Добавил:
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5238_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Скачиваний:
0
Добавлен:
15.09.2026
Размер:
15 Мб
Скачать
☆
9 Antipsychotics During Lactation
to preventing relapse and minimizing psychiatric morbidity. Therefore, forgoing breastfeeding may be in the best interest of the mother-infant dyad. Clinicians should be aware of the potential psychological distress and maternal guilt surround­ing such feeding decisions, and stress the overarching clinical principle that mater­nal well-being supports infant well-being.
251
9.6.4 Maternal andInfant Monitoring
Maternal monitoring should include evaluation of psychiatric symptoms, medica­tion side effects, and impact on milk supply. For infants, standardized monitoring protocols remain absent. Routine and regular pediatric assessments for growth, developmental milestones, feeding patterns, alertness, sleep, and behavior are rec­ommended. Any change in the infant’s behavior from baseline should be investi­gated further. If a medication exposure is suspected of causing an adverse effect, temporarily suspending breastfeeding allows for evaluation. In a clinical scenario of a mother breastfeeding on an SGA with no to minimal safety data, close monitoring is recommended.
Measuring drug levels in the breastfeeding baby is generally not recommended since in most instances, antipsychotic levels are low or non-detectable in the infant serum. However, if there is a meaningful change in the infant’s behavior (e.g., seda­tion, irritability, feeding problems), an infant’s serum level may be helpful.
It is also important for the treating psychiatrist and the infant’s pediatrician to work collaboratively in supporting the mother’s decision to breastfeed or not. Ideally, it is advisable for the mother to discuss her plans to breastfeed with her psychiatrist and pediatrician prior to delivery. Such a discussion ensures an interdisciplinary team approach that can respond nimbly with any changes in circumstances.
9.7 Resources forClinicians onMedication Safety
During Breastfeeding
Resources for clinical decision making have expanded signicantly. Breastfeeding mothers and their healthcare providers can access several comprehensive, evidence­based resources on medication safety during lactation. These highly reputable refer­ences provide up-to-date information to support informed clinical decisions. While not exhaustive, the following represent key professional resources available for consultation:
LactMed® (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922) is a free online resource maintained by the National Library of Medicine that serves as the most comprehensive and frequently updated online database for medication safety during lactation. It provides detailed information about maternal and infant drug levels, potential effects on infants, impacts on milk production, and suggested alternatives when available. There is also a free smartphone app, LactRx, designed for
252
A. C. Viguera et al.
healthcare providers and breastfeeding mothers. This app provides quick access to information about medication safety during lactation using the LactMed database in a mobile-friendly format, allowing users to search for medications and review their compatibility with breastfeeding.
MotherToBaby (https://mothertobaby.org/pregnancy- breastfeeding- exposures) is a service of the non-prot Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS) and is one of the leading authorities and most trusted source of evidence­based information on the safety of medications and other exposures during preg­nancy. MotherToBaby provides Q&A format medication fact sheets in both English and Spanish, making it an invaluable tool for patient education. These materials cover a wide range of medications and their use during both pregnancy and lacta­tion, presenting complex medical information in an accessible format. In addition, they also offer “Ask and Expert” service via live chat which offers free, personal­ized, and condential exposure information for both patients and clinicians.
The InfantRisk Call Center at the Texas Tech Health Sciences Center
https://www.infantrisk.com (1-806-352-2519; M-F 8am-3pm CST) offers cur-
rent information regarding medication safety for breastfeeding mothers. Staffed by nurses with specialized training from Drs. Hale and Krutsch, the center serves as an important free resource for both healthcare providers and patients seeking guidance on medications during lactation. Additionally, the center con­ducts ongoing research in this eld and welcomes mother volunteers who wish to participate in their studies.
Hale’s Medications & Mothers’ Milk 2025–2026 (21st Edition) by Thomas W.Hale, RPh, PhD & Kaytlin Krutsch, PhD, PharmD, MBA, BCPS is an authorita­tive textbook on medication safety during lactation, trusted by healthcare profes­sionals worldwide for years. It provides evidence-based analysis of over 1200 medications, current pharmacokinetic data and milk transfer information, clear risk categorization for clinical decision-making, and practical alternatives for high-risk medications. There is also a digital access platform available through HalesMeds.
com for real-time updates between print editions. This is a paid subscription service.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule
The FDA Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR) (https://www.fda.gov/
drugs/labeling- information- drug- products/pregnancy- and- lactation- labeling­resources) represents a signicant improvement in medication safety information
by replacing the previous A, B, C, D, X categorization system. This new approach requires that drug labels provide detailed, narrative summaries of available research addressing effects on women, fetuses, infants, and milk production, along with clin­ical considerations for minimizing exposure. While demanding more careful analy­sis from clinicians rather than offering simple categorical recommendations, the PLLR provides more accurate and nuanced guidance for clinical decision-making regarding drug use during pregnancy and lactation.
9 Antipsychotics During Lactation
253
9.8 Conclusion andFuture Directions
The overwhelming evidence, although limited, suggests that most rst-generation and second-generation antipsychotics are compatible with breastfeeding, with the notable exception of clozapine. Medication choice should be individualized based on maternal history, infant health status, mother’s preferences, clinical needs, and available lactation safety data. Throughout the decision-making process, maternal health and well-being must be prioritized while implementing appropriate measures to minimize infant exposure and thoroughly monitor infant growth and develop­ment. These objectives should not be viewed as competing priorities, but rather as interconnected elements of a comprehensive approach to care. Providers can use the risk assessment framework in this chapter to guide their clinical decisions (Table 9.1). Future research priorities should focus on systematic evaluation of newer antipsychotics, long-term neurobehavioral outcomes, and the development of standardized infant monitoring protocols. Additionally, emerging evidence suggest­ing that combination medication therapy during breastfeeding may be safer than previously believed is promising and warrants further study.
Table 9.1 Expert recommendations based on scientic evidence and clinical experience
Prioritize maternal well-being: Women who are taking an antipsychotic should not be discouraged from breastfeeding. However, sacricing a mother’s mental well-being in favor of breastfeeding is never recommended
Guidance of FGAs: Haloperidol and chlorpromazine are generally compatible with breastfeeding. Other FGAs may also be compatible but have less evidence
Guidance of SGAs: Olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone have the most safety data during lactation and appear to be reasonable choices for breastfeeding women. Clozapine should generally be avoided during breastfeeding due to risks of agranulocytosis and seizures in infants. Aripiprazole warrants careful consideration, particularly regarding its effects on prolactin and potential impacts on milk supply
Polytherapy: The co-administration of more than one antipsychotic and/or complex psychotropic regimen (>2 psychotropics) should not necessarily be discouraged during lactation, but close monitoring of infant is recommended
Risk-benet assessment: The decision to use antipsychotics during breastfeeding should be individualized, considering the mother’s psychiatric history, medication response, potential for relapse, support systems, sleep management, and infant factors (age, developmental stage, health status) and should be discussed collaboratively with a psychiatrist, physician, and the patient
Infant safety and monitoring: Infants exposed to an antipsychotic through breast milk should be carefully monitored for adverse events including any changes in infant behavior, alertness, feeding, or sleep
254
A. C. Viguera et al.

References

Aichhorn W, Stuppaeck C, Whitworth AB.Risperidone, and breast-feeding. J Psychopharmacol.
2005;19(2):211–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881105049044. Ambresin G, Berney P, Schulz P, Bryois C.Olanzapine excretion into breast milk: a case report. J Clin
Psychopharmacol. 2004;24(1):93–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jcp.0000106225.36344.58. Anderson PO, Manoguerra AS, Valdés V. A review of adverse reactions in infants from
medications in breastmilk. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016;55(3):236–44. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0009922815594586.
Aripiprazole. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006. Accessed March 22, 2025. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK501016/
Asenapine. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development; 2006. Accessed March 4, 2025. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
NBK501684/
Aydin B, Nayir T, Sahin S, Yildiz A.Olanzapine, and quetiapine use during breastfeeding: excretion
into breast milk and safe breastfeeding strategy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(2):206–8.
https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000291.
Baldessarini R, Henk H, Sklar A, Chang J, Leahy L. Psychotropic medications for patients
with bipolar disorder in the United States: polytherapy and adherence. Psychiatr Serv.
2008;59(10):1175–83. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.10.1175. Barnas C, Bergant A, Hummer M, Saria A, Fleischhacker WW. Clozapine concentrations in
maternal and fetal plasma, amniotic uid, and breast milk. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(6):945.
https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.6.945.
Begg EJ, Duffull SB, Hackett LP, Ilett KF. Studying drugs in human milk: time to unify the
approach. J Hum Lact. 2002;18(4):323–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/089033402237904. Bergemann N, Mundt C, Parzer P, etal. Plasma concentrations of estradiol in women suffering
from schizophrenia treated with conventional versus atypical antipsychotics. Schizophr Res.
2005;73(2–3):357–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.06.0135. Bray B, Karri M. Abstract #1165627: risperidone induced hyperprolactinemia levels-never
seen before. Endocr Pract. 2022;28(5, Supplement):S105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
eprac.2022.03.251.
Brexpiprazole. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006. Accessed March 4, 2025. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK500749/
Brunner E, Falk DM, Jones M, Dey DK, Shatapathy CC.Olanzapine in pregnancy and breastfeed-
ing: a review of data from global safety surveillance. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;14:38.
https://doi.org/10.1186/2050- 6511- 14- 38.
Burkey BW, Holmes AP.Evaluating medication use in pregnancy and lactation: what every phar-
macist should know. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2013;18(3):247–58. https://doi.org/10.586
3/1551- 6776- 18.3.247.
Cariprazine. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development; 2006. Accessed March 4, 2025. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
NBK500757/
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding Report Card United States, 2022.
Accessed March 4, 2025.
Breastfeeding- Report- Card- 508.pdf
Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, et al. Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in
women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. JAMA. 2006;295(5):499–507.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.5.499.
Croke S, Buist A, Hackett LP, Ilett KF, Norman TR, Burrows GD.Olanzapine excretion in human
breast milk: estimation of infant exposure. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;5(3):243–7.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145702003012.
https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding- data/media/pdfs/2024/06/2022-
9 Antipsychotics During Lactation
Cuomo A, Goracci A, Fagiolini A. Aripiprazole use during pregnancy, peripartum and lacta-
tion. A systematic literature search and review to inform clinical practice. J Affect Disord.
2018;228:229–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.021. Dev V, Krupp P. Adverse event prole and safety of clozapine. Rev Contemp Pharmacother.
1995;6:197–208. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006a. Quetiapine. 2024 Oct 15. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006b. Clozapine. 2024 Oct 15. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006c. Amisulpride. 2023 Nov 15. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006d. Ziprasidone. 2024 Aug 15. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006e. Chlorpromazine. 2024 Sep 15. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006f. Olanzapine. 2025 Jan 15. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006g. Haloperidol. 2023 Aug 15. Fernández-Abascal B, Recio-Barbero M, Sáenz-Herrero M, Segarra R. Long-acting inject-
able aripiprazole in pregnant women with schizophrenia: a case-series report. Ther Adv
Psychopharmacol. 2021;11:2045125321991277. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125321991277. Fortinguerra F, Clavenna A, Bonati M.Psychotropic drug use during breastfeeding: a review of the
evidence. Pediatrics. 2009;124(4):e547–56. Galbally M, Frayne J, Watson SJ, Snellen M.Psychopharmacological prescribing practices in preg-
nancy for women with severe mental illness: a multicentre study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol.
2019;29(1):57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.1103. Gardiner S, Kristensen J, Begg E, etal. Transfer of olanzapine into breast milk, calculation of
infant drug dose, and effect on breast-fed infants. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1428–31. https://
doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1428.
Gentile S.Infant safety with antipsychotic therapy in breast-feeding: a systematic review. J Clin
Psychiatry. 2008;69(4):666–73. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0421. Gentile S.Antipsychotic therapy during early and late pregnancy. A systematic review. Schizophr
Bull. 2010;36(3):518–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn107. Gentile S.A safety evaluation of aripiprazole for treating schizophrenia during pregnancy and
puerperium. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13(12):1733–42. https://doi.org/10.1517/1474033
8.2014.951325.
Gilad O, Merlob P, Stahl B, Klinger G.Outcome of infants exposed to olanzapine during breast-
feeding. Breastfeed Med. 2011;6(2):55–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2010.0027. Hale TW. Pharmacology review: drug therapy and breastfeeding: antidepressants, antipsychot-
ics, antimanics, and sedatives. NeoReviews. 2004;5(10):e451–6. https://doi.org/10.1542/
neo.5- 10- e451.
Hale’s Medications & Mothers’ Milk 2025–2026. Accessed March 18, 2025. https://www.spring-
erpub.com/hale- s- medications- mothers- milk- 2025- 2026- 9780826100207.html?srsltid=AfmB
OooplQLcJs41HQbXtEuDWXB- 9bGvfoC4hS4jO4qQAVGsKjDeau86
Hill RC, Mcivor RJ, Wojnar-Horton RE, Hackett LP, Ilett K.Risperidone distribution and excre-
tion into human milk: case report and estimated infant exposure during breast-feeding. J Clin
Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(2):285–6. Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Kristensen JH, Vaddadi KS, Gardiner SJ, Begg EJ.Transfer of risperidone
and 9-hydroxyrisperidone into human milk. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(2):273–6. https://doi.
org/10.1345/aph.1D326.
Ilett KF, Watt F, Hackett LP, Kohan R, Teoh S.Assessment of infant dose through milk in a lac-
tating woman taking amisulpride and desvenlafaxine for treatment-resistant depression. Ther
Drug Monit. 2010 Dec;32(6):704–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181f88f70.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009- 0326.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714- 200004000- 00036.
255
256
Iloperidone. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development; 2006. Accessed March 4, 2025. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
NBK501699/
Jones I, Craddock N.Bipolar disorder and childbirth: the importance of recognising risk. Br J
Psychiatry. 2005;186:453–4. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.6.453. Kelsey JJ.Drug Principles in Lactation. American College of Clinical Pharmacy; 2016. https://
www.accp.com/docs/bookstore/psap/p2016b3_sample.pdf55.
Kendell RE, Chalmers JC, Platz C. Epidemiology of puerperal psychoses. Br J Psychiatry.
1987;150:662–73. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.5.662. Kirchheiner J, Berghöfer A, Bolk-Weischedel D. Healthy outcome under olanzapine treat-
ment in a pregnant woman. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2000;33(2):78–80. https://doi.
org/10.1055/s- 2000- 7974.
Klinger G, Stahl B, Fusar-Poli P, Merlob P. Antipsychotic drugs and breastfeeding. Pediatr
Endocrinol Rev. 2013;10(3):308–17. Kris EB, Carmichael DM.Chlorpromazine maintenance therapy during pregnancy and conne-
ment. Psychiatry Q. 1957;31(1):690–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01568760. Kris EB, Gross M.Children born to mothers maintained on pharmacotherapy during pregnancy
and postpartum. In: Wortis J, editor. Recent advances in biological psychiatry: volume IV:
the proceedings of the sixteenth annual convention and scientic program of the Society
of Biological Psychiatry, vol. 4. Atlantic City: Springer US; 1962. p. 180–7. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978- 1- 4684- 8306- 2_18.
Larsen ER, Damkier P, Pedersen LH, etal. Use of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy and breast-
feeding. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2015;445:1–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12479. Llewellyn A, Stowe ZN.Psychotropic medications in lactation. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl
2):41–52.
Lumateperone. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006. Accessed March 4, 2025. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK582100/
Lurasidone. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development; 2006. Accessed March 4, 2025. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
NBK501728/
Lutz UC, Wiatr G, Orlikowsky T, Gaertner HJ, Bartels M.Olanzapine treatment during breast
feeding: a case report. Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30(3):399–401. https://doi.org/10.1097/
FTD.0b013e31816850e2.
Lutz UC, Hiemke C, Wiatr G, Farger G, Arand J, Wildgruber D.Aripiprazole in pregnancy and
lactation: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(2):204–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/
JCP.0b013e3181d27c7d.
Maguire GA.Prolactin elevation with antipsychotic medications: mechanisms of action and clini-
cal consequences. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(Suppl 4):56–62. Mantilla Reyes M, De Embun X, Ferrer I, Roca LA.Aripiprazole and hypogalactorrhea in postpar-
tum. Eur Psychiatry. 2020;63:s488. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.6. McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, et al. British Association for
Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconcep-
tion, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31(5):519–52. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0269881117699361.
Meek JY, Noble L, Section on Breastfeeding. Policy statement: Breastfeeding and the use of human
milk. Pediatrics. 2022;150(1):e2022057988. Mendhekar DN.Possible delayed speech acquisition with clozapine therapy during pregnancy
and lactation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;19(2):196–7. https://doi.org/10.1176/
jnp.2007.19.2.196.
Mendhekar DN, Andrade C.Uneventful use of haloperidol and trihehexyphenidyl during three con-
secutive pregnancies. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2011;14(1):83–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00737- 010- 0192- 0.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022- 057988.
A. C. Viguera et al.
9 Antipsychotics During Lactation
Mendhekar D, Andrade C.A 26-year follow-up of a woman with 5 consecutive children exposed
to risperidone during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord.
2024;26(1):23cr03660. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.23cr0366. Miller ES, Metz T, Simas TAM, Hoffman MC, Byatt N, Roussos-Ross K.Treatment and man-
agement of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum: ACOG clinical
practice guideline no. 5. Obstet Gynecol. 2023;141(6):1262–88. https://doi.org/10.1097/
AOG.0000000000005202.
Misri S, Corral M, Wardrop AA, Kendrick K. Quetiapine augmentation in lactation: a series
of case reports. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(5):508–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.
jcp.0000236656.70544.f3.
Naughton S, O’Hara K, Nelson J, Keightley P.Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, and cariprazine can
affect milk supply: advice to breastfeeding mothers. Australas Psychiatry. 2023;31(2):201–4.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10398562231159510.
Newport DJ, Ritchie JC, Knight BT, Glover BA, Zach EB, Stowe ZN.Venlafaxine in human
breast milk and nursing infant plasma: determination of exposure. J Clin Psychiatry.
2009;70(9):1304–10. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m05001. Nonacs R, Wang B, Viguera A, Cohen L.Psychiatric illness during pregnancy and the post-par-
tum period. In: Stern T, Fava M, Wilens T, Rosenbaum J, editors. The Massachusetts General
Hospital comprehensive clinical psychiatry. 2nd ed. London: Elsevier; 2016. Nordeng H, Gjerdalen G, Brede WR, Michelsen LS, Spigset O.Transfer of aripiprazole to breast
milk: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(2):272–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/
JCP.0000000000000079.
O’Halloran SJ, Wong A, Joyce DA.A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method
for quantifying amisulpride in human plasma and breast milk, applied to measuring drug trans-
fer to a fully breast-fed neonate. Ther Drug Monit. 2016;38:493–8. Odhejo YI, Jafri A, Mekala HM, etal. Safety and efcacy of antipsychotics in pregnancy and
lactation. J Alcohol Drug Depend. 2017;05(03) Pacchiarotti I, León-Caballero J, Murru A, etal. Mood stabilizers and antipsychotics during breast-
feeding: focus on bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(10):1562–78. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.08.008.
Pasi R, Appikatla MB, Babu TA.Risperidone-induced respiratory depression in a neonate through
breast milk. Indian J Pharmacol. 2023;55(3):185–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_645_22. Pastol J, Le Marois M, Guilhaumou R, Blin O, Belzeaux R.Measuring drug concentrations in
breast milk to improve therapeutic monitoring and patient adherence in bipolar disorder: a case
report. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2022;56(1):96. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211010340. Payne JL.Psychiatric medication use in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am.
2021;48(1):131–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2020.11.006. Rampono J, Kristensen JH, Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Kohan R.Quetiapine and breast feeding. Ann
Pharmacother. 2007;41(4):711–4. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1H555. Ratnayake T, Libretto SE. No complications with risperidone treatment before and throughout
pregnancy and during the nursing period. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(1):76–7. https://doi.
org/10.4088/jcp.v63n0114c.
Reis M, Källén B.Maternal use of antipsychotics in early pregnancy and delivery outcome. J Clin
Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(3):279–88. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e318172b8d5. Risperidone. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; 2006. Accessed March 7, 2025. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK501095/
Sachs HC, Committee On Drugs. The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk:
an update on selected topics. Pediatrics. 2013;132(3):e796–809. https://doi.org/10.1542/
peds.2013- 1985.
Sadowski A, Todorow M, Yazdani Brojeni P, Koren G, Nulman I.Pregnancy outcomes following
maternal exposure to second-generation antipsychotics given with other psychotropic drugs: a
cohort study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(7):e003062.
https://doi.org/10.4172/2329- 6488.1000267.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen- 2013- 003062.
257
258
Sahoo MK, Biswas H, Grover S.Safety prole of aripiprazole during pregnancy and lactation:
report of 2 cases. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2023;34(2):133–5. https://doi.org/10.5080/u26681. Santucci AK, Singer LT, Wisniewski SR, etal. One-year developmental outcomes for infants of
mothers with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(8):1083–90. https://doi.org/10.4088/
JCP.15m10535.
Schlotterbeck P, Saur R, Hiemke C, et al. Low concentration of ziprasidone in human milk: a
case report. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;12(3):437–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/
S1461145709009936.
Shao P, Ou J, Peng M, Zhao J, Chen J, Wu R.Effects of clozapine, and other atypical antipsychot-
ics on infants development who were exposed to as fetus: a post-hoc analysis. PLoS One.
2015;10(4):e0123373. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123373. Sharma V, Sommerdyk C.Lamotrigine in the prevention of bipolar II postpartum depression. Prim
Care Companion CNS Disord. 2016;18(6) https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.16l01964. Sinha SK, Kishore MT, Thippeswamy H, Kommu JVS, Chandra PS. Adverse effects and
short-term developmental outcomes of infants exposed to atypical antipsychotics during
breastfeeding. Indian J Psychiatry. 2021;63(1):52–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.
IndianJPsychiatry_45_20.
Teoh S, Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Kohan R.Estimation of rac-amisulpride transfer into milk and of
infant dose via milk during its use in a lactating woman with bipolar disorder and schizophre-
nia. Breastfeed Med. 2011;6:85–8. Uguz F.Second-generation antipsychotics during the lactation period: a comparative systematic
review on infant safety. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;36(3):244–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/
JCP.0000000000000491.
Uguz F.Prophylactic use of olanzapine and quetiapine from pregnancy to the postpartum period in
women with bipolar disorder: a case series. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(21):2569–71.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1256991.
Uguz F.Adverse events in a breastfed infant exposed to risperidone and haloperidol. Breastfeed
Med. 2019;14(9):683–4. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2019.0093. Uguz F. The use of clozapine during pregnancy and lactation: a case report. Psychiatry Clin
Psychopharm. 2020;30(2):193. https://doi.org/10.5455/PCP.20200502080433. Uguz F.A new safety scoring system for the use of psychotropic drugs during lactation. Am J Ther.
2021;28(1):e118–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000000909. Uygur ÖF, Uygur H. Neurodevelopmental and growth follow-up of the baby exposed to anti-
psychotics during pregnancy and lactation: a case report. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharm.
2019;29(4):744–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2019.1627695. Verstegen RHJ, Anderson PO, Ito S.Infant drug exposure via breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol.
2022;88(10):4311–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14538. Viguera AC. Polypharmacy for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. Lancet Psychiatry.
2024;11(8):575–7. Viguera AC, Cohen LS, Bouffard S, Whiteld TH, Baldessarini RJ. Reproductive deci-
sions by women with bipolar disorder after Prepregnancy psychiatric consultation.
AJP. 2002;159(12):2102–4. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2102. Viguera AC, Whiteld T, Baldessarini RJ, etal. Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disor-
der during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry.
2007a;164(12):1817–24. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06101639. Viguera AC, Newport DJ, Ritchie J, etal. Lithium in breast milk and nursing infants: clinical impli-
cations. Am J Psychiatry. 2007b;164(2):342–5. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.342. Viguera AC, Cohen LS, Whiteld T, Reminick AM, Bromeld E, Baldessarini RJ. Perinatal
use of anticonvulsants: differences in attitudes and recommendations among neurologists
and psychiatrists. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010;13(2):175–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00737- 009- 0130- 1.
Viguera AC, Tondo L, Koukopoulos AE, Reginaldi D, Lepri B, Baldessarini RJ.Episodes of mood
disorders in 2,252 pregnancies and postpartum periods. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(11):1179–85.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010148.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215- 0366(24)00215- 3.
A. C. Viguera et al.
9 Antipsychotics During Lactation
Viguera AC, Vanderkruik R, Gaccione P, et al. Breastfeeding practices among women taking
second-generation antipsychotics: ndings from the National Pregnancy Registry for atypi-
cal antipsychotics. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2022;25(2):511–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00737- 021- 01162- z.
Walker T, Coursey C, Duffus ALJ. Low dose of Abilify (aripiprazole) in combination with
Effexor XR (venlafaxine HCl) resulted in cessation of lactation: a case report. Clin Lactation.
2019;10(2):56–9. Watanabe N, Kasahara M, Sugibayashi R, etal. Perinatal use of aripiprazole: a case report. J Clin
Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(3):377–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e318218c400. Weggelaar NM, Keijer WJ, Janssen PKC.A case report of risperidone distribution and excre-
tion into human milk: how to give good advice if you have not enough data available. J Clin
Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(1):129–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e318206c218. Werremeyer A.Ziprasidone and citalopram use in pregnancy and lactation in a woman with
psychotic depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(11):1298. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.
ajp.2009.09060765.
Whalley LJ, Blain PG, Prime JK.Haloperidol secreted in breast milk. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).
1981;282(6278):1746–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.282.6278.1746. Wiles DH, Orr MW, Kolakowska T.Chlorpromazine levels in plasma and milk of nursing mothers.
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1978;5(3):272–3. Yoshida K, Smith B, Craggs M, Kumar R.Neuroleptic drugs in breast-milk: a study of pharmaco-
kinetics and of possible adverse effects in breast-fed infants. Psychol Med. 1998a;28(1):81–91.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291797005965.
Yoshida K, Kumar RC, Smith B, Craggs M.Psychotropic drugs in breast milk: no evidence for
adverse effects on prepulse modulation of startle reex or on cognitive level in infants. Dev
Psychobiol. 1998b;32(3):249–56. Yskes R, Thomas R, Nagalla ML.A case of decreased milk production associated with aripip-
razole. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2018;20(6):18l02303. https://doi.org/10.4088/
PCC.18l02303.
https://doi.org/10.1891/2158- 0782.10.2.56.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2125.1978.tb01639.x.
259
Mood Stabilizers inPregnancy
10
Anne-LaureSutter-Dallay andFlorenceGressier

10.1 Introduction

For 7% of women presenting a bipolar disorder (BD), their rst episode occurred in the context of the perinatal period (Viguera et al. 2011). In women with bipolar disorder prior to pregnancy, the risk of relapse may reach up to 20% during preg­nancy (Van der Lugt etal. 2012) and is between 50% and 70% post-partum (Jones and Craddock 2005; Viguera etal. 2011). Conversely, bipolar disorders themselves seem to have a possible inuence on the course of pregnancy: the review of Mohamed etal. (2023) suggests that the risk of obstetric complications would be higher in bipolar patients—treated or not—than in the general population. The recent work of Chan etal. (2024) is along the same lines, nding that in a popula­tion-based cohort of 465,069 women—including 302 women with a diagnosis of BD, of whom 168 had one or more prescriptions for mood stabilizers during preg­nancy (treated BD) and 134 were not exposed to mood stabilizers during pregnancy (untreated BD)—BD was signicantly associated with an increased risk of gesta­tional diabetes (ORa: 1.75 [95% CI: 1.15–2.70]) and maternal somatic hospitaliza­tion ≤90 days after discharge from the index delivery (2.12 [1.19–3.90]); in treatment status-stratied analyses, treated BD women had a signicantly increased
A.-L. Sutter-Dallay (*) Department of Perinatal Psychiatry, University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charles Perrens Hospital, Bordeaux, France
Bordeaux Population Health INSERM 1219 Research Center, HEALTHY Team, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France e-mail: alsutter@ch-perrens.fr
F. Gressier Department of Psychiatry, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, CESP, Inserm U1018, Bicêtre University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025 F. Uguz, L. Orsolini (eds.), Perinatal Psychopharmacology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-99720-4_10
261