МД-102 / Subj / 855-Английский язык

steppe and desert” personified trade with Asia.

Chelyabinsk has completely changed since then, now it is an important industrial centre. It is a megapolis boasting the world-class metallurgical, engineering, and defence industries. Chelyabinsk has about 150 major industrial enterprises making the city Russia’s fifth largest – after Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhni Novgorod, and Yekaterinburg – in production volume.

Metals account for some 40 percent of the city’s output. Chelyabinsk produces some 35 percent of the country’s ferrous alloys, 20 percent of the pipes, and almost 100 percent of the large-diameter pipes,heavy crawler tractors and road-building machinery, super heavy-duty trailers, unique metal structures, and instruments. The city exports its products to 60 countries around the world.

Chelyabinsk is also a major transport junction. Over 30 banks providing a whole set of up-to-date banking and financial services to businesses operate in the city. The system of public education is represented by universities, academies, institutes, colleges training specialists for different fields of industry, agriculture, business, science, and culture.

The Chelyabinsk Region boasts of 3 concert companies and 12 theatres. Amongst these there are well-recognized in Russia and abroad Chelyabinsk Academic Drama, Chelyabinsk Ballet and Opera House, Drama Chamber Theatre, Russian folk instruments orchestra “Malakhit”, and the Chamber M usic and Organ Hall.

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Прочитайте краткую информацию о городах Челябинской области. Используйте ее при составлении рассказа об экономике Вашего родного города.

CITIES AND TOWNS IN THE CHELYABINSK REGION

o Asha

o Bakal

o Chebarkul

o Karabash

o Kartaly o Kasli

o Katav-Ivanovsk o Kopeysk

o Korkino o Kusa

o Kyshtym

o Magnitogorsk o Miass

o Minyar

o Nyazepetrovsk o Ozyorsk

o Plast

o Satka

o Sim

o Snezhinsk o Troitsk

o Tryokhgorny o Ust-Katav

o Verhny Ufaley

o Verkhneuralsk

o Yemanzhelinsk o Yuruzan

o Yuzhnouralsk o Zlatoust

ASHA (administrative centre)

Asha is located in the western part of the region where it borders the Republic of Bashkortostan. It was founded late in the 19th century. It is famous for its metallurgic and timber factories. At the moment, a modern tourism complex for mountain skiing and recreation is being constructed in the suburbs of Asha, on the picturesque flank of the Adzhigardak mountains.

BAKAL

Bakal is a mining town. It is known as the center of the Bakal iron-ore deposits. Iron-ore has been mined here for two and a half centuries. There are few deposits in the world that are so rich in iron and other metals.

CHEBARKUL (administrative centre)

Chebarkul fortress was founded in 1736 on the bank of the Chebarkul Lake. Although there are industrial enterprises in the town it is the center of the region’s recreation area named Chelyabinsk Country of Health, located on the banks of Lake Kisegach and Lake Elovoe.

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KARABASH

The history of the town goes back as far as 1822 when miners started washing gold on the Sak-Elga river. After rich deposits of copper ore were identified, a modern copper-smelting plant was constructed in 1911. The decades of copper ore extraction and non-ferrous metal smelting resulted in the fact that Karabash was declared a hazardous environmental centre.

KARTALY (administrative centre)

Kartaly is a town of railroad workers. It is located in the southern part of the region at the crossroads of transport routes connecting the Middle Urals with the Orenburg Region and Central Russia with Kazakhstan.

KASLI (administrative centre)

In 1747 Mr. Korobkov, a merchant from Tula, set up the Kaslinsk Iron Mining Factory. Today the town is famous for the unique art of ornamental casting and its reputation is known far beyond Russia.

KATAV-IVANOVSK (administrative centre)

Katav-Ivanovsk in one of the oldest towns in the mining area of the Chelyabinsk region, founded in 1756. In the past the Katav-Ivanovsk factory was famous for production of high quality iron. Once railroad construction was launched, it started manufacturing rails.

KOPEYSK

Kopeysk used to be a mining village named Chelyabinskie Kopi founded early in the 20th century. The city is home to mining machinery manufacturing, plastics manufacturing and other factories.

KORKINO

Korkino is a mining town. Around 50% of coal extracted on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region is extracted here. Today the Korkino open-pit coal mine is the deepest in the world. It is a huge funnel with a diameter of around three kilometers.

KUSA (administrative centre)

In the second part of the 18th century industrialist M.L. Luginin set up the Kusinsk cast iron smelter. Today the competition between citizens of Kusa and citizens of Kasli in the field of ornamental iron casting is still going on.

KYSHTYM

In 1755 Nikita Demidov set up two factories on the bank of the Kyshtymka River

– a cast iron smelter and an iron mining factory. T oday goods produced by the factories under the brand Russky Sobol are known all over the world. The town is home to Kyshtym Copper Electrolytic Factory.

MAGNITOGORSK

Magnitnaya Fortress was the first fortress constructed on the upper part of the Urals. Two hundred years afterwards, in 1929, construction of huge factory was launched at the foothills of Magnitnaya Mountain. Today Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works is one of the major factories in Russian metallurgic industry. Magnitogorsk is the region’s second most populated city.

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MIASS

In 1773 merchant L.I. Luginin set up Miass Copper-Smelting Factory which gave rise to the future city. Once gold was discovered in the Miass Valley the city became the centre of gold-mining industry. Modern Miass is home to Makeev’s State Rocket Centre, the Ural Automobile Plant that produces Ural off-road vehicles and motorcycles, and other large industrial companies.

MINYAR

Minyar is a town in the Asha district. Construction of the town was started after an iron mining factory was set up on the bank of the Minyar river in 1784. Today the factory produces high quality iron products.

NYAZEPETROVSK (administrative centre)

Nyazepetrovsk was founded on the bank of the Nyazya river in 1747. The original iron factory became a machine building factory in the 20th century.

OZYORSK(closed town)

Ozyorsk is one of the youngest towns in the region. Is was founded on the bank of Lake Irtyash in 1945. Earlier it was known as Atomgrad (0r Chelyabisnk-40). The town is famous for its Mayak plant that produced warheads for the first nuclear bombs and for the distinguished scientist I.V. Kurchatov that participated in the uranium project.

PLAST

Plast is the center of the famous Kochkar Goldfields and for this reason is often called Zlatograd (Gold Town). The town was founded in 1845. Today there are deep mines on the territory of the town, producing gold and arsenic using modern technologies.

SATKA (administrative centre)

Troitse Satkinsky Iron Mining Factory was founded in 1758 and is still operating today on the Bakal mines. The factory was set up by the first Russian industrialists, the Stroganovs. Magnesite deposits have been identified in Satka. There are only three places all over the world that have deposits of this mineral. Today Magnezit factory produces refractory goods for many foreign countries.

SIM

Sim Iron Mining Factory was built on the bank of the Sim mountain river in 1759, in 1919 the factory was reconstructed and renamed Mechanical Plant. Sim used to be the center of the Sim mountain district; today it is a town in the Asha district.

SNEZINSK (closed town)

Snezhinsk is one of the youngest towns in the Chelyabinsk region, and until recently was named Chelyabinsk-70. It is located on the picturesque Sinara Lake. All-Russia R&D Institute of Applied Physics, which is the Russian Federal Nuclear Center, is the major enterprise on the territory of Snezhinsk. Russia’s nuclear shield was developed here. Today the history of nuclear weapons is represented in the town’s unique museum of nuclear weapons.

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TROITSK (administrative centre)

Troitsk is one of the oldest towns in the Chelyabinsk region. Troitsk fortress was founded in 1743 and was granted the status of a town in 1784 when it started acting as the “trade gates” to Asia. Today Troitsk is famous for its industrial and energy companies as well as for being an important customs station on the border between Russia and Kazakhstan.

TRYOKHGORNY (closed town)

Tryokhgorny is one of the youngest towns in the Chelyabinsk region, located on the bank of the Yuryuzan river not far from Yuryuzan ancient town. Today this closed town is a centre of mountain skiing and recreation. An international hotel complex is being built on the flank of the Zayjalikha mountain.

UST-KATAV (administrative centre)

The history of Ust-Katav goes back as far as 1758 when a sawmill was constructed here. It produced wooden boats to deliver iron and iron goods to other cities and towns along the Yuryuzan River and further on. The Ust-Katav factory produced iron for more than 140 years, then it started manufacturing railroad wagons. Today modern trams produced in Ust-Katav serve dozens of Russian cities and towns.

VERHNY UFALEY

Verhny Ufaley was a village that was founded near an iron mining factory in 1761. As the region is rich in ores, a nickel plant was set up here in the 20th century. Today it is one of the major nickel producers in Russia.

VERKHNEURALSK (administrative centre)

Verkhneuralsk is the oldest town on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region. It was founded in 1735. The town is located on the bank of the Ural River. Verkhneuralsk used to be one of the troop centers of the Orenburg Cossacks. The city is famous for its historical and cultural artifacts.

YEMANZHELINSK

Yemanzhelinsk is a coal-mining town, located in the southern-most point of the Chelyabinsk coalfield. One of the largest cement factories in Ural is also located here.

YURYUZAN

Yuryuzan is located in the Katav-Ivanovsk district of the Chelyabinsk region. The Yuryuzan-Ivanovsk Iron Mining Factory was built here by the famous Ural industrialists I.B. Tverdyshev and I.S. Myasnikov. Today the town is a center of machine building and power industry firms.

YUZHNOURALSK

Yuzhnouralsk is a young town that was founded on the Uvelka river near the Yuzhnouralsk GRES. The town’s factories produce Yuzhnouralsk porcelain, insulants and goods used in radio industry that are sold all over the country.

ZLATOUST

Zlatoust is the oldest city in the mining area of the region. It was a village that was founded near Kosotursk Iron Mining Factory in 1754. The city is known all over the world for its bulat steel, the first steel guns and the unique steel engraving.

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Today Zlatoust is a modern center of metallurgy and machine building. The city ranks third in the region in terms of population.

2.2.2. Вопросы по теме

Ответьте на вопросы:

1)Where are you from?

2)Where is your native town situated?

3)What is the territory of it?

4)What are the names of the neighbouring cities and towns?

5)How far is it from Chelyabinsk?

6)What is its population?

7)When was your native town founded?

8)Is it old or young as compared to other towns in the region?

9)What do you know about the history of your native town?

10)What natural resources are there?

11)Are there any rivers and lakes in / near the town?

12)What economic sectors are the capital and manpower concentrated in?

13)What are the key industries in your native town?

14)Can you name the most important enterprises?

15)What kinds of products are manufactured there?

16)What do you know about the economic links of the town with other countries?

17)What products does it export / import?

18)Are there any social problems in the town?

19)Is the unemployment rate high or low?

20)What can you say about its service sector?

21)Is the transport system well-developed there?

22)What is the system of public education represented by?

23)What can you say about the cultural life in your native town?

2.3.Грамматика

2.3.1.The Verb. Глагол.

1. Классификация глаголов

По своему значению и выполняемой в предложении роли, глаголы делятся на смысловые, вспомогательные, глаголы-связки и модальные глаголы.

1) Смысловые глаголы выражают действие, процесс или состояние и могут употребляться в роли простого сказуемого или части составного глагольного сказуемого.

I study at the institute. – Я учусь в институте.

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2) Вспомогательные глаголы не имеют самостоятельного значения и служат для образования сложных глагольных форм. К ним относятся: to be,

to have, to do, shall (should), will (would).

I do not know this word. – Я не знаю это слово.

3) Глаголы-связки служат для образования составного именного сказуемого. Они не выражают действия, а служат для связи подлежащего со смысловой частью сказуемого и показывают лицо, число и время. Основным глаголом-связкой является глагол to be (быть). Кроме того, функцию связки могут выполнять глаголы: to become, to get, to grow, to turn (все в значении «становиться»), to look (в значении «выглядеть») и некоторые другие.

He is a student. – Он - студент. (Он является студентом) She looks fine. – Она выглядит превосходно.

He turned pale. – Он побледнел.

4) Модальные глаголы выражают не само действие, а отношение говорящего к действию. Они употребляются с инфинитивом смыслового глагола и показывают возможность, вероятность, необходимость, желательность совершения действия, выраженного инфинитивом. К ним относятся: can (могу, умею), may (могу, имею разрешение), must (должен), need (нужно), should (следует) и др.

I can help you. – Я могу помочь тебе

2.Личные и неличные формы глагола

Ванглийском языке различают личные и неличные формы глагола. Личные формы глагола употребляются в предложении в функции

сказуемого и выражают следующие категории:

∙лицо: 1-е (I, we), 2-е (you), 3-е (he, she, it, they);

∙число: единственное и множественное;

∙время: настоящее (Present), прошедшее (Past), будущее (Future), «будущее в прошедшем» (Future-in-the-Past);

∙вид/форма: неопределенный (Simple/Indefinite), длительный

(Continuous/Progressive), совершенный (Perfect), совершенно-длительный (Perfect Continuous);

∙залог: действительный (Active), страдательный (Passive);

∙наклонение: изъявительное (Indicative), повелительное (Imperative),

сослагательное (Subjunctive).

Неличные формы глагола не имеют категорий лица, числа, времени и наклонения. Лишь некоторые из них выражают вид и залог. Они не употребляются в функции простого сказуемого предложения, но могут входить в состав составного сказуемого, а также могут выступать в функции почти всех остальных членов предложения. К ним относятся:

∙Инфинитив (Infinitive)

∙Причастия (Participle) I и II

∙Герундий (Gerund)

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3.Основные формы глагола

Ванглийском языке имеются всего четыре простые глагольные формы (все остальные формы – сложные, так как образуются с помощью вспомогательных глаголов). Их нужно обязательно знать, поскольку они используются и для образования всех сложных форм.

4. Правильные и неправильные глаголы

По способу образования второй и третьей формы все глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные.

У правильных глаголов эти формы совпадают и образуются путем прибавления окончания -ed к форме инфинитива, например:

to work – worked – worked

Неправильными глаголами называются те, которые образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами. К ним относятся самые употребительные глаголы, поэтому их необходимо заучивать. Формы наиболее часто встречающихся глаголов даны в «Таблице неправильных глаголов», например:

to speak – spoke – spoken

Таблица неправильных глаголов

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5. Глагол «to be»

Глагол to be является многофункциональным и, следовательно, одним из наиболее часто используемых английских глаголов. Этот глагол – неправильный, его формы нужно знать наизусть.

Глагол to be выражает состояние или местонахождение лица или предмета и соответствует русским глаголам быть, являться, находиться. В настоящем времени при переводе на русский язык он в большинстве случаев опускается.

He is a manager. – Он – менеджер.

Для образования вопросительной формы в настоящем и прошедшем времени формы глагола to be ставятся перед подлежащим.

Is she a secretary? – Она секретарь?

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после глагола.

I am not busy. – Я не занят.

5.1. Функции глагола to be

Чтобы определить функцию глагола to be, нужно определить, какая часть речи употребляется после него:

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