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294
Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
electrochemical deposition, coprecipitation, phytochemical, sonochemical,
instrumentation, high heat generation, high energy consumption, time
15
9.4 BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR SYNTHESIS
16
adsorb contaminants in comparison to other traditional approaches have
been extensively studied.
17
18
On the
19
Biomaterials such as
-
-
many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms producing NM through extra-
cellular or intracellular processes.
16
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Principal Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in the Biomedical Field
295
using bacteria because bacteria are prevalent in the environment, can adapt
to harsh conditions, reproduce and develop quickly, are inexpensive to
cultivate, and are simple to handle, so they can be used as green precursors
incubation time, and oxygenation, can be easily controlled. Bacteria are
nanoparticles as an alternative to chemical and physical methods have
increased enormously as an emerging research area in green nanotech-
nology.
16
-
18
A
-
isms such as yeasts and molds.
16
-
18
FIGURE 9.1
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
16
greater than a micrometer. Microalgae have attracted much attention due
16
agents.
17
20
Plant-mediated
-
20
21
21
21
diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, aging, cardiovascular
-
21
22
In this report the AuNPs
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Principal Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in the Biomedical Field
297
TABLE 9.1
Source Nanoparticle
synthesized with size
Applications Reference
Plants
Mentha piperata
Gold (90 nm) Antibacterial activity 23
Leplaea
mayombensis
Gold (62 nm) Antibacterial activity 24
Gold (31.5 nm) Electrochemical current
enhancer
25
Magnifera indica
Gold (10–60) Antioxidant,
chemotherapeutic
26
Garcinia
mangostana
Gold (5.25 nm) 27
Gymnocladus
assamicus
Gold (4–22 nm) Catalytic activity 28
Champia parvula
Gold (20 nm) Antioxidant activity and
anticancer activity
29
Tecomaria capensis
Gold (10–35 nm) Photocatalytic, anti-
cancer, and antioxidant
activities
30
Garcinia indica
Gold (20–30 nm)
antioxidant activity and
photocatalytic activity
31
Bacteria
Rhodopseudomonas
capsulate
Gold (10–20 nm) 32
Bacillus
licheniformis
Gold (10–100 nm) 33
Sargassum wightii
Gold (8–10 nm) 34
Fungus
Fusarium
oxysporum
Gold (20–40 nm) 35
Yarrowia lipolytica
Gold (9–27 nm) 36
Candida albicans
Gold (20–40 nm) Cytotoxic potential,
Fluorescence
spectroscopy
37
Cylindrocladium
floridanum
Gold (19.5 nm) Homogeneous catalytic
4-nitrophenol
38
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
9.5 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLE
-
-
FIGURE 9.2 AuNPs and their various biomedical applications.
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most common: stomach cancer, lung cancer , breast cancer , colorectal cancer,
40
Due to their
41,42
Common cancer treatment methods include
chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, and hormone therapy,
43
Recently, nanotechnology-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches
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Major advancements
-
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Principal Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in the Biomedical Field
299
engineering, and medicine.
45
46
47
48
that has been elevated, cancer cells have an aberrant membrane structure.
49
or cancer patients. In another study,
50,51
(Genipa americana L.
their inhibitory activity against human glioma cell line LN-229 and human
cells.
52
Another bacteria that is Streptomyces griseus
53
Cladosporium
54
As plants
55
author
activity against human breast cancer (MCF-7) and liver cell-lines (HePG-2)
56
57
-
cally shaped AuNPs.
58
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
TABLE 9.2
Biomaterial Size Shape Cell line References
Enterococcus sp.
(marine bacteria)
6–13 nm Spherical HepG2 and A549 58
Endophytic
Cladosporium sp.
5–10 nm Hexagonal MCF-7 53
Marine bacterium
Vibrio alginolyticus
(microorganisms)
50–100 nm Monodispersed
carcinoma cell line
(HCA-7)
59
Backhousia citriodora
(B. citriodora)
8.40 nm spherical MCF-7 breast cancer
cell line and the HepG2
liver cancer cell line
60
Musa paradisiaca
(banana)
30 nm Spherical 61
Acalypha indica
20–30 nm Spherical
MDA-MB-231
62
Cajanus cajan (Seed
coat)
9–41 nm Spherical 63
Couroupita guianensis
7–48 nm Polydispersed,
spherical,
triangular
64
Hibiscus sabdariffa
10–60 nm Spherical 65
medication delivery systems.
66,67
-
ments. Moreover, by employing H-bonding, covalent bonds, and electrostatic
drugs and active biomolecules. Additionally, it is simple to load various
68,69
drug delivery are to direct the manage drug release to avoid the overdosing
68
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Principal Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in the Biomedical Field
301
combination, in addition to improving biocompatibility and reducing adverse
-
70
71,72
By using
internal or external signals, AuNPs can deliver drugs to their targets and
control their release.
71
When using AuNPs to deliver therapeutic compounds
targeting, NPs or medications build up at a particular spot due to pharma-
73
According to the study, combining
-
provide several advantages. Comparing nanodelivery technologies to more
conventional drug administration techniques reveals certain advantages. For
make excellent drug delivery vehicles. Numerous experiments have been
74
75,76
Additionally,
-
77
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
78
5 and 50 nm.
79
Additionally, doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer medication,
80
Noble metal nanostructures are becoming increasingly popular due to their
in intense light scattering and absorption. Noble MNPs optical and photo-
resonance (LSPR).
81
-
82
close responses, noninvasiveness, and high precision, biological imaging
imaging produces high-resolution images. Nanotechnology advancements
these techniques.
83
contrast agents and imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
84
Furthermore, due to the
-
tion, and treatment selection.
85
purpose due to its high loading capacity and multiple applicability." Kindly
correct it.
86
Nanoparticles react in vivo diversely than other imaging agents
and therapies because they are larger than proteins but tinier than cells.
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Principal Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in the Biomedical Field
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imaging applications.
87
-
83
AuNPs.
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90
AuNPs have long been thought to be excellent photoacoustic contrast
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tion and increasing imaging intensity.
91
milliliter could be observed.
92
93,94
95
96
97
AuNPs have a high imaging capability.
98
99
-
100–103
Due to the
vitro and in vivo imaging.
104,105
microscopic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and X-ray computed
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