанографии в СанФранциско, изучает эволюцию коралловых рифов.

13.Вместе с более чем 30 коллегами из Америки и еще 7 стран Джереми вносит вклад в Сетевой каталог и идентификатор, разработанные Анной

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Бадд из университета штата Айова, по всем видам морских животных, которые ! когда-либо проживали в тропической Америке за последние 24 млн. лет.

14."Во многом работа, которую мы выполняем, является наукой 19-го века," - говорит Джонсон, - "но в том масштабе, который никогда до этого не был возможен".

15.Сейчас, вместо того, чтобы месяцами рыться в в коллекциях ракушек и законсервированных образцов, исследователи и студенты смогут "нырнуть" (surf over to) по специальному адресу в Интернет и иметь доступ к биологическим сокровищам 500 различных музеев, которая когда-то была доступна толко специалистам, имеющим щедные (generous) гранты на поездки.

16.Влияние Интернета велико в Европе и Северной Америке, но в Латинской Америке, гду трудно добиться финансирования на научные иследования, и где коллеги практически не имеют доступа к Интернету на работе или дома, они часами просиживают в Интернет-кафе, чтобы получать данные для своих исследований.

17."С одним исследователем," - вспоминает МакФаден, - "мы написали, обсудили и опубликовали статью до того, к! ак мы смогли встретиться лично."

18.Работа полностью проводилась по Интернету и длилась более года, значительно больше, чем продолжается большинство компьютерных знакомств.

19.В науке, равно как и в остальном компьютеризованном (wired) мире, применим парадокс электронной почты - чем более ты подсоединен, тем меньше у тебя реальных контактов с миром.

20.И тем не менее, электронная почта действительно полезна при выполнении любой работы.

Comprehension Check.

1.Ex. Answer the following questions:

2.What kind of people could work in oceanography a decade ago?

3.What did collecting data mean that time?

4.How does July Berwald get her data at present?

5.Does e-science have to be particularly high-tech in order to produce high impact?

6.Where are the data posted on the Web from?

7.What does Jackson say about the work he and his colleagues are doing?

8.Are their colleagues from Latin America wired either?

9.How do they get the necessary data then?

10.What is the paradox of e-mail?

Topics to discuss.

1.Oceanography of today comared to the situation in 1990s.

2.July Berwald's work.

3.Jeremy Jackson's contribution.

4.A story told by Jackson.

5.Berwald's opinion about research expeditions.

Text ID

THE ASSEMBLY LINE

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By Robert J. SAMUELSON

NO BUSINESS FIGURE casts as long a shadow over the 20th century as Henry Ford. Ford was the godfather of mass production, which, as the century unfolded, became the central organizing principle of America's industry and a defining characteristic of its popular culture. His

genius lay in fusing various strands of change - in auto design, in manufacturing methods, in merchandising - into a new concept. He imagined the mass market and united it with the factory in a way that affects how everyone else thought and acted.

The triumph of the Model T transformed the workplace, the landscape and popular psychology. Luxuries would become necessities: Ford wrote his own law of economic evolution. Until Ford, cars existed as technological toys enjoyed only by the rich. In 1906 - almost three

years before the Model T went into production - Woodrow Wilson, then president of Princeton University, warned that "nothing has spread socialist feeling in the country more than the automobile It symbolized, he said, the "arrogance of wealth". These early cars were handmade, expensive and (because so many models existed) erratic. Ford idea was to standardize design, streamline production, lower costs and make cars available to everyone. "I will build a car for the multitude," he said. And he did. Between 1909 - the first full year of assembly - and 1913, production went from 17,771 to 202,667; in 1924 (the peak year) it passed 1.8 million. Its price dropped from $950 in 1909 to $550 in 1913 to $355 (with an automatic starter) in 1924. By force of example, the Model T inspired a revolution in business thinking. As new products emerged, they were to be produced out in vast quantities that made the typical American household an ever-expanding repository of consumer conveniences and gadgets. The process began in earnest in the 1920s, when vacuum cleaners, radios and refrigerators came into their own. In that decade, refrigerator production went from less than 5,000 to almost 1 million; radio production jumped from nothing to 5 million. Growing up on a farm near Dearborn, Mich., Ford became a compulsive thinker at an early age, learning to fix watches and rejecting (to his father's horror) farm life. "He loathed plowing and planting, feeding and milking," wrote biographer Roger Burlingame. In 1879 the 16-year-old Ford found an apprenticeship at a shop in Detroit that made steam engines. By the early 1890s he had become the chief engineer of the Edison Illuminating Co., one of the nation's first electric utilities. But what absorbed his enthusiasm was his off-hours tinkering: in a wood-shed behind his home, he was building a "horseless carriage." He finished in early 1896 and took his primitive car, mounted on bicycle wheels. It would be more than a decade until the Model T, years that reflected the early auto industry's exuberant chaos. In 1900 the first National Automobile Show in New York City exhibited 40 car companies, and William McRinley became the first president to ride in a car. Ford was simply one ambitious player among other early automakers. Nor had the United States invented the car. That distinction belonged to Germany, where Nickolaus Otto built the first practical internalcombustion engine in 1876, and Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler built what are regarded as the first modern cars in the mid-1880s. But Americans pioneered in commercializing the car.What ultimately separated Ford from his competitors was his concept and obstinacy: his decision to build only one model of car.Until the Model T, many car components were so in-exact that they often had to be reworked individually on expensive machine tools (cutting or grinding machines) so that they would fit and function. Cars were assembled one by one, with

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workers fetching parts as needed. Car models changed frequently, so that long production runs for most parts were impossible. By avoiding constant design changes. Ford standardized arts and improved the use of machinery. Ford, his mechanics and engineers constantly improvised. One thing led to an-other. To ensure uniform parts, machine tools were rearranged: all the machines needed for a specific part were grouped together. Before, all the machine tools of one type (say, cutting machines) were put together. Car assembly was broken down into many subassemblies (rear axles, engines, dashboards) and all parts for a subassembly were stored in bins around the workbenches. This freed workers from having to walk to get each new piece. After that came the assembly line in 1913. This produced an upheaval of people as well as of machines. As production was simplified into more routine tasks (fastening a bolt, stamping a part, connecting two components), skill levels declined sharply. So did Ford's dependence on experienced craftsmen. By 1914 three quarters of the burgeoning work force were recent immigrants. The stress and monotony of Ford's jobs was disaffecting; in 1913, turnover was almost 400 percent. To minimize these problems, Ford decided in early 1914 to double the lowest wage, from $2.34 to $5 a day. The announcement was made with typical bombast: "The Ford Motor Company, the greatest and most successful in the world, will on January 12 introduce the greatest revolution in the matter of re-wards for its workers ever known to the industrial world." Higher wages worked wonders. By 1915 absenteeism had dropped roughly 85 percent. Ford restricted the $5 wage to workers with at least six months on the job - a sensible limit, because he wanted to promote stability. And he conditioned the higher wage on good behavior, a more novel requirement. Through a Sociological Department of his company. Ford counseled workers to take baths, avoid excessive drinking, save to buy a house and keep a tidy home. A force of 150 inspectors visited homes to qualify workers for their payments. This earned Ford a reputation for being both paternalistic and authoritarian. Ford's factory revolution triggered a broader economic and social upheaval. By the 1920s, the car belonged to the masses both in fact and in spirit. In 1910 there were only 458,000 cars registered in America. A decade later the total was 8 million, and by 1930 it had reached 23 million. Though many poor families still didn't own a car, this was almost one car per household. When sociologists Robert and Helen Lynd interviewed families in Muncie, Ind., in the 1920s for their famous study "Middle-town," they found that the car had bur-rowed deeply into popular consciousness. One housewife pointed out that her family owned a car but not a bathtub. "Why, you can't go to town in a bathtub!" she said. Improvements in cars and roads fed on each other: the better carsgot, the more Americans wanted better roads. And there was much to improve. Outside major cities, few roads were paved. The first national road survey, conducted by the Agri-culture Department in 1904, classified 154,000 miles (7 percent) of the 2.15 million miles of rural roads as "surfaced," but the surfaces consisted mainly of gravel or crushed stone. In cities, some major streets had solid stone pavements. Broadway in New York used granite blocks 10 inches thick, laid on a six-inch concrete base. Everything about road-building and traffic control affirms the truth: necessity is the mother of invention. There were few breakthroughs and many small improvements. What worked, spread; what didn't, died.

From "The Power of Invention" NewsWeek Extra. Winter, 1997-98, p.18

Vocabulary.

assembly line - линия сборки, конвейер

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figure - деятель, лицо

casts* a shadow - отбрасывать тень godfather - крестный отец pro-duction - производство

unfold - здесь: начинаться

defining - решающий, определяющий fuse - сплавлять, соединять

strand - черта

manufacturing - производство merchandising - торговля luxury - роскошь

toy - игрушка

warn - предупреждать spread - распространять

arrogance - высокомерие, надменность wealth - благосостояние, богатство erratic - разношерствный, беспорядочный streamline - поток

lower - снизить available - доступный multitude - массы drop - упасть

in-spire - вдохновлять, воодушевлять emerge - появляться, возникать vast quantities - огромные кол-ва household - хозяйство; семья expand - расширять(ся)

repository - хранилище con-sumer - потребительский conveniences - удобстваa gadgets - приборы

in earnest - по-настоящему vacuum cleaner - пылесос decade - десятилетие compulsive - из необходимости reject - отрицать, отказывать(ся)

loath - быть несклонным, не хотеть plow - пахать

ap-prenticeship - место ученика steam engine - паровой двигатель utility - здесь: предприятие ab-sorb - поглощать, захватывать tinkering - возня с чем-то wood-shed - сарай

carriage - повозка wheel - колесо exuberant - избыточный exhibit - выставлять

dis-tinction - отличит. Черта belong - принадлежать

internal-combustion - внутреннее сгорание engine - двигатель

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ultimately - в конечном итоге obstinacy - упрямство, упорство component - деталь

tool - прибор

fetch - пойти и принести avoid - избегать

improve - усовершенствовать, улучшать ensure - обеспечить

rear - задний axle - ось, вал

dashboard - приборная доска, щиток store - хранить

bin - здесь: ларь free - освобождать

upheaval - переворот, революция simplify - упрощать

fasten- - закреплять stamp - установить connect - соединить

skill level - уровень квалификации decline - падать

craftsman - специалист, мастер burgeoning - формальн.: растущий bombast - напыщенность turnover - оборот

wage - зарплата

re-ward - вознаграждение absen-teeism - длит. отсутствие restrict - ограничивать promote - способствовать requirement - требование counsel - советовать excessive - чрезмерный

tidy - опрятный earn - заработать

paternalistic - отеческий

trigger - запустить, положить начало upheaval - переворот, революция per household - на семью

bur-row - здесь: укорениться consciousness - сознание improvement - усовершенствование pave - мостить

survey - исследование conduct - проводить rural - сельский surface - поверхность gravel - гравий crushed - дробленый solid - твердый

pavements - дорожка, тротуар concrete - цемент

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raffic - дорожное движение affirm - подтверждать cliched truth - избитая истина

breakthrough - прорыв, крупное изобретение spread - распространяться

Word Study.

Ex. I. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1.manufacturing methods a) доступный для каждого

2.in vast quantities b) избитая истина

3.vacuum cleaner c) новое изделие

4.available for everyone d) конвейер

5.economic evolution e) паровой двигатель

6.steam engine f) крестный отец

7.off-hours g) методы производства

8.internal combustion engine h) товары народного потребления

9.assembly line i) одна машина на семью

10.streamline production j) поточное производство

11.one car per household k) в огромных количествах

12.work force l) родительский и авторитарный

13.mass production m) двигатель внутреннего сгорания

14.paternalistic and authoritarian n) экономическое развитие

15.car components o) автодетали

16.clished truth p) пылесос

17.consumer goods q) массовое производство

18.new product r) нерабочие часы

19.Godfather s) рабочая сила

Ex. II. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1.to go into production a) резко упасть

2.to feed on each other b) отбрасывать тень

3.to simplify the task c) ограничить з/плату

4.to connect two components d) сводить проблемы к минимуму

5.to fasten a bolt e) соединить две детали

6.to decline sharply f) запустить в производство

7.to restrict the wage g) копить деньги

8.to minimize the problems h) закрепить болт

9.to save money i) подпитывать друг друга

10.to cast a shadow j) упростить задачу

Ex. III. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Ни один бизнесмен не "отбрасывает тень" на весь ХХ век так, как Генри Форд.

2.Форд был "крестным отцом" массового производства, которое в начале

века стало ведущим принципом американской промышленности.

3.Ему удалось (manage, succeed) соединить воедино различные черты изменений.

4.Предметы роскоши превратились в необходимость.

5. До Форда автомобиль был предметом роскоши, им могли пользоваться только богатые.

6. Эти самые первые автомобили, сделанные вручную, были "разношерстными"

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и дорогими.

7.Идея Форда состояла в том, чтобы стандартизировать дизайн, наладить поточное производство, снизить цены и сделать машины доступными для всех.

8.Появились новые изделия, они производились в огромных количествах, что делало типичный американский дом (household) похожим на хранилище

товаров и приспособлений разного рода (of different kind).

9.Форд был просто амбициозным игроком среди других первых производителей автомобилей.

10.На самом деле, автомобиль был изобретен не в США. !

11.Эта отличительная заслуга (слава) принадлежит Германии.

12.Конвейер высвобождал рабочих от необходимости ходить туда-сюда за

каждой новой деталью.

13.Изобретение Форда запустило (подтолкнуло) социально-экономическую революцию.

14.То, что работало - распространялось, то, что не работало - "умирало"

(приходило в упадок).

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions:

1.Who was the godfather of mass production?

2.What is the central organizing principle of America's industry?

3.What did cars mean before H.Ford?

4.What did early cars look like?

5.When and where was the car invented?

6. . In what way was the production simplified?

7.How did it influence on workers' skills?

8.How did Ford manage to rise productivity of production?

9.How did he condition the higher wages?

10.What else did he counsel to the workers?

11.What was his regulation like?

12.What did Ford's revolution trigger?

13.What did car improvements lead to?

14.What is the clished truth, mentioned in the text?

Topics to Discuss.

1.Henry Ford's biography.

2.The Assembly Line; its advantages and disadvantages.

3.Consequences (последствия) of Ford's factory revolution.

Text IIA

Still Sprinting

(Derek Parker talks to the millionaire author Jeffrey Archer.)

DESPITE the recent and expensive failure of his latest West End* play, Jeffrey Archer is not noticeably down and a considerable distance from out. With Kane and Abel having sold over three million copies in England and the paperback of Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less continuing to nip smartly out of the

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bookshops at the rate of a thousand copies a day, fifteen years after its first publication, he has little real reason to be permanently dispirited.

It's common knowledge that literature is not his first love. He only started writing in his mid-thirties, when a promising political career collapsed and he resigned a safe seat in Parliament amid business and financial difficulties which would have crushed most men for good. The legend that he wrote his first novel with the cold-blooded intention of making a fortune, is, however, only a legend.

'I always tell people who say that, and who aren't in the profession, that if it were true - and if it were that easy - everyone'd be doing it. No, I did it much more as an exorcism, to keep working after I'd left the House, because I couldn't get a job. It was vitally important to be physically working — to believe in the work ethic. Oh yes, I wanted the book to be published, to be read, but it was much more to have done something. In fact, the advance on the first book was £3000, and they published 3000 copies, so you couldn't say I wrote it for the money

Penny became an international best seller, and from that day, as an author, he has never looked back.

Both as a reader and author, Archer divides novelists into storytellers and writers. Certainly with him, the important thing is the story. This doesn't come easy

'In fact very little comes, to begin with. I'm writing a book currently - I've done the first draft. But I never know what's on the next line, what's in the next paragraph, what's on the next page. I just let it happen.'

It happens mainly between six and eight in the morning. 'I like that session. It's the only original session. Then I correct from three till five, correct from six till eight, go to bed at nine o'clock. Two thousand words if it's a good day.'

The writing has to fit into a political schedule. Still offered several safe Parliamentary seats a year, which he firmly turns down, he accepts innumerable speaking engagements all over the country But at certain times of the year nobody wants you. I went away on December 15th to write until January 15th. There are ten weeks a year when nobody wants you to speak, and that's when the writing gets done.'

He values his relationship with his publisher to an extent which must warm their hearts. 'I don't think authors can have natural friends in publishing houses;

but there's mutual respect They're good publishers, and I'm proud to be with them.'

And his editor?

'My editor is called Richard Cohen. He's tough. He drives me and drives me. He never writes a word -that's not his job; but he guides, guides, guides the whole time - he's never satisfied. He doesn't have a lot to do with plot - I believe he thinks that's my strength. He'll get me to build characters - build, build, build, the whole time. He knows he's right. He'll go on and on at me; he won't give in. Kicking him has absolutely no effect - he doesn't even bruise. Nine times out of ten, I believe he's right. He has tremendous judgement. He's a class editor.'

Influences?

'I like story-tellers. I'm a story-teller; I'm not good enough to be a writer. I'm Jeffrey Archer and I tell a tale, I hope people turn the pages, and I hope they enjoy it and in the end. that's what I ask for',

Vocabulary

sprint - бежать на короткую дистанцию despite - несмотря на

recent - недавний failure - провал

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West End: the area of London where many major theatres are found noticeably - заметно

be down - быть подавленным considerable - значительный

paperback - книга в бумажной обложке nip out - здесь: расхватывать, раскупать smartly - здесь: быстро

at the rate of - со скоростью permanently - постоянно dispirited - унылый, удрученный common - общеизвестный collapse - рушиться

resign - отказываться(от должности) amid - среди

crush - уничтожать intention - немерение

make a fortune - сколотить состояние exorcism - изгнание из души дьявола keep doing smth. - продолжать делать vitally - жизненно (важно)

advance - здесь: аванс look back - оглядываться

divide - делить, подразделять currently - в настоящее время draft - черновой, первый вариант line - строка

paragraph - абзац, параграф happen - происходить, случаться original - настоящий

correct - вносить поправки fit - подходить

schedule - график turn down - отвергать accept - принимать

innumerable - неисчислимый engagement - здесь: договор value - ценить

relationship - отношение

to an extent - до (некой) степени publishing house - издательство mutual - взаимный

editor - издатель

tough - упрямый, несговорчивый drive - управлять, вести

guide - руководить, направлять plot - сюжет

strength - сила, достоинство give* in - уступать, сдаваться

kick - здесь: скандалить, возражать bruise - ставить синяки tremendous - потрясающий judgement - суждение, мнение

Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Несмотря на недавний провал его последней пьесы в Вест Энде, Джефри Арчер не выглядит подавленным. 2. В Англии распродано свыше 3 млн.экз. его книги "Каин и Авель", еще одну его книгу расхватывают в книжных магазинах

со скоростью тысяча экз. в день - и это 15 лет спустя после ее первого издания - так что у него вряд ли (hardly) есть причины пребывать в унынии.

3.Он начал писать очень поздно, после многообещающей политической карьеры.

4.Легенда о том, что он написал свою первую повесть с хладнокровным

намерением сколотить состояние, - это только легенда. 5. Я всегда говорю людям, что если бы писательский труд был легким, все бы занимались этим.

6.

Да, я хотел, чтобы книгу опубликовали и чтобы ее читали, но аванс за первую повесть был всего 3 тыс.фунтов при тираже 3 тыс.экз., так что нельзя

сказать, что я писал ее ради денег. 7. В настоящее время я пишу книгу, но никогда не знаю, что будет в следующей строке или на следующей странице. 8.

Я пишу в основном с 6 до 8 утра, вношу поправки днем, с 3 до 5 и считаю, что если написано 2 тыс.слов - то это удачный день. 9. Помимо написания книг, Дж.Арчер выступает с докладами по всей стране - но только в определенные периоды года. 10. Он ценит свои отношения с издателем. 11. Не думаю, что можно иметь настоящих друзей в издательском бизнесе, но

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существует взаимное уважение. 12. Мой редактор - человек несговорчивый.

13.

Но он умело направляет меня, у него здравые суждения и я полностью доверяю

(trust)ему. 14. Я пишу повести и надеюсь, что читатели переворачивают страницы и наслаждаются этим - о чем еще можно мечтать?

Comprehension Check.

Ex. Answer the following questions:

1.Who is Jeffrey Archer interviewed by?

2.Is Mr. Archer a rich person?

3.Are all his novels successful?

4.Why isn't he despirited because of the recent failure of his play?

5.What Archer's novels are mentioned here?

6.When did he start writing?

7.What is his daily schedule like?

8.What else does he do, additionally to writing?

9.What are his relations with his editor?

Topics to discuss.

1.Achievements and failures of Jeffrey Archer.

2.His political career.

3.Jeffrey Archer and his editor.

Text IIB

Part 1

FAST FORWARD.

Time is running out. Or so people feel. According to the latest research, forty-four per cent of British workers come home exhausted. More than half suffer from stress. By almost every measure, people are more pressured, more bothered about time - or a lack of it - than they have been for many years. Time, they feel, has been squeezed. All over the world, the old ways of managing time are disappearing. Fixed jobs, shared rhythms of shopping, travel and leisure, and common patterns of learning, marriage, work and retirement are on the way out. Instead, the world is having to come to terms with just-in-time production and multi-tasking computers, 24-hour shopping and video-on-demand, time-share holidays and home banking. All of these are symptoms of a revolution, a transition from an industrial time culture based around fixed timetables and a clear division of labour between men who went to work and women who looked after the home, towards a new culture based around flexibility, customisation and rapid flows of information. This new post-industrial culture offers, perhaps for the first time in history, the promise of people using time for their own needs. But far from ushering in a leisured Utopia, its most immediate effect has been a growing divide between those with too much work and those without any. In top jobs, long hours have become a mark of status and success. One in eight British managers works more than sixty hours a week and more than half take home work during the week. Part of the reason is the insecurity that has swept through so many white-collar jobs, encouraged the phenomenon of "presenteeism" rather than absenteeism - staying in the office even when there isn't any work to do. But technology has also played a part. Ubiquitous computers mean that our work will

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always be with us and our competitors will always be working too These pressures aren't confined to executives and professionals. While one in six households has no jobs at all, pressure to pay the bills and fear of redundancy mean that a quarter of all British male employees work more than forty-eight hours a week and nearly a fifth of unskilled and manual workers work more than fifty hours. Right across the world the long decline in working hours has stopped. The use of leisure is changing too. Intensive sports like aerobics are being substituted for slower ones like golf. Families are driving round zoos rather than walking around them. And teenagers "multitask" their leisure, watching several television channels at once while also fiddling with a personal computer. Some of the costs of this transition to a post-industrial order are all around us. Not only unemployment and overwork, high stress and high anxiety, but also less obvious ones like fatigue. But little has been done to address it head on, or to adapt institutions to a post-industrial way of life. Most institutions remain stuck in the industrial era. Within the family, even though most women now have jobs, they still do the bulk of domestic work - and consequently have fifteen hours less free time each week than men. Taken as a whole, time remains off the political agenda, treated as far less important than money or production. No political party seems to have acknowledged how much the landscape of time has changed. No one is responding to the mood that we need to find a better balance between work and life. And no one has quite come to terms with the fact that the old industrial model is being rapidly left behind. For those seeking a better balance between work and life, there is already a marvellous institution waiting to be used. Sabbaticals offer time off to recharge the batteries, to learn a new skill or just to travel the world. At the moment, these are a rare treat for academics. With the right funding arrangements, it is not inconceivable that we could, in the future, see every seventh year taken off as a matter of course. A previous generation of writers thought the goal was to escape from work. But this misses the point. Many people enjoy work. They find it fulfilling not only because it is a way to meet people but also because it sets goals and stretches capacities. This is surely why 78 per cent of 25-34 year-olds say that they would work even if there was no financial need. The challenge of a post-industrial age is not to escape from work but rather to achieve more autonomy and more ways for people to control the terms on which they work, its pace and texture

Vocabulary : completely - абсолютно crazy - сумасшедший nightmare - кошмар survey - исследование

clock off - заканчивать работу (в регулярное время) run* out - истекать

latest - последний (по времени) research - исследование

exhausted - измотанный, очень усталый suffer (from) - страдать (от)

bother - беспокоить(ся) lack (of) - нехватка squizze - сжимать(ся)

manage - управлять, распоряжаться disappear - исчезать

shared - здесь: одни и те же

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common - общепринятый pattern - образец marriage - брак, женитьба

retirement - уход не пенсию, в отставку instead - вместо, взамен

come* to terms - прийти к соглашению just-in-time - во время

transition - переход division - разделение look after - ухаживать towards - к

flexibility - гибкость rapid - быстрый flow - поток promise - обещание

usher in - докладывать immediate - немедленный growing - растущий divide - разделять

insecurity - небезопасность encourage - поощрять, приветствовать presenteeism - присутствие

ubiquitous - вездесущий competitor - противник, конкурент confine - ограничивать(ся) executive - руководитель

fear - страх male - мужчина

unskilled & manual - неквалифицированный decline - снижение

substitute - замещать fiddle - бездельничать transition - переход order - порядок

unemployment - безработица overwork - переработка anxiety - тревога, беспокойство obvious - очевидный

fatigue - усталость

adapt (to) - приспособить, адаптировать stuck - застрявший

bulk - множество domestic - домашний

consequently - соответственно agenda - повестка

treat - здесь: рассматривать acknowledge - признавать respond - отвечать

mood - настроение

leave* behind - оставлять позади seek - искать

sabbatical - творческий отпуск

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recharge - перезаряжать rare - редкий

funding - финансирование

inconceivable - непостижимый, невероятный previous - предыдущий

goal - цель

stretch - расширять capacities - мн.ч. возможности terms - мн.ч. условия

pace - скорость

texture - качество, структура

Word Study.

Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1.lack of time a/ феномен "присутствия"

2.fixed job b/ предыдущее поколение

3.based upon flexibility c/ вездесущие компьютеры

4.funding arrangements d/ нехватка времени

5.top job e/ уменьшение рабочих часов

6.fixed timetable f/ основанный на гибкости

7.flow of information g/ способ жизни

8.for one's own needs h/ фиксированная работа

9.phenomenon of "presenteeism" i/ неквалифицированный рабочий

10.ubiquitous computers j/ руководящая работа(должность)

11.decline in working hours k/ поток информации

12.high anxiety l/ для своих нужд

13.unskilled worker m/ фиксированное расписание (график)

14.way of life n/ высокий уровень тревоги

15.previous generation o/ договоренности о финансировании

Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1.time is running out a/ распоряжаться временем

2.to escape from work b/ устанавливать цели

3.to be on the way out c/ оплачивать счета

4.to stick in the industrial era d/ добиться большей автономии

5.to be left behind e/ время истекает

6.to set goals f/ приходить к соглашению

7.to achieve more autonomy g/ застрять в индустриальной эпохе

8.to pay the bills h/ оставаться позади

9.to come on terms i/ завоевать аудиторию

10.to drive round "zoos" o/ избегать работы

11.to win the audience k/ чрезвычайно устать

12.to be exhausted l/ уходить

13.to recharge the batteries j/ объезжать вокруг зоопарка на а/м

14.to manage time m/ перезарядить батарейки

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Время истекает - так чувствуют люди, по крайней мере.

2.В соответствии с последним исследованием, 44% британских рабочих

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приходят домой в высшей степени уставшими.

3.Более половины страдают от стресса.

4.По любым меркам, люди ощущают большее давление, они больше беспокоятся по поводу времени - или его нехватки - чем ранее.

5.Вы чувствуете, что время сжимается.

6.Во всем мире прежние (former) способы распоряжения временем

устаревают (get obsolete).

7.Фиксированная работа, одни и те же ритмы покупки, путешествий и досуга, общепринятые способы (patterns) учебы, брака, работы и ухода на пенсию отступают (be on the way out).

8.Чтобы победить в споре, вам нужно убедить кого-то, что вы правы.

9.Удивительно, как много людей начинают говорить (sound off), не решив

еще, что они думают по этому поводу.

10.Мнение, которое сформировано без реального обдумывания или заимствовано от других - на самом деле не более, чем предупреждение.

11.Прежде, чем начать спорить по какому-то поводу, вам нужно понять, о

чем вы собираетесь говорить.

12.Затем следует отобрать аргументы.

13.Весь процесс высказывания вашего мнения и доказательства, почему это верно, называется дискуссией.

14.Затем следует отобрать доказательства (reasons), которые лучше всего могут поддержать ваше мнение.

15.Неплохо также подобрать примеры, чтобы проиллюстрировать ваши доказательства.

16.Вы должны быть готовы к возможной критике.

17.Порядок приведения аргументов тоже очень важен - можно, например,

начать с менее важных и закончить выступление более убедительными аргументами.

18. С годами люди создали множество техник, чтобы звучать убедительно, в том числе риторические вопросы (вопросы, не требующие ответа), воззвание к эмоциям аудитории и приведение эффективных аналогий.

19. Пользуясь вышеуказанными (above) методами, вы сможете завоевать аудиторию.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions:

1.How do people feel concerning time?

2.What are the old ways of managing time?

3.What are the sympthoms of transition from industrial time culture

4.towards a new time culture?

5.What are the costs of this transition?

6.What does a new post-industrial era offer?

7.What is meant by the word "presenteeism"?

8.Are these pressures confined to executives only?

9.Who has the right to sabbaticals?

10.What can sabbaticals used for?

11.Do young people dream of escaping from work?

Topics to discuss.

1.Man and Time.

2.Features (признаки) of the industrial era.

3.Phenomenon of "presenteeism".