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82 M. Chaudhuri et al.
is one of the key players in the dissemination of the BC biosynthesis. This substrate
adaptability enables this bacteria to utilize a wide variety of inexpensive clean
feedstocks which complements the synthesis route more flexible and sustainable
for BC production (Adamopoulou et al.
2024).
Other Producers In addition to the above bacterial strains, several other bacterial
strains are involved in bacterial cellulose synthesis. Each strain have special
characteristics that influence the quality and characteristics of the produced
BC. Those bacterial species include Komagataeibacter rhaeticus,
Komagataeibacter europaeus, and others (He et al. 2020; Tseng et al. 2023).
4.3.1 Process of Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis
BC is synthesized by acetic acid bacterial strains by a controlled fermentation
process from Gluconacetobacter and Komagataeibacter genera. Normally, this
fermentation process occurs in a cult ure medium containing several minerals,
organic vitamins, and different sources of carbon and nitrogen bred in a controlled
atmosphere.
Normall
media for the growth BC producing of bacterial strains viz. Gluconacetobacter and
Komagataeibacter for BC synthesis. Several studies suggest that different alternate
media can be used to produce BC through bacterial fermentation. Researchers
showed that Acetobacter xylinum grown in pineapple juice produced BC and has
better mechanical properties than conventional glucose-based media, i.e., HS media.
The resulting BC has higher tensile strength and crystallinity, due to the special
ingredients in the composition of pineapple juice (Mahsuli et al. 2019)
which is found in orange juice, acts as an antioxidant and may have an influence on
BC structure and synthesis kinetics. Research by Andritsou et al. (2018) found that
BC synthesis by using orange juice as culture media showed better thermal stability
and water-holding capacity compared to BC synthesised using standard HS media
(Andritsou et al. 2018). Pectinolytic enzymes are usually present in apple juice.
Those enzymes can influence the microstructure and porosity of BC, which can
affect its mechanical properties. Previous research reported that BC synthesized by
using apple juice has better biocompatibility and water absorption compared to using
synthetic media (He et al. 2020)
such as woun d dressings and tissue engineering. Polyphenols and antioxidants have
shown promise as a supplement in the bacterial growth medium for BC production
with antimicrobial properties. Research by Xu et al. (2014) found that BC
synthesized in grape juice has inhibitory effects against gram-positive bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacteria Escheri chia coli (Xu et al. 2014).
The process of BC synthesis consists of several essential phases, viz. inoculation,
fermentation and purification. Each of these phases is very crutial for the
characteristics, yield, and purity of the final synthesized BC.
y, t
he Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium is considered as the conventional
. V
itamin C,
, w
hich makes it ideal for biomedical applications
4 Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose: A Bio-mediated Nanomaterial for Health… 83
1. Inoculation:
Bacterial inoculum with the desir ed strain of BC is first inoculated in the
designated culture medium prior to the synthesis of BC. Components of the
culture medium together with inoculation conditions are adjusted to optimize
the bacterial growth and cellulose synthesis. It is then inoculated and the culture is
incubated under controlled conditions at a given temperature (varies for different
bacterial strain, usually 30 °C), pH, and oxygen, under which the bacteria grow
and hence produce cellulose. Fermentation usually takes several days to weeks,
contingent upon the bacterium and fermentation conditions.
2. Fermentation:
This happens post inoculation when the BC producing bacteria release cellulose
fibrils in the culture medium as part of their metabolism. The cellulose nanofibrils
then self-assemble outside the bacterial cell into a 3D network structure. During
the fermentation process, a thick BC membrane is formed on the surface of the
culture medium. BC quality and puri fication can be performed on the produced
BC mat after the conclusion of fermentation. The ability to control the media
composition as well as the pH, temperature and agitation during fermentation is
essential for the successful production and it may vary according to some of the
utilized cultivation methods.
3. Purification:
After the completi
culture medium and purification is done to remove the b acterial cells, residual
nutrients, and other impurities present in the culture media. The BC mat is
purified usually by washing with NaOH solution to remove soluble components
(bacterial cells and other nutrients) and then again withholding. The purified BC
pellicle can further be processed into required shapes and forms (i.e., sheets,
membranes or fibers) by means of cutting or spinning techniques.
on of
the fermentation, the BC mat is usually collected from the
Figure 4.1 shows
tion, from inoculation of Komagataeibacter xylinus to purification of produces BC.
Ultimately, the dehydrated BC product is cleaned, packed, and stored for further
use in culinary, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications. Due to its special
qualities, which include high purity, mechanical strength, water-holding capacity,
and biocompatibility, the synthesised BC may be used in a variety of ways.
Researchers can modify the characteristics of BC to satisfy certain application
needs by adjusting the synthesis process parameters and enhancing culture
conditions (Blanco Parte et al. 2020).
a schematic
diagram of the process of BC synthesis and purifica-
4.4 Probiotic Bacteria and Their Beneficial Effects
Probiotics from the genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Pediococcus are among
those bacteria that have been recognised for their beneficial effects on human health.
Due to their contribution in boosting the immune system and maintaining gut
microbiota makes them a particularly good choice for many of the different
84 M. Chaudhuri et al.
Fig. 4.1 Synthesis of bacterial cellulose. (a–b) inoculation, (c–d) fermentation, (e–f) Purification
physiological systems. Several studies have been done on probiotic bacteria for their
beneficial effects on human health.
Probiotic bacteria have shown more prom ise when it comes to digestive health.
Lactobacillus acidophilus, a genus commonly found in yoghurt and various other
fermented foods, has shown benefits in protecting and handling antibiotic-associated
diarrhoea (AAD). The study by Xie et al. (2015) involved a meta-analysis of sixtythree randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that determined that supplementation with
L. acidophilus could greatly reduce the risk of AAD (Xie et al. 2015). Also, María
Remes-Troche et al. (2020) comprehensive review and meta-analysis proved that
L. acidophilu s supplementation for adults and children reduced the incidence of
AAD (María Remes-Troche et al. 2020).
In a
ddition t
o AAD, probiotics have emerged as a treatment for irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS), a chronic functional gastrointestinal disease characterised by
bloating and abdominal distension, altered bowel habits, and abdominal discomfort.
Recently, increasing interest has turned to a probiotic strain, Bifidobacterium
infantis, naturally found in the gut of the healthy infant, for its potential therapeutic
effects in the management of IBS. In the study by Ringel-Kulka et al. (2017) patients
with IBS were provided supplementation of B. infantis resulted in better clinical
implications of IBS, stomach distress scores to placebo when compared with management during the experiment (Ringel-Kulka et al. 2017). The research of Yuan
et al. (2017) further found in the study of that IBS symptom severity was significantly reduced and bowel habits improved satisfactorily in B. infantis-treated
patients (Yuan et al. 2017).
dition, probiotics may be a useful tool for the treatment of inflammatory
In ad
bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Some studies
demonstrated the ability of certain probiotics to modulate the intestinal microbiota,
and decrease inflammation in patients with IBD. For example, Vakadaris et al.
4 Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose: A Bio-mediated Nanomaterial for Health… 85
(2023) conducted a randomized controlled experiment to test the ability of a
multispecies probiotic containing Bifidobacterium breve, L. acidophilus, and
L. plantarum in sustained remission of ulcerative colitis patients (Vakadaris et al.
2023). Patients, treated with probiotics had a significantly lower disease prevalence
and improved health conditions than those in the placebo group. Also, Prantera and
Scribano (2002) observed positive outcomes with probiotic supplementation in
Crohn’s disease patients a reduction in inflammatory markers and overall symptoms
(Prantera and Scribano
2002).
In addition to gastrointestinal disorders, probiotics h ave been studied for their potential use in preventing and treating allergic disorders, such as eczema and allergic rhinitis.
One extensively studied probiotic strain is Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), which
has shown promising results inregulating the immu nesystem and preven tingthe onset of
various allergic disorders. A comprehensive review and meta-analysis by Cabana et al.
(2017) of RCTs evaluatingthe effectivenessof LGG in preventing eczema (Cabana et al.
2017) found a noticeable decrease in the risk of eczema in babies who weresupplemented
with LGG. Also, another study reportedfavourable outcomes with probiotic supplementation while used in the case of Crohn’s disease patients, includingreduced inflammatory
markers and better clinical symptoms.
Als
he potential of probiotic application for metabolic health has been reported
o, t
in glycemic control, lipid profiles, and reduction in metabolic syndrome. It indicates
the preventive effect of probiotics for metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular
diseases and type 2 diabetes by improving metabolic health. In a systematic review
and meta-analysis of randomized controlled experiment by Li et al. (2023)wa
s
performed for examining the effects of probiotics on glycemic control in patients
with type 2 diabetes found that supplementation with probiotic significantly reduced
blood glucose and HbA1c (Li et al. 2023). Similarly, Razmpoosh et al.(2019)reported
that after probiotic supplementation supplementation in both healthy individuals as
well as in patients with metabolic disorders, lipid profiles was improved, which
includes reductions in triglycerides total and triglycerides (Razmpoosh et al. 2019).
Studi
es have shown that Lactobacillus plantarum is able to suppress the growth of
an array of pathogens, making it suitable for use both in food preservation as well as
supplementation in health care applications. Arena et al. (2016) reported that some
specific strains of L. plantarum can show activity against different foodborne
pathogens like Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli (Arena et al.
2016). Another study conducted by Zeng et al. (2020
)
proved Lactobacillus
plantarum collected from traditional Chinese fermented foods showed significant
antibacterial activity against several bacteria, including Bacillus cereus and Staphy-
lococcus aureus (Zeng et al. 2020). These results prove that L. plantarum could be
used as an alternative to food preservation as well as its usability in various
therapeutic strategies are based on novel antimicrobial treatment tools. Moreover,
the antimicrobial activity of L. plantarum is not limited only to food preservation
applications. Studies have shown several beneficial effects of L. plantarum against
different infections and maintaining gut health in humans. More researches are
required to identify the mechanisms of the antimicrobial activity of L. plantarum
and to explore their potential in therapeutic and clinical settings.
86 M. Chaudhuri et al.
Pediococcus pentosaceus, a lactic acid bacterium commonly isolated from different fermented foods and the human gastrointestinal tract, has drawn attention for its
interesting ability to be used as a probiotic and for the variety of health benefits it
may provide. Recent investigations have also highly associated that a few strains of
P. pentosaceus may contain antitumoral and anti-cholesterol properties. Hence,
these findings may further increase the potential of the drug in the biomedical
area. For example, Ilavenil et al. (2016), performed a laboratory study of
cholesterol-lowering properties of P. pentosaceus, isolated from ferm ented dairy
product. The studies showed that supplementing this bacterium decrease serum
cholesterol (Ilavenil et al.
2016). Furthermore, several reports demonstrated that
P. pentosaceus possibly have anti-tumor effects. Jiang et al. found that
P. pentosaceus isolated from traditional fermented foods show anti -proliferative
effects on cancer cells in vitro. According to the research it has potential as a new
probiotic having therapeutic effects for the treatment of cancer. These results
describes the vast applications of this bacteria for several medicinal applications
and focuses on the need of more research in future to study the modes of action of the
probiotic and assess its effectiveness in pharmaceutical contexts (Jiang et al.
2021).
Apart from having different medicinal applications, probiotic bacteria also have a
positive effect via different other pathways, likewise, improvement of the intestinal
barrier function, the competitive exclusion of different pathogenic microorganisms,
immune response alteration, and synthesis and secretion of bioactive metabolites
like organic acids, bacteriocins and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These systems
support the preservatio n of both general host health and intestinal homeostasis.
Table 4.1 demonstrates various beneficial effects of different probiotic bacteria.
Probiotic bacteria are a potentially effective treatment option for a variety of
illnesses, including metabolic problems, allergic diseases, gastrointestinal disorders,
and more. The growing body of data from current studies emphasises their numerous
health benefits and emphasises the need to take probiotic supplements into account
as part of an all-encompassing strategy for managing health and illness. To better
understand the intricate relationships between probiotics and the host microbiota and
immune system, as well as to determine the best strains, doses, and treatment
durations for certain illnesses, further study is necessary. However, an increasing
amount of research backs up the use of probiotics in clinical settings and public
health campaigns that enhance people’s health and well-being.
Probiotic bacteria have drawn the attention of researchers for a long time back due
to their beneficial health effects. Apart from they are present in the gut, probiotic
bacteria secrete several compounds which have various therapeutic effects. Some of
the most important compounds are briefly described below with their acting principle and producing probiotic bacteria.
1. Shor
SCFAs, p
t-Chain Fatty A
rimarily acetate, propionate and butyrate, which form the main class of
cids (SCFAs):
metabolites discharged by probiotics. These SCFAs are primarily produce d in the
colonic fermentation pathway of some non-digestible dietary fibers and resistant
starches by saccharolytic probiotic bacteria, especially species of Lactobacillus
4 Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose: A Bio-mediated Nanomaterial for Health… 87
Table 4.1 The beneficial effects of different probiotic bacteria on human health
Probiotic bacteria Beneficial effect References
Lactobacillus plantarum Inhibitory properties to Streptococcus
Lactobacillus rhamnosus Reduces Streptococcus mutans Pahumunto
Lactobacillus. rhamnosus from
human breast milk
Lactobacillus plantarum Antibacterial activity E. coli Patel
Weisella confus Antibacterial activity E.
Pediococcus parvulus Antibacterial activity E. coli Patel et al.
Weisella cibaria Antibacterial activity E. coli Patel et al.
Lactobacillus strains from Pulp
the durian (Durio
of
fruit
Pediococcus
Lactobacillus plantarum KX041 Possessed
Lactobacillus gasseri FR4 In-vitro antioxidant, antibacterial
Lactobacillus sp.
zibethinus)
pentosaceus
Ca6 Antimicrobial activity a
mutants and Candida albicans, which are
the main responsible bacteria for oral
infection
Strong antibacterial activity against
pathogenic E.
Produce biosurfactants
Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm
eradication by cell-bound biosurfactants
Anti-biofilm action
Antimicrobial,
Antioxidant
Reduces cholesterol
Antimicrobial activity
Antioxidant
Antitumor activity,
α-amylase and α-glucosidase
DPPH/ABTS radicals scavenging
Activities
effect
food borne
And anti-biofilm activity of EPS
several antibiotics
The wound healing activity of EPS-Ca6 was
assessed using excision wound model in rats
coli, Salmonella typhimurium
coli Patel et al.
activity
inhibitions
the immune
and DNA
pathogens
activity
damage productive
nd sensitive to
against
Zeng et al.
(2022)
et al. (2020)
Riaz
Rajoka
et al. (2018)
et al.
(2012)
(2012)
(2012)
2012)
(
et al.
Khalil
(2018)
Ayyash
et al. (2020)
Xu et al.
(2019)
Rani et al.
(2018)
Trabelsi
(2015)
et al.
and Bifidobacterium (Marasco et al. 2020). SCFAs have been recognized as
critical elements essential for gut mucosal function in several ways, among
which is the main energy source for colonocytes and their fundamental role in
maintaining gut immune homeostasis and protection against intestinal inflamma-
tory pathophysiology. In particular, butyrate has received the most attention
because of its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer bioactivity, which may represent
obiotic
a potential therapeutic window for the pr
-derived SCFA.
88 M. Chaudhuri et al.
2. Bacteriocins:
Bacteriocins are peptides which are secreted by probiotic bacteria and can inhibit
the growth of a number of pathogens. As indicated by the experiment of
Heilbronner et al. 2021, these are small peptides capable of providing very limited
spectrum of activity against closely related bacterial species, at the same time
sparing the gut normal flora. Bacteriocins are mainly produced in large a large
extent by various lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Streptococcus
species (Heilbronner et al. 2021). Bacteriocins can help regulate gut-microbiota
balance by competitive inhibition and through their direct antimicrobial effects.
3. Exopolysaccharides (EPS):
Exopolysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that is secreted by several bacte-
ria as well as probiotic bacteria that having numerous benefitial effect to health.
According to Castro-Bravo et al. (2018), different EPS play very important roles
in biofilm formation, enhanceing the colonization of probiotics and their persis-
tence in the gut (Castro-Bravo et al. 2018). Furthermore, according to the research
of Kaur et al. (2023), EPS have prebiotic effects as they selectively promote the
growth of different beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactoba cillus
species (Kaur et al. 2023). Also, EPS have been observed for modulating host
immune responses and to protect against intestinal pathogens (Rahbar Saadat
et al. 2019).
4. Bile Salt Hydrolases (BSH):
Probiotic bacteria secrete some enzymes called bile salt hydrolases which can
catalyze the hydrolysis of conjugated bile salts. BSH enzymes influence bile salt
metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis in cholesterol in the host by
disconjugating of bile salts. Furthermore, BSH activity supports the endurance
and persistence of probiotic bacteria in the harsh environment of the gut (Yang
et al. 2019). Through bile salt hydrolysis, probiotic-derived BSH enzymes help in
lipid metabolism, maintainance of gut microbiota, and overall gut health.
5. Neurotransmitters and Metabolites:
Neuro
transmit
ters are chemicals that mostly act directly on the physiology and
behaviour of the host. Probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacil-
lus can produce neurotransmitters as dopamine, serotonin and gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) that affect mood, stress and cognition of the host
(Tette et al. 2022). Probiotic bacteria also produce a range of metabolites including tryptophan and polyamines. Gut microbiota and the immune system are
inextricably linked by these metabolites with varied effects on immune regulation
and cross-talk with the gut-brain axis (Bosi et al. 2020). These researches open
doors for the use as well as investigation of probiotics-based therapeutics, such as
PBC, for neuropsychiatric conditions and demonstrates interactions of probiotic
bacteria with the human neurological system.
Probiotic
bacteria secrete an array of molecules with an impact that encompasses
many aspects of host health and welfare, accessed via the oral cavity into the
gut. These bioactive compounds (short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins,
exopolysaccharides, bile salt hydrolases, and even neurotransmitters) exert potential
4 Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose: A Bio-mediated Nanomaterial for Health… 89
Table 4.2 Different probiotic bacteria and their secreted molecules
Probiotic bacteria Secreted material References
Lactobacillus acidophilus Bacteriocins, SCFAs Wang et al. (2020)
Bifidobacterium breve Exopolysaccharides (EPS) Wang et al. (2019)
Streptococcus thermophilus Lactocepin, Exopolysaccharides Wang et al. (2021)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus Bacteriocins, Lipoteichoic acids dos Santos et al. (2015)
Bifidobacterium animalis Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Enterococcus faecium Aggregation Substance (Agg) Boltz et al. (2019)
Bacillus coagulans Spores, Heat-Stable Enzymes Konuray and Erginkaya
Bacillus coagulans Microcins, Outer Membrane
Propionibacterium
freudenreichii
(SCFAs)
Vesicles
Microcins, Outer Membrane
Vesicles
Lee
et al. (2017)
(2018)
and Wu
Juturu
Parizzi et al. (
(2018)
2012)
benefits on the gut physiology, immune function, and even neurological processes.
Different probiotic bacteria and their secreted materials are mentioned in Table 4.2.
4.5 Methods of Synthesizing Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose
Bacterial cellulose (BC), as a biopolymer that is highly biocompatible and pure and
possess special structure, is considered a good green polymer in the field of biomedicine. One tempting route to enhance BC-based material performance for healthcare
uses, such as drug-release, tissue engineering, and wound healing, is to produce BC
in the presence of probiotic bacteria, which has not been previously realised. The
probiotic BC can be in several ways produced, such as:
1. Static Culture Method: Through this process, a bacterial inoculum was soaked
in a culture medium, BC then formed at the interface between air and media. Due
to their own advantages of high scalability an d simplicity, they are now utilized
heavily for large-scale BC synthesis. In that approach, various culture conditions
and nutrient supplements as well as pH adjustment have been investigated in
recent research to improve BC production and purity (Öz and Kalender 2023).
2. Agitated Culture Method: In this technique agitation is generally used to
increase the distribution of nutrients and oxygen in the culture medium to boost
the synthesis of beta-carotene. Agitation can be achieved by several ways, such as
shaking or stirring the culture vessel with different instruments. To increase the
efficiency of BC synthesis, researchers have investigated at different parameter
like agitation speed and duration (Bi et al. 2014).
3. I
mmobilisation
Techniques: Cross-linking and matrix immobilization might
enhance BC production by maintaining a micro-niche of constant conditions
required for biopolymer (PBC) production. Earlier methods of immobilisation
such as encapsulation and biofilm formation have been reported in the literature
90 M. Chaudhuri et al.
for co-culture systems of probiotic bacteria and BC-producing bacteria for the
development of composite mat erials with improved functionalit ies (Jayani et al.
2020).
4. Co-cultivation Technique: To create BC with improved qualities, co-cultivating
BC-producing bacteria, such as Komagataeibacter xylinus, in the presence of
probiotic bacteria is known as the co-culture technique. Researchers want to add
bioactive substances or functionalize BC matrices with probiotic cells by
co-culturing probiotic bacteria with BC producers, which will provide particular
therapeutic advantages to BC-based materials (Sabio et al. 2021).
One method that shows promise for creating probiotic BC with specific qualities for
use in biological applications is co -culture. In co-culture systems, the main strains
that produce BC are Komagataeibacter species, which are well-known for their high
BC output. Different probiotic bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
genera are chosen for their effective health benefits and compatibility with BC
synthesizing bacteria for probiotic BC synthesis.
Several studies have been done showing different ways to co-culture probiotic
bacteria with the BC-producing bacteria Komagetaebacter.
• Sequential Inoculation: In this method, Komagataeibacter strains are grown in
culture media to produce BC, which is followed by the addition of probiotic
bacteria to the BC matrix at various timepoints to impart probiotic activity to the
cellulose matrix. The sequential inoculation is able to direct where and how the
probiotic cells are distributed and incorporated into the BC matrix (Ul-Islam et al.
2013).
• Simultaneous Inoculation: During simultaneous inoculation, both
Komagataeibacter and probiotic bacteria are co-cultured at the onset of BC
synthesis. This approach fosters the interactions of BC-forming, and probiotic
bacteria, and yields synergism in BC attributes and bioactivity. Despite the
observed trends between pH and nutrient content, the media composition needs
to be optimized for pH and nutrient content to be able to ensure the least possible
disturbance of the microbial balance and the simultaneous maximization of the
final BC yield (Rashidian et al. 2021).
• Immobilisation Strategies: The bacteria immobilization achieved by entrapping
probiotic in BC matrices can provide a localized and sustained delivery system of
probiotic cells and thereby maintaining their viability and functionality. Several
immobilization methods have been investigated in which probiotic bacteria were
incorporated into BC scaffolds, including entrapment, and surface coating of the
BC that retained the BC integrity and structure (Sabio et al. 2021).
The co-culture technique for probiotic BC synthesis provides various advantages
over traditionl ways of synthesizing Probiotic BC:
1. I
ncreased Bioactivity: Probiotic bacteria-loaded BC w
hich release bioactive
molecules (i.e., antimicrobial peptides, immunomodulatory factors) provides a
4 Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose: A Bio-mediated Nanomaterial for Health… 91
sustained delivery system and increases the therapeutic power of the probiotic BC
to be used in biomedical applications (Yao et al.
2. Synergistic Effects: Co-culturing of the probiotic bacteria with
Komagataeibacter shows synergistic effects. This in turn increases the mechanical strength, porosity, and biocompatibility of the newly synthesised BC. These
enhanced properties could help to design new BC-based materials for various
pharmaceutical applications, such as tissue engineering or regenerative medicine
etc. (Buer Boyetey et al.
3. Customised Functionality: The co-culture technique supports the precise con-
trol over the distribution of probiotic bacteria within BC matrices, which allows
the modification of BC-based materials with desired functionalities, such as in
wound healing and gastrointestinal health remedies and targeted drug delivery
etc. (Gregory et al. 2021).
Co-culture method offers a promising process for the synthesis of PBC with improved
mechanical properties as well as making it capable to be used in the biomedical
field. Through the synergistic interactions of these BC-producing bacteria,
Komagataeibacter, and various probiotic bacteria, the scientists can craft engineered,
microbe-supplemented BC for advanced biomedical applications including wound
care, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. Through further investigation in this area,
it is inevitable that probiotic bio-BC-based materials will be clinically trialed in the
future and provide a direction to solve real-life health problems.
2023).
2022).
4.6 Healthcare Applications of Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose
BC has emerged as a biomaterial for a vast range of pharmaceutical applications.
Normally, Komagataeibacter xylinus produce BC as a metabolic byproduct, having
unique properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, and a large surface-tomass ratio that makes it an ideal polymer for pharmaceutical applications. In
combination with probiotic bacteria, BC exhibits greater therapeutic potential,
showing a new way for innovative medical solutions. Many instances of clinical
uses of probiotic BC are described in this part of the chapter, such as drug delivery,
tissue engineering, wound healing, tumour therapy, oral health recovery and others.
By going throu gh recent research findings, we aim to demonstrate the broad spectrum of ways in which probiotic BC can revolutionize healthcare practices and
improve patient conditions.
1. Wound H
The combi
natural properties of BC allows PBC to provide an excellent wound therapeutic
agent. Because the cellulose produced by acetic acid bacteria such as
Komagataeibacter xylinus (BC), is a highly porous material and its properties
of biocompatibility, biodegradability and the ability to keep the wound environment moist, are one of the reasons that makes BC a good natural dressing. BC
ealing:
ned benefits of the therapeutic effects of probiotic bacteria with the