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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5643_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
474 Index
imaging techniques, 6
layer- by- layer, 9
manufacturing standardization, 386
safety concerns, 386
stability, 5
synthesis, 243–250
biosynthesis, 249–250
chemical methods, 243–246
mechanical techniques, 250
physical methods, 246–249
types, 305–306, 306, 306
Nano- QSAR, 424–425
Nanospheres, 218, 240, 335, 350–351, 351, 460
selenium PLGA, 195, 197
tyroSpheresTM, 191
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), 9, 174
Nanosuspension, 369
Nanotechnology, 2, 6–9, 188–189, 395–396
advantages, 228–229
applications, 11, 11, 213–232
challenges and limitations, 229–230
delivery systems, 4–5
formulation of herbal products, 173–177
future prospects and trends, 231
innovative applications, 218–228
integration, 67
phytochemical delivery, 75–78, 76
targeted drug delivery systems, 77, 77–78
types, 215–218, 216–217; see also nanomedicines;
phytonanomedicines
Nanotoxicological Classication System (NCS), 427–428
Nanotoxicology assessment, 419–427
advanced analytical tools, 424
genetic approaches, 425
grouping/read- across technique, 425
immunotoxicity assays, 425
nano- informatics database, 426
nano- QSAR, 424–425
systems toxicology, 425–426
in vitro carcinogenicity assessment with transformed
cells, 425–426
in vitro models, 421–422
in vivo assays, 422–424
Nanotubes, 218; see also carbon nanotubes (CNT)
Natural Health Products (NHPs), 442
Natural Health Products Regulations (NHPR), 442
Neanderthals, 20
Neem, 95
biopesticides, 463
nano- formulations, 413
Western merchants and, 463
Nerium oleander, 101
Nervous system activity of medicinal plants, 131–132
Neurodegenerative diseases, 105–106, 106
phytonanomedicines, 195–196, 197
Neurological diseases, 131–132, 287–301
adjunctive therapy, 296–299
case studies, 299
clinical applications, 299
future directions and challenges, 299–300
nanomedicine, 225–226
neurogenesis, 294–295
oxidative stress, 291–294
scope, 288–289
synaptic plasticity, 295, 296
Neutrophils, 103
Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, 82
Niosomes, 9, 241
Nitrogen- containing compounds, 95, 97
NLC, see nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)
Norisoprenoids, 95
Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), 183, 331–341
approaches, 332–333
controlled- release formulations, 334–335
emulsions, 337
ethosomes, 337–338
future opportunities and challenges, 339–341
liposomes, 335
microspheres, 336–337
mouth- dissolving tablets, 334
nanoparticles, 335
niosomes, 336
overview, 331–332
phytosomes, 335
potential of, 333–334
proniosomes, 336
transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS), 336
types, 9, 10
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 58–61
one- dimensional, 59
phytochemical chemicals, 60–61
two- dimensional, 59–60
O
Ocimum sanctum, 101, 318, 369, 403–404
Ofce of Alternative Medicine (OAM), 441
Omics technologies, 182–183
‘Omics’ technologies, 426
Oral delivery systems, 332
Organogels, 9
Ostwald ripening, 8
Otzi, 20
P
Paclitaxel, 78–79
Pain, 156
Palladium nanoparticles (PdNP), 200
Papyrus Ebers, 22
Participatory research, 451
Particle size, 38
Particle size analyzer, 251
Pathya, 446
Personalized herbal formulations, 177
Personalized herbal therapy, 453
pH of extraction medium, 39
Phagocyte, 103
Pharmacodynamics, 276–277
Pharmacogenomics, 149–150
Pharmacognosy, 65, 181
development, 65
molecular, 147
Pharmacokinetics, 276–277
Pharmacovigilance, 14–15
Phenolic acids, 168, 168, 170
Index 475
Phenolic compounds
GC- MS, 52
HPLC, 49
LC- MS, 55
Photon correlation spectroscopy, 252
Physical methods for nanoparticles synthesis, 246–249
electron beam evaporation (EBE), 247
electrospraying, 248–249
ame spray process (FSP), 248
high- energy ball milling process, 246
inert gas condensation (IGC), 247–248
laser ablation (LA), 247
laser pyrolysis, 248
melt mixing, 247
nanolithography, 248
physical vapor deposition (PVD), 246
pulse laser deposition (PLD), 247
pyrolysis, 246–247
Physical vapor deposition (PVD), 246
Phytochemicals, 167–170, 168, 168; see also alkaloids;
avonoids; glycosides; phenolic acids; saponins;
tannins; terpenoids
Phytomedicine, see herbal medicine
Phytonanomedicines, 189–198
cancers, 190–192, 192
cardiovascular diseases (CVD), 196–198, 198
dened, 189
diabetes mellitus (DM), 193–194, 194
neurodegenerative diseases, 195–196, 197; see also
nanomedicines
Phytophyllotoxin, 92
Phytosomes, 9, 241
novel drug delivery systems, 335
targeted delivery systems, 351, 353–354
Phytosterols, 95
α-Pinene, 95, 96, 97
Piperine, 97, 99, 99, 190, 196, 379
P.J. Margo Private Ltd., 463
Plant- based drug discovery, 65–82
bioactive compounds, 66–67
bioassay- guided fractionation, 66, 70
biotechnology, 73–75, 82
case studies, 78–79
challenges and limitations, 79–81
complexity of plant extracts, 79
variability in chemical composition, 79–80
chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, 70–71
emerging trends, 81
ethnobotanical approaches, 66–68
genomics, 66, 73, 82
historical context, 65–66
integrating traditional knowledge and modern science,
81–82
metabolomics, 66, 71–73
nanotechnology, 67, 75–78
phytochemical techniques, 66, 68–69; see also herbal
drug discovery
Plant disease management, 199–201
copper nanoparticles (CuNP), 201
iron nanoparticles (FeNP), 201
palladium nanoparticles (PdNP), 200
RNA interference (RNAi), 204
selenium nanoparticles (SeNP), 201
titanium nanoparticles (TiNP), 200–201
zinc nanoparticles (ZnNP), 200
Plant variability, 39
Pluronics, 9
Podophyllum emodi, 92
Polycaprolactone (PCL), 9
Poly(e- caprolactone) (PCL), 9
Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 9
Polygonum bistorta, 101
Poly(lactide- co- glycolide) (PLGA), 9
Poly(lactide) (PLA), 9
Polymers, 6, 9
nanoparticles, 240, 266–268
Polyol synthesis, 245
Polyphenols, 106
in culinary herbs, 60
NMR spectroscopy, 60
Polyterpenes, 95
Post- market surveillance, 449
Premarket approval (PMA), 448–449
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), 45–46
method, 46
parts, 45–46
working principle, 45
Primary metabolites, 92
Proniosomes, 241, 336
Pulse laser deposition (PLD), 247
Pyrexia, 134
Pyrolysis, 246–247
Q
Quality control, 29, 230
herbal formulations, 177–179, 230
nanocarrier formulations, 278–279
Quantum dots, 216, 396
Quartz crystal microbalance- dissipation monitoring
(QCM- D), 424
Quercetin, 13, 66, 76, 78, 169, 194–196, 225, 340, 379, 403
anticancer mechanisms, 105
in liposomes, 78, 278
reducing oxidative stress (OS), 406
Quinine, 20, 66–67, 79, 97, 99, 99, 100, 155, 167
R
Randia dumetorum, 101
Rauvola serpentina, 60, 149
Rauwola serpentina, 92
Reference standards, 178
Regulation, 230, 440–454
agencies, 441–447, 447
approval process, 448–449, 450
challenges and opportunities, 453, 461
diverse standards, 449–450
implications, 453–454
integration, 451–452
international collaboration, 450
personalized herbal therapy, 453
and safety, 29
scientic advancements, 450–451
sustainable and ethical sourcing, 454
technology, 452–453
476 Index
Regulatory hurdles, 181–182
herbal drug discovery, 156–158
Resveratrol, 73, 106
Retapamulin, 109
Rhinacanthus nasutus, 102
Rhizobia, 93
Risk communication, 30
RNA interference (RNAi), 204
Romanian Pharmacopoeia (RPh), 4
Romans, 21, 24
Rosemary, 21
Rosy periwinkle, see Catharanthus roseus
S
Safety assessment, 305–323
analytical techniques, 313–315
carcinogenicity studies, 310
case studies, 320–322
chronic toxicity studies, 310
clinical, 310–313
ethical considerations, 322–323
innformed consent, 322–323
nanotoxicological research, 322
preclinical, 307–308
regulatory frameworks, 315–317
risk mitigation strategies, 317–319
toxicological proling, 309–310
Safety issue, 230
Safety monitoring, 30
Saponins, 60, 69, 95, 96, 97, 105, 108, 126, 136, 168,
168, 169, 170, 172, 239, 250
Sarkar, I.N., 460
Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 252
Scientic advancements, 450–451
Secondary metabolites (SM), 89, 92
Selaginella lepidophylla, 101
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNP), 201
Sephadex LH, 20, 70
Serpentine, 92
Sertürner, Friedrich, 79
Sesquarterpenes, 95
Sesquiterpenes, 49, 54, 60, 95, 125
Sesterterpenes, 95
Shang dynasty, 23
Shanidar IV, 20
Sharma, V., 460
Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, 2, 23
Siddha, 5, 90–91, 368
Silica gel chromatography, 70
Silphium, 462
SLN, see solid lipid nanoparticles
Sol- gel method, 243–244
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), 7, 9, 217, 461
biocompatibility, 461
herbal formulations, 174
physiological lipids, 7
surface modication, 7
Solubility, 37
Solvent, 68, 170
menstruum, 38
polar, 38
properties, 38
volume- to- raw material ratio, 39
Soranus, 24
Spinning, 244
Splenocytes, 102
Spray drying, 175
St. John’s Wort, 23
Standardization, 230, 386
bioactive compounds, 61–62
extraction methods, 453
herbal extracts, 175–176
herbal formulations, 177–179, 230
advances, 181
challenges, 180–181
nanocarrier formulations, 278–279
State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (SPRF), 3
Steroids, 95
Subcritical water extraction (SWE), 47–48
parts, 47
process, 47–48
working principle, 47
Sugars, solubility, 37
Sumerians, 22
Supercritical uid extraction (SFE), 40–41, 47, 68, 171
applications, 41
parts, 40
process, 41
working principle, 40
Supermolecules, 14
Surface area analysis, 251
Surface plasmon resonance, 253
Sushruta, 23
Sushruta Samhita, 23
Sustainable and ethical sourcing, 454
Swertia chirata, 7
Synergistic formulations, 176
Synthesis of nanoparticles, 243–250
biosynthesis, 249–250
chemical, 243–246
chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 245–246
electrochemical, 245
hydrothermal, 244–245
microemulsion, 244
polyol, 245
sol- gel method, 243–244
spinning, 244
thermal decomposition, 245
mechanical, 250
physical
electron beam evaporation (EBE), 247
electrospraying, 248–249
ame spray process (FSP), 248
high- energy ball milling process, 246
inert gas condensation (IGC), 247–248
laser ablation (LA), 247
laser pyrolysis, 248
melt mixing, 247
nanolithography, 248
physical vapor deposition (PVD), 246
pulse laser deposition (PLD), 247
pyrolysis, 246–247
Synthetic biology, 459–460
Index 477
Syringic acid, 93–94
Systems toxicology, 426
T
Tang dynasty, 23
Tannins, 27, 49, 52, 60, 93–94, 106–107, 129, 168, 168,
169, 239, 409
Targeted delivery and controlled release, 275–276
Targeted delivery systems, 228, 345–359
antibody drug conjugates, 356
aptamers, 355–358, 357
carbon nanotubes (CNT), 351, 353
carriers systems, 349–356
communicable diseases, 358
dendrimers, 351, 352–353
DNA nanostructures/origami, 351, 354–355
ligand- receptor mediated targeting, 356
liposomes, 349–350, 351
micelles, 351, 352
microspheres and micropellets, 355
non- communicable diseases, 358–359
phytosomes, 351, 353–354
polymeric nanoparticles, 350–352, 351
rise of, 348–349
stimuli- responsive delivery systems, 358
strategies and mechanisms, 355–359
Taxol, 73
Temperature, 39
Terminalia chebula, 101
Terpenoids, 94, 168, 168, 169
biological activities and herbal source, 97
categorization, 95
chemical structures, 96
GC- MS analysis, 53
HPLC, 49
LC- MS, 54
NMR spectroscopy, 60
synthesis of, 92
Tetraterpenes, 95
Theophrastus, 25, 91
Thermal decomposition, 245
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 252
Third Dynasty of Ur, 22
Thymol crystal, 7
Time, extraction, 39
Tinospora cordifolia, 7
Tissue culture, 73–74
Titanium nanoparticles (TiNP), 200–201
T- lymphocytes, 102–103
Toxicity, 229–230
Traceability, 453
Trade Related Intellectual Property Systems (TRIPS), 462
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 23, 26, 91,
444–445
regulatory approaches, 445
Traditional knowledge, 450–451
modern research and, 450–451
recognizing value of, 451
Traditional medicines, 448
Transdermal delivery systems, 332
Transethosomes, 8–9
Transferosomes, 8, 242, 337–338
Translation of herbals, 25
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 252–253
Treatise on Cold Damage, 23
Tribulus terrestris, 7
TRIPS, see Trade Related Intellectual Property Systems
Tripterygium wilfordii, 102
Triterpenes, 95, 105, 124
Turmeric, 21
Type 1 diabetes, 108
Type 2 diabetes, 108
U
Ultra- high- performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), 50
Ultrasonic extraction, 171–172
Ultrasound- assisted extraction (UAE), 43–44, 69
methods, 44
parts, 44
working principle, 43–44
Unani, 5, 19, 90–91, 148, 368, 381
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), 3
Urtica diocia, 101
UV- visible spectroscopy, 253
V
Variable chemical makeup, 79–80, 179–180
Vinblastine, 462
Vincamine, 97, 99, 99
Vincristin, 462
Vincristine, 462
Viral diseases/infections, 106–107
antiviral activity of medicinal plants, 127, 128
Virtual screening, 459
Viscum coloratum, 102
Vitro culture, see tissue culture
W
Water, 38
Withania somnifera, 101, 105, 136, 149
World Health Organization (WHO), 1–2, 19, 446–447
global herbal market, 27
guidelines, 447
X
Xanthium strumarium, 101
X- ray diffraction (XRD), 253
Y
Yellow Emperor, 23
Z
Zajtchuk, R., 459
Zeta potential, 251–252
Zhang Zhong Jing, 23
Zinc nanoparticles (ZnNP), 200
Ziziphora tenuior, 101