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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5911_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
296 S. R. Benjamin et al.
biocomposites with synergistic properties by combining biomolecules with
MOFs. In sensing applications, voltammetric immunosensors based on electrochemical analytical techniques have emerged as a sensitive approach for quantitative virus detection using current measurements. This review examines the
detection platforms for nucleic acids, antigens, and antibodies, evaluating the
underlying sensing processes. Furthermore, the review addresses future
direct
ions for developing MOFs in virus detection. This review provides a
compr
ehensive
review
of
ing research on disease diagnosis and decision-
exist
making platforms, making it useful for those interested in advancing this field.
Keywords
Metal-organic framework · Immunosensors · Nucleic acid · Virus detection
12.1 Introduction
In recent years, depending on the advances in physical science, important studies
have been carried out in the research of new materials for the development of sensors
with potential information in nature. Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene
and carbon nanotubes are frequently used in modern technology. In addition, many
other interesting and new elements have gained importance, such as metal-based and
metal oxides, quantum dots (QDs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (Bhadra
. M
et al. 2019)
organic molecules that give them a unique shape (Doonan et al. 2017). They have
crystalline glass and cavities, making them useful in some industries, such as sensor
technology. MOFs can control their chemical composition and size, which is a
significant advantage. Organic linkers cause changes in these structures. This
makes MOFs independent and unique features that have attracted the attention of
many people over the years. MOFs are made using various combinations, each
modified to achieve different goals and designs.
As the
and other 2D materials such as graphene, are gaining more attention due to their
special products. Surface modified membranes (SMFs) allow you to carefully
control their chemical composition and porous structure. This allows the creation
of sensitive sensor s that can detect specific chemicals or ions. Their excellent
porosity, as well as their thickness and value-bearing ability, make them more
sensitive and stable, allowing them to operate reliably for a long time. The addition
of biological mat erial to surface modified fiber (SMF) makes biomonitoring technology more effective, especially in identifying health problems and focusing on the
environment. Using advanced manufacturing techniques, scientists have developed
composite biosensors that can detect a variety of things, including biomolecules,
antigens, viruses and bacteria. These biosensors are promising for use in laboratory
and other important applications because of their ability to mimic living things. This
makes them powerful and effective in many cases. Metal-organic frameworks
OFs are interesting because they contain metal ions or clusters and
number of sensors increases, solid metallurgy (SMFs), especially MOFs
12 Metal Framework in Biosensor 297
(MOFs) are known for their stability and transparency, high permeability, and the
ability to modify the chemicals used to make them (Jahangiri-Dehaghani et al.
2020). Due to these properties, they are ideal for applications that require water
absorption. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be easily modified by adding
different groups such as -NH
(Ling et al.
2015). Due to the way they are made and their natural porous structure,
and -COOH during or after the formation process
2
they easily absorb objects and recognize living things. MOFs have been widely
investigated as they can be used in many fields, including biology, fuel storage,
catalysis, drug delivery, and photobiology (Daglar et al.
these areas
because they are tailored to specific needs. Researchers have discovered
2021). MOFs are useful in
that MOFs have unique properties and can perform in many different ways. In the
fabrication of sensors, MOFs are chosen because they are flexible in design and have
many advantages. An important advantage of MOF-based sensors is that their
framework is flexible and can create specific regions with their properties. Scientists
can creat e special sensors that can be custo
miz
ed to detect specific
chemicals
or ions.
Due to their thin structure, MOFs are ideal as sensors. An important feature of MOFs
is the π conjugation system, which allows charges to move efficiently. These
properties make MOF-based devices more sensitive to changes in their environment.
Due to its large surface area and high porosity, the sensor is sensitive to small
analytes. This is because it provides more space for the target molecule to interact
with itself (Wang et al.
2021a, b; Cao et al. 2019; Ban
erjee et al. 2020). path. Using
synthetic techniques to create advanced biosensors. Bioactive substances can be
added during the synthesis of the MOF or introduced after synthesis. The method
improves analyte detection ability by ensuring the even distribution of biomolecules
in the MOF role. MOF composite biosensors can detect a variety of substances,
including biomolecules, antibody-antigen complexes, enzymes, bacteria, and viruses
(Safaei et al.
in many fields
2019). Due to their sensitivity and versatility, biosensors are important
such as environment, food safety, and diagnostics (Robison et al.
2019; Miller et al. 2023; Cheng et al. 2021). The purpose of this chapter is to provide
led and in-depth introduction to biosensors using MOFs. This study
a detai
investigates the formation process, properties, and utilization of MOFs in biosensor
applications. This section discusses how MOFs can help in the development of
biosensor technology due to their optical and electrical properties. This section
presents an in-depth study of MOF-based biosensors, focusing on recent
developments and potential areas f
or further research.
12.2 Synthesis of MOFs
Metal-organic frameworks Frameworks develop by changing several factors, including the fluid used, the length and temperature of the response, and the chemical
features of the metallic ions and organic ligands that are used. Aside from that, the
size and shape of the morphological nodes, the presence of rivals, and the complexity of crystallization dynamics all have big effects. What makes MOF crystals grow
and form depends on the way each of these components are placed along with how
298 S. R. Benjamin et al.
well they work together. To make MOFs, solutions with natural ligands and metallic
salts are mixed to make a liquid. It is very important for picking the right solvent
because it requires to be able to react and dissolve properly to allow the chemical
processes to happen. Additionally, the solvent’s composition has a significant impact
on the thermodynamic characteristics and energetic stimulation of each reaction,
which are crucial for attaining the desired structural
of the MOFs. Despite
state synthetic techniques have been used in specific cases. The extended evaporation procedure is commonly employed in the development of MOFs, which are
crystal structures that serve as a mode of operation for the reaction solution.
Typically, MOFs have been produced by solvothermal methods or hydrothermal
techniques (Arul et al.
ratures
tempe
approach to the synthesis of MOFs. Recently, several other synthetic approaches
have arisen, including mechanochemical, electrochemical, microwave for heating,
and sonochemical processes (Beamish-Cook et al.
strate impressive cost-effectiveness, accelerated completion times, and a tendency to
provide high-quality results (Safaei et al.
and
facing difficulties in the development of single crystals, solid-
2021)
, which involve carrying out the reaction at high
pressures.
above technique embodies the fundamental
The
2019).
as well as operational attributes
2021). These techniques demon-
12.3 Sensors
Electrochemical sensors have gained popularity for their ability to quickly and
inexpensively analyze many substances with sensitivity and accuracy (Sun and
Zhou
2015). Several electrocatalysts possess constraints that impede their ability
to perform. These constraints encompass inadequate design of the structure, a sparse
distribution of active spots, and a limited surface area (S un and Zhou
Therefore, it is imperative to explore novel materials that can enhance electrochem ical efficiency. This part introduces a novel and advanced point on material science,
providing a strategy that is different from traditional methods that mainly concentrate on the process of transduction (Ni and Masel 2006). It investigates the use of
MOFs as essential elements in sensors and biological sensors, considering the
specifics of the manufacturing proces ses, and emphasizes many convincing
examples that might result in significant advancements in electrochemical sensing.
2015).
12.3.1 Various Types of Biosensors
12.3.1.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
Electrochemical immunosensors are devices that incorporate biological recognition
components like a pair of electrodes or field-effect transistors (FET) with transduction components (Carson et al. 2011). Electrochemical immunosensors are ideal for
detecting diseases early on, thanks to their sensitivity, affordability, small size,
repeatability, and biocompatibility (Benjamin et al. 2023). Electrochemical
immunosensors must be categorized based on their sensing principle: label-free
12 Metal Framework in Biosensor 299
(without labels) and sandwich-type (with labels). Immunosensors without labels can
directly identify physical alterations resulting from the development of
immunocomplexes, such as the Antigen-Antibodies complex. The utilization of
multiple labels, including enzymes, liposomes, anti bodies, chromophores, or
antigens immobilized on conducting membranes, has substantially enhanced the
responsiveness as well as the specificity of immune sensor technologie
been marked. It is
essential to include the electromechanical propagation element to
s that have
increase the efficacy and selectivity of an electromechanical immunosensor. This is
accomplished by converting the biological signal produced by interactions between
antibodies and antigens into an electrochemical signal.
The electrochemical transduction section usually involves an electrochemical cell
that functions either in a three-electrode setup within a potentiostat/galvanostat or a
two-electrode mode in conductometry. Electrochemical immunosensors use
electrodes from different conductive and semi-conductive materials, forming various
configurations. Due to their excellent conduct ivity, label-free electrochemical
immunosensors often use metallic electrodes like Au and Pt. These electrodes are
synthesized by applying a thin metal film onto insulating substrates. In addition,
scientists have studied different materials as potential substrates for detecting
tumors, such as ceramic electrodes like indium tin oxide (ITO) and titanium dioxide
), carbon electrodes, and polymer electrodes. Although ceramic electrodes
(TiO
2
have high conductivity, they are commonly used for the Confirmation of analytical
substances in their original location due to their openness. Polymeric electrodes, on
the other hand, are renowned for their exceptional mechanical properties, which
enable them to store and transfer energy in various forms, and their compatibility
with living organisms. This makes them incredibly valuable in a wide range of
scenarios.
Researchers have developed a groundbreaking biological sensor that utilizes gold
nanoparticles and copper-based metalorganic frameworks to detect microRNA in
blood samples. By employing this novel approach, gold nanoparticles were created
and positioned on top of the cumofs. Then, the dna tags that were modified by adding
a thiol group were chemically attached to the gold nanoparticles. Mirna155 was
identified in the sample through a deliberate design. In the realm of electrical
immunological sensors, there are three primary methods to measure them: amperometric, potentiometric, and impedimetric. Frequently, these assessment methods are
combined to obtain a thorough understanding of how the immunosensor functions.
This comprehensive assessment enables you to track the progress of the stability
process and determine the sensitivity of the sensor towards target antigens, as well as
its limit of detection.
12.3.1.2 Amperometric and Voltammetric Immunosensor
Amperometric and voltammetric immunosensors are common components of analytical instruments that use various electrical methods to measure current and voltage
in an electrolytic system. This list includes cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential
pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), anodic stripping
voltammetry (ASV), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). By utilizing specific
300 S. R. Benjamin et al.
potentials to a reference electrode and monitoring the electrical signals passing
through it, it is possible to study the redox characteristics of different substances.
Two widely used methods to evaluate the redox capabilities of immunosensors are
amperometry and voltammetry. When employing these techniques, it is crucial to
establish distinct potentials between the reference electrode and the conducting
membrane, and then meticulously analyze the currents flo
to their
precision and comprehensive nature, amperometric methods are highly
wing through them. Due
recommended for accurate and detailed measurements. They can precisely identify
redoxactive chemicals within a specific range, guaranteeing accurate and dependable
outcomes.
Most of the time, micro-fabrication methods using small materials like glass,
silicon, and printed circuit boards are used to add all three the electrodes to these
systems. Based materials are often made from gold, titanium, or copper, which are
then used in other production steps. There are numerous substances, like plastics with
conducting properties, that are put on the backing material to improve the operating
electrode’s electromagnetic properties and sensitivity. Conductive polymers like
Polypyrrole (Ppy), Polyaniline (PANI), Poly(3-thiophene methyl acetate) (PTMA),
and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) are often used (Wang et al.
2023).
These materials have been selected because they are very good at conducting electricity, can last in a variety of environments, and are safe for living things. These
characteristics render them ideal for improving the signals that are changed in
immunosensor uses. The materials that are made are joined with semi-conductive or
conductive resins to make the electrode functions more conductive.
MOFs
have been mixed with protein and genetic material in novel studies to
make electrochemical sensors that can identify target proteins and DNA signals
(Yang et al. 2019). Yang et al. (2019), for example, made a positive ions MOF-5 that
binds strongly to negative-charged DNA through both π-π stacking and electrostatic
bonds. In addition to high accuracy, this MOF-5 found particular sequences of DNA.
Researchers (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026265X230062
64)
have made a unique electrochemical detector that uses Au@Cu-M OFs. They
made Au NPs right on top of the Cu-MOFs and used covalent contact to strongly
attach thiol-modified probe DNA to the AuNPs. MiRNA-155 can be found by this
probe (Sun et al. 2020
made BPNSs/Mn-MOF nan ocomposites to find SIP1, which
)
is a stress-induced protein. A DNA aptamer was attached to the nanocomposites’
surface. MOFs are perfect for making Point-of-Car e (POC) devices for disease
evaluation because they have large specific surface areas, can be used in numerous
of different ways, and are easy to use. It has historically been possible to make
carbon cloth paper (CCP) film electrodes that are cheaply made from paper. When it
came to identifying HIV DNA, these sensors were very accurate and precise. They
were able to recognize HIV DNA in a wide range of concentrations, from 10 nM to
1 μM, and at a very low level (0.13 nM) (Du et al.
Incorporating functional
2020).
molecules or nanomaterials to Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) can make electrochemical instruments a lot more effective. These improvements can make the
equipment better at identifying things, which makes it better for a variety of research
assignments.
12 Metal Framework in Biosensor 301
12.3.1.3 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Biosensor
Over the past few years, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has become more useful
using very strong luminophores and co-reactant boosters. As a result of its high
responsiveness and low cost, ECL is widely used in pharmaceutical and therapeutic
fields. To ensure that biosensors are accurate and reliable, they require a high-quality
ECL signal reader. Improving the electrolytic contact between the luminophore and
the co-reactant is an effective method to enhance the signal output in
electrochemiluminescence (ECL). ECL biosensors for mark ers of neurodegenerative
diseases such as cardiac troponin (Du et al.
2020; Yan et al. 2019; https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.bios.2021.113532), amyloid-beta protein (Wang et al. 2019a, b, c; Zhao et al.
2019) and tumor markers such as CyFRA 21–1. Recently, an ECL assay that was
very good at identifying CYFRA 21-1, which is a biomarker for certain types of
cancer, the luminophore Sr(HCOO)2 +/Eu3+, and the co-reactant boosters silver
chloride (AgCl) reduced-graphene nanocomposites (RRNCs) show significant
limitations in detection.LOD) of 2.73 femtograms per milliliter (fg/mL) and a
broad linear detection range spanning 5 to 100 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL),
rendering it very suitable for practical diagnostic applications (Zhao et al. 2023).
12.3.1.4 Aptamers
The Aptamer, sometimes referred to as Apt, is an extraordinary biological receptor
due to its remarkable affinity and enduring stability, even under elevated
temperatures. The importance of aptamers in the fores eeable future of receptors
cannot be exaggerated. These brief, single-stranded DNA molecules are remarkable
and can potentially transform the field (Khan et al. 2023). Adding functional
compounds like -SH and -NH2 can signi ficantly enhance the binding capacity of
materials and electrodes (Miao et al.
2022a, b).
The aptamer sensors exhibit
promising potential in biomedical diagnosis due to their superior thermal stability
compared to conventional antibody-based biosensors, simple manufacture and modification, cost-effectiveness, and no toxicity and immunogenici ty (Zhang et al.
2023). Recently, Shu et al., (Su et al. 2023
have introduced a revolutionary wearable
)
and flexible electrochemical aptasensor that allows for Efficient and accurate detection of cortisol in perspiration. The sensor is composed of a polyurethane (PU) film
coated with CNTs (carbon nanotubes) and nickel-copper-MOF nanosheets. The
cortisol detection tool has a broad range of values that are arranged in a straight
line of 0.1–100 ng/mL and can accurately detect cortisol levels as low as 0.032 ng/
mL. The development of bioactive Zr-MOF composites has resulted in highly
efficient and ultrasensiti ve biosensors for detecting targeted biomolecules. These
composite materials have shown a strong attraction to the specific proteins they are
designed to targe t, making them outstanding applicants for maximizing the effectiveness of biosensors. The biosensors developed may change the way biomolecules
are detected and provide the basis for more specific and efficient diagnostic tools
(Zhang et al. 2017). Sun et al. (2020) recently developed a novel electrochemical
aptasensor to measure STIP1 (stress-related phosphoprotein 1) levels. The
researchers used a 3-D manganese-doped metal-organic framework (MOF) that
resembled flower-shaped black phosphorus nanosheets. This unique design
302 S. R. Benjamin et al.
facilitates STIP1 detection and reliable measurement. Regarding STIP1 detection,
the aptasensor is highly sensitive with a linear measurement range from 2 × 10
4
1 × 10
ng/mL. It also reached the effective limit of detection (LOD) of 1 picogram
-3
per milliliter (pg/mL), indicating that it can accurately and sensitively measure the
amount of STIP1.
12.3.1.5 Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Sensors (FET)
Field-effect transistors also have a very quick output signal response, are easy to
calibrate and they can measure concentrations in the orders of single digits
nM. These sensors monitor for one or more molecules of interest and relay this
information in the easy-to-read form of electrical signals (Zhang et al.
2022a, b, c).
Recently, the Keum team developed c-MOF-gated FET biosensors that can distinguish between various neurotransmitters found in body fluids (Keum et al. 2023).
biosen
The
sor array utilized a new conductivity MOF-gated FET to distinguish
neural transmitters. The inclusion of catalytic c-MOF Facilitated the identification
of chemical messengers with exceptional sensitivity, even at concentrations relevant
to clinical applications. By incorporating catalytic c-MOF, it becomes possible to
detect neurotransmitters with remarkable sensitivity, even at concentrations that are
significant in clinical applications (Sayyad et al. 2021) successfully developed a FET
using microporous ZIF-67 MOFs, demonstrating high mobility compared to other
ZIFs. ZIF-67 displayed The material exhibits conventional p-type characteristics,
with an internal hole accessibility of around 0.85 cm2/Vs and an Ion/off ratio of 10
among MOFs, this material has the potential to be a promising channel for FET
applications. A newly proposed gas sensor for SO
operates at room temperature and
2
uses a buried-gate FET and interdigitated electrode structure. The sensor uses a
composite film made of TiO2 nanoparticles and rGO, which makes it highly
sensitive and compatible with traditional MEMS processes. The results showed a
sensitivity of up to 3.46% at 20 ppm SO2, using a 2 V source-drain voltage and zero
gate voltage (Zeng et al. 2022).
to
2
;
12.3.1.6 MOF-Nanomaterials-Based Biosensors
Various nanomaterials, including Gold (AU), silver (AG), silicon (SI), and copper
(Cu) micron-sized particles together with carbon-based compounds such as graphite
(Petit et al. 2011), graphene (Zhang et al. 2022a, b, c), and carbon nanotubes, are
utilized in the fabrication of biological sensor immobilization (Benjamin et al. 2022).
The use of nanoparticle-based materials is highly effective in developing electrochemical and other biosensors due to their sensitivity and specificity. Gold
nanoparticles are more stable and less toxic than other metallic nanoparticles, like
silver, that can oxidize and have toxic effects (Luo et al. 2019)There are benefits and
downsides to using nanoparticles as signal mechanisms, but these tools are essential
for improving single-molecule recognition sensitivity and limit. Electrochemical
amplification using a single-label response has been developed using platinumbased nanoparticles to detect low glucose concentrations (Uzak et al. 2020).
Tumor antigens may be targeted with excellent specificity and affinity by linking
semiconducting quantum dots and iron oxide nanocrystals to tumor-targeting
12 Metal Framework in Biosensor 303
compounds (Gaviria-Arroyave et al. 2020). The potential use of biosensors ranging
from millimeter- to nanometer-scale cantilevers is thoroughly evaluated.
12.3.1.7 Food Quality Monitoring
Electrochemical biosensors utilizing MOFs as integrated analytical devices
equipped with electrochemical transducers have emerged as advanced tools for
analytical responses. The reduction catalyst and analyte-MOF interaction in the
redox process determine electrochemical signals. These biosensors possess
advanced capabilities, facilitating the development of portable and rapid signalresponsive materials for cost-effective and highly sensitive food quality monitoring,
such as food freshness (Dey et al.
2023). Consequently, they present a promising
alternative to traditional techniques in the field.
Recently, sensors based on MOF technology have been effectively ensuring food
safety (Cheng et al. 2021; Yao et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2019a, b, c; Zhang et al.
2021). An effective method for detecting The detection of aflatoxin M1 that is
present in powdery and pasteurized milk specimens may be achieved using a
label-free electromechanical aptasensor. This sensor utilizes platinum nanoparticles
embedded within Fe-based MOFs (3) (Liu et al. 2021) have developed a highly
sensitive electrochemical biosensor for detecting Hg
2+
. In developing this biosensor,
they used clustered copper-based MOFs that resemble peonies. They utilized a
method of dual amplification signal, which relied on a DNAzyme-powered DNA
Walker. This innovative approach allows for efficient and accurate detection of Hg
ions. The aptasensor’s results are unequivocally remarkable as it has exhibited high
accuracy in detecting the presence of Hg
the negative logarithm of the Hg
2+
2+
. The current shift correlates directly with
concentration within the range of 0.001–100 nM
and LOD of 0.52 pM.One example involves using Pb-MOF phosphorescence, which
incorporates terephthalic acid, to determine PV in luminescence studies. The luminescence spectra in Pb-MOF can be quenched by iodide ions (I
-
), which act as
reductants for peroxides. This allows for the evaluation of PV in edible oils.The
developed model produces quick results in just 10 minutes, with a LOD value of
30 μmol/kg and a linearity of 0.35–25.62 mmol/kg for PV detection, which can be
applied to various oil samples (Wu et al. 2022a, b; Wang et al. 2022) developed a
composite material called MOF@MOF, specifically ZIF-8@PCN–128Y
(Zn-MOF@Zr-MOF), using internal extension growth. The tetracycline detection
process was facilitated by this substance, which served as a turn-off sensor.
Throughout the boundaries of linear ranges, it demonstrated a low limit of detection
(LOD) of 60 nanometers from 0.4–80 μM. Moreover, when the sensor was utilized
to test milk samples, it exhibited a remarkable recovery rate ranging from 94.2% to
106.3%.
2+
12.3.1.8 Environmental Analysis
Peng et al. (2022) introduced an original and efficient method for the rapid detection
of streptomycin (STR) based on its interaction with kanamycin aptamer immobilized
onto 96 interferon wells prepared using TiO2 layers modified by gold nanoparticles
modified zinc oxide quantum dots. This approach was based on the fabrication of a
304 S. R. Benjamin et al.
Ti3C2 aptasensor and zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs). The
formation of nanocomposites within MOF structure through the impregnation
method to get an improvement on electrochemical activity for STR detection. The
LOD was as low as 0.0033 nM within the broad concentration range of
0.01–200 nM, achieved by such a specialized sensor Milk sample was a very good
matrix for STR and the sensor worked well with milk samples, demonstrating high
gin
recovery ran
g between 94.0% to 105.0%. It was very specifi
reliable (Miller et al.
oxide (GO) and
epoxy-functionalized BEA nano-zeolite to find bisphenol E. With a
2023) made an electrochemical sensor electrode with graphene
c,
consistent
, and
correlation value of 0.995 and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.056 μM, this
nanocomposite sensor was capable of picking up things from 0.07 to 4.81 micromolar (μM).
Also, (Yang et al. 2019) led a group of researchers who believe made an
electrochemical immunosensor with NH2-UiO-66 that can identify both triazophos
and thiacloprid at the same time. This method shows the versatility and useful it is to
combine MOFs with electrochemical detecting technologies to find more than one
analyte.For triazophos, the LOD (limit of discovery) is very low—0.07 ng·mL 1—while for thiacloprid, it is 0.1 ng·mL - 1 (Tu et al.
2019) made an electrochemi-
cal detector that uses sensors made of Ce-MOF and reduced graphene ox ide. The
sensor has exceptionally high sensitivity for finding dichlorophen, with a lowest
limit of detection as low as 0.007 μM. It had been demonstrated that MWCNTs had
very high conductivity, which made them a good alternative to MOFs. For example,
(Wang et al. 2021a, b) have successfully created an electrochemical sensor that
combines MWCNTs and MOF to rapidly detect cadmium ions in meat samples. The
sensor has demonstrated a strong linear correlation in the linearity of 0.5 to 170 μg/L
and achieved an incredibly low detection value of 0.2 μg/L.
12.3.1.9 Pesticide
Xie et al. (2019) conducted an investigation where they developed an electrochemical gauge that does not require enzymes and instead uses a combined material of
copper-cerium (CuO-CeO2). This hybrid material was formed by subjecting a Cu
(II)/Ce(III) MOF to calcination together with a CuO-CeO2 nanostructure. The
electrode exhibited a detection spectrum that was linear and spanned from 0.1 × 10–7 to 0.1 μmol L - 1. Additionally, it achieved a low limit of detection (LOD) of
0.33 × 10–8 ± 0.03 μmol L - 1. The detection device identified trace quantities of
malathion (organophosphorus pesticides) in the reservoir’s water (He et al.
2019)
effectively created a Zr luminous pore-filled MOF that is resistant to water and used
it to directly identify MP (methyl parathion) in different water supplies and cowpeas.
This sensor is capable of detecting a linear value ranging from 70 to 5.0
milligrammes per litre (mg L - 1) and has a relatively small limit of detection of
0.115 times 10 to the power of negative 3 (0.115 × 10–3) mg L - 1 for MP (Peng
et al. 2022) came up with a new way to determine streptomycin (STR) that worked
really well, with returns ranging from 77.6% to 106.5% and relative standard
deviations (RSD) ranging from 3.8% to 24.0%. The Zr-MOF monitor shows a lot
of promise for finding STR accurately and reliably.
12 Metal Framework in Biosensor 305
Wang et al. (2020) created a special light sensor that only recognizes parathion in
water used for farming. The sensor could pick up numerous amounts of various
concentrations, from 0.005 mg/L to 1 mg/L, and it reached a limit of detection
(LOD) of 1.95 μg/L. Over a 15-day period, the system achieved 97.23% accuracy
and 93.76% repeatability. This shows that it can be used to track real agriculture (Liu
et al.
2020) developed a porphyrin MOF probe that does two things: It effectively
blocks fluorescence to capture nite npyram. The probe has a lower limit of detection
(LOD) of 0.03 mg/L and a linear range of 0.05 to 10.0 mg/L in groundwater and soil
samples. The probe’s ability to manipulate a variety of natural patterns shows how
flexible and useful it is for agriculture. By combining MOF nanocubes with platinum
nanoparticles (PtNPs), Guo and colleagues created an immune system that can
capture Salmonella by amplifying the signal. In their approach, they used
Fe-MOF/PtNPs as peroxidase analogs in anti-inflammatory drugs. This allows
collecting oxygen (O2) from temperature changes measured by thermometers,
including smartphones. and co-deposited Fe-MOF/PtNPs into a microfluidic device.
The most important step to make sure it works is to isolate and repair the
components. This highly integrated system can detect contamination easily and
quickly, making it a powerful tool for food and environmental protection.
Fe-MOF/PtNP then decomposes H2O2 and reacts with water and calcium oxide
powder, causing heat and high pressure. This reaction can be easily detected by the
thermal monitor of the smartphone, making it easier to determine whether there is an
infection (Guo et al. 2021).
12.3.1.10 Gas Sensors
MOF-based composites are ideal for gas chemo-resistive sensors due to their
excellent selectivity, sensitivity, and low detection value. A team of researchers
led by (Zhang et al. 2019) A sensor that detects SO2 gas using MOFs-derived TiO2/
rGO nanocomposites has been successfully created. This sensor outper forms pure
sensors and can detect SO2 concentrations ranging from 250 ppb to 20 ppm,
TiO
2
with a 43% responsivity to 1 ppm SO
gas. Researchers have recently focused on
2
designing ECL biosensors and MOFs functionalized with ECL molecules (Yang
et al. 2019) fabricated 2D Ru-MOF nanosheets using ECL properties to detect
Cardiac Troponin I. Furthe rmore, as contrasted with large MOF crystals, 2D MOF
nanosheets provide a greater number of active regions that are easily accessible on
their extensive surfaces. This facilitates the interaction with substrate molecules,
enhancing MOFs’ sensing capabilities. The detection range for cTnI by the
immunosensor was between 1 fg/mL and 10 ng/mL, with an impressive LOD of
0.48 fg/mL with good sensitivity and excellent selectivity.
12.3.1.11 Temperature Sensor
The easy approach Naderi et al., (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.
127775) proposed to produce 2D MOF-5 sheets over ZnO nanorods for enhancing
MOF-5 stability and properties for light sensing devices is very promising. This
approach enhances mechanical strength, improves flow distribution, and increases
surface accessibility and porosity. The photoresponse characteristics of a Metal-