Prehistoric medicine is highly circumstantial, varying based on location and the people involved (Winkelman and Theory 2022). As a result, it represents different levels of societal development according to the period being studied. In archaeology, the study of medicine focused on various techniques such as observing illnesses in the remains of human beings, analyzing plant remnants, and conducting archaeological sites to expose ancient healthcare applications. During this ancient time, people likely combined natural and supernatural methods to treat conditions and diseases (Brown, McIlwraith etal. 2020). While there was no formal research, trial and error played a role. However, due to the lack of antiseptics, proper facilities, and an ignorance of the role of germs, even minor injuries like cuts, bruises, and broken bones could become serious if infected. Additionally, evidence recommends that conditions like osteoarthritis, rickets, and bone deformities existed, likely inuenced by factors such as heavy lifting and malnutrition. Life expectancy was low, with women frequently dying in childbirth. Evidence from prehistoric burial practices suggests some knowledge of bone structure, but public health concepts were likely absent. Interestingly, Neanderthal tombs in Iraq dating back around 60,000 years contain pollen and ower fragments from numerous medicinal plants, highlighting the ancient origins of herbal medicine (Izah, Ogidi etal. 2024). For example, the Neanderthal burial site “Shanidar IV” in northern Iraq revealed the pollen from seven plant species which are still used as herbal remedies (Chazan 2021). Researchers believe that the rodent, Meriones tersicus, played a signicant role in transporting pollen to its current location. This nding underscores the Neanderthals’ knowledge of herbal medicine, as they utilized plants like Ephedra, Centaurea, Senecio, Althea, and Achillea for health purposes (Hunt, Pomeroy etal. 2023). This implies that herbal remedies were widely used during that era.