However, despite the relatively signicant prevalence of SUD in women of reproductive age, there are still limited data to draw denitive conclusions on the impact of SUDs on pregnancy, foetal and postpartum outcomes, including insights on the short- and long-term impact of a foetal and/or neonatal exposure to sub­stances of abuse. Furthermore, the situation could be complicated by the type of the clinical population under investigation, as pregnant women may present with a comorbidity of a pre-existing and/or a subclinical psychiatric condition, reported in up to 60–72% of cases among SUD individuals; this could act as a confounding variable when interpreting clinical data on pregnancy and foetal outcomes (SAMHSA 2020). In addition, a comorbid psychiatric condition has been associ­ated with a high risk for polysubstance consumption (Kandel etal. 2001). On the other hand, SUDs could be a direct or indirect consequence of a previous and/or a current history of a physical/sexual abuse, as a sort of coping strategy to manage negative affective situations or to normalize dysregulated emotional states. The abovementioned concurrent conditions could also determine detrimental foetal and/ or neonatal outcomes, by acting as confounder determinants as well. Beyond the concurrent mental conditions, in the management of a pregnant/puerperal woman clinicians should also evaluate the potential psychological consequences for the newborn in being exposed to a nursing SUD woman (e.g., poor parenting, failure to thrive, child neglect, child abuse, abandonment and so forth).