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122 O. Sarkar et al.
The incorporation of 4D printing in biomedical engineering raises ethical
considerations, including safeguarding patient privacy, securing informed consent,
and ensuring equitable access. Preserving patient con fidentiality is crucial throughout design and production phases. Obtaining informed consent is vital for patients
participating in clinical trials involving 4D-printed devices. Ensuring fair access to
these devices is essential given their high costs. Furthermore, each specific application within 4D printing may present distinct challenges, requiring tailored
approaches and problem-solving strategies. Factors such as functionality, suitability
for biological systems, intricacy, and scalability require thorough consideration in
every project. Extensive research and analysis are necessary for overcoming the
limitations of 4D printing and maximizing its potential in biomedical engineering.
5.8.3 Future Directions
The emerging trends and research areas in biomedical engineering suggest
promising prospects for the future of 4D printing:
1. Integration of Sensors and Electronics: Integrating sensors and electronic
elements into 4D-printed devices allows for real-time monitoring of device
functionality, assisting in the customization of treatment strategies.
2. Biohybrid Systems: Combining living cells with 4D-printed frameworks leads to
biohybrid systems, offering novel prospects in tissue engineering and regenera-
tive medicine, potentially reducing the need for organ transplants.
3. Self-Healing Materials: Integrating self-repair capabilities into 4D-printed
devices prolongs their durability and dependability, particularly advantageous
for implants and prosthetics, thereby diminishing the necessity for replacements
or invasive procedures.
4. Personalized Medicine: 4D printing facilitates the creation of tailor-made
devices and structures tailored to individual patient requirements, enhancing the
effectiveness and results of treatments and interventions.
5. Environmental and Biodegradable Materials: Research is dedicated to creat-
ing eco-friendly and biodegradable materials suitable for 4D printing, thereby
promoting sustainable healthcare approaches.
6. Multi-Stimuli Responsive Materials: Utilizing materials responsive to various
stimuli enables the advancement of 4D-printed devices with improved function-
ality and flexibility, including tailored drug delivery systems.
7. Biomimetic Materials: Biomimetic materials imitate natural tissues, offering
advantages in biocompatibility and functionality, promoting effective healing
and recovery in tissue engineering and prosthetics.
8.
Nanomedicine:
nanostructures and drug delivery systems, enhancing treatment effectiveness
and facilitating personalized medicine, transforming healthcare and improving
patient outcomes.
The evolution of 4D printing allows to produce intricate
5 3D Printing and 4D Printing: Sustainable Manufacturing Techniques… 123
Progress in production methods is advancing in 4D printing and related cutting-edge
advances, resulting in increasingly sophisticated, streamlined, and accurate processes. Significant developments include:
1. Multi-Material and Multi-Process Printing: Facilitating the development of
complex formations through the simultaneous integration of diverse materials and
processes, influencing advancements in biomedical engineering, soft robotics,
and intelligent substances.
2. High-Resolution Printing: Enabling the generation of complex frameworks with
precise configuration details on a micro or nano level, essential for tissue engi-
neering and drug delivery platforms.
3. Hybrid Fabrication Techniques: Integrating various manufacturing techniques
to produce structures with improved characteristics, such as combining 3D
printing and electrospinning for the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds.
4. Self-Assembly and Self-Folding Techniques: Facilitating the development of
dynamic structures without requiring external intervention, crucial for generating
adaptable constructs that react to environmental signals.
5. Embedded Sensors and Actuators: They provide continuous monitoring and
regulation of 4D-printed constructs, improving their versatility across different
applications.
6. Biofabrication: It encompasses the advancement of techniques like bioprinting,
and hydrogel printing infused with cells, allowing the incorporation of living cells
and biomolecules into printed constructs, with applications in tissue engineering
and regenerative medicine.
7. Revolutionizing Design: Leveraging machine learning and AI-powered
techniques for design innovation and to anticipate material performance and
adjust fabrication parameters for achieving specific functionalities, thereby
enhancing productivity and efficacy.
8. Scalability and Automation: Enhancing scalability and automation involves
speeding up the mass production of 4D-printed structures via efficient
manufacturing techniques and automated systems for quality assurance (Silva
2019).
Bioprin
ffers hope in alleviating the worldwide scarcity of organs by allowing
ting o
the creation of transplantable tissues with reduced risks of immune rejection.
Innovations in hydrogel technology, such as dynamic switchable and oxygengenerating hydrogels, present novel approaches for regulating c ellular environments.
However, unlocking the complete capabilities of 3D bio-printing necessitates
enhancements in speed, scalability, material availability, tissue vascularization,
nerve supply, and scaffold production (Chameettachal et al. 2019)
These advancem
ents have the potential to revolutionize healthcare and provide
.
new therapeutic options across various applications and industries (Silva 2019).
Overall, collaboration across disciplines is crucial for advancing this technology
towards clinical applications (Ramezani and Mohd 2023).
124 O. Sarkar et al.
5.9 Conclusion
The article discusses sustainable manufacturing practices in the context of
bio-printing, focusing on the utilization of environmentally friendly biomaterials in
3D and 4D bio-printing for medical applications. It highlights the evolution of
bio-printing technology from 3D to 4D, tracing its origins and significant milestones.
The role of biomaterials in bio-printing, including synthetic polymers and sustainable options sourced from marine and plant-based origins, is emphasized, along with
their contribution to environmental remediation efforts. Strategies for achieving
biomaterial sustainability, such as reducing raw material usage and favoring renewable resources, are outlined. It revolves around the transformative capabilities of 4D
bio-printing, which is facilitated by intelligent polymers, in pushing the boundaries
of tissue engineering and drug delivery. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance
of collaborative efforts and ethical contemplations in the realm of bio-printing
research. Overall, the article underscores the significance of sustainable
manufacturing practices in bio-printing for revolutionizing healthcare while
minimizing environmental impact.
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Ms. Oishani Sarkar is a postgraduate student under
Dr. Kanthesh BM an Associate Professor and Coordinator Division of Molecular Biology, in JSS Academy of Higher Education
& Research, Mysuru. She is currently pursuing her master ’ sin
molecular biology. Before joining JSS, she was in St. Ann’s
college for women, Osmania University, Hyderabad for her undergraduate where she got a triple major in Genetics, Microbiology
and Chemistry. She has also worked as a research trainee at
Institute for Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases,
Hyderabad. After completing her postgraduate studies, Oishani
wants to pursue Ph.D. and continue with research in the field of
Human Genetics and Cancer Biology. She is a research-oriented
individual who is always looking to expand her reach of science.
Ms. Yukta Mourya, is a postgraduate student under Dr. Kanthesh
BM, an Associate Professor and Coordinator of Division of
Molecular Biology, in JSS Academy of Higher Education and
Research, Mysuru. She is currently pursuing her master’s i
molecular biology. She has completed her undergraduate in Life
Sciences (Hons.) from Amity University, Noida. After completion
of her postgraduate studies, Yukta wants to pursue a career in the
field of conservation genetics and molecular ecology in wildlife.
n
128 O. Sarkar et al.
Ms. K. L. Kavya is a postgraduate student under Dr. Kanthesh
BM an Associate Professor and Coordinator Division of Molecular Biology, in JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research,
Mysuru. She is currently pursuing her master’s in molecular
biology. Before joining JSS, she was in Vijaya College, Bangalore
City University, Bangalore for her undergraduate where she got a
triple major in Microbiology, Biotechnology and Chemistry. She
is a research-oriented individual who is always looking to expand
her reach of science.
Mr. D. Mutthuraj, currently a PhD research scholar under the
guidance of Dr. Kanthesh BM, Associate Professor, Division of
Molecular Biology, JSS Academy of Higher Education &
Research, Mysuru, India. He has been actively involved in
research since post-graduation with specialization in Biochemistry
& Molecular Biology. Identifying various biomarkers are studied
involved in autoimmune disorders and their pathways.
He received his undergraduate degree from the prestigious
University of Mysore with First class with distinction, later he
joined JSS AHER where he worked on auto-immune disorders
like Rheumatoid arthritis titled “inhibition of pro-inflammatory
molecules by ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and its antiinflammatory effects on arthritis patients’‘ – where he checked for
the inhibitory molecules and their effects on arthritis patients and
also published 5 review paper and one original paper in peerreviewed journals and also worked as guest lecturer in various
colleges in Mandya before joining as PhD Research Scholar at JSS
AHER. The author graduated from the JSS AHER (Deemed to be
university) with first class with distinction “A” Grade. Currently
focused on ovarian cancer and its chemopreventive studies.
5 3D Printing and 4D Printing: Sustainable Manufacturing Techniques… 129
Prof. Pasupuleti Visweswara Rao is currently a Professor in the
Department of Biotechnology at REVA University. He holds a
position as Associate Dean, School of Applied & Allied Health
Sciences and Director of International Relations and Research
Collaborations. Prof Rao was the Head for Non-Communicable
Diseases Research niche areas and, the faculty research
coordinator.
He was heading the internationalization centre at Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Prior
to this Prof Rao was holding a position as a Founding Deputy
Director and Director for the Centre of Excellence—Institute of
Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture (Centre of Excellence)
and the founding Chairman for Animal Ethics Committee at
University Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Malaysia and as a visiting
researcher to Japan, Macao, Indonesia, India and Thailand.
Prof. Pasupuleti previously worked with different universities
in India, South Korea, and Malaysia in the field of Biotechnology,
Natural Products, Nanoparticles research towards various
applications related to microorganisms, environment, engineering,
food and agriculture which are finally connected to the human
wellness. He is a recipient of several awards including young
scientist award, young researcher award, Best Faculty in Biotechnology Award, Excellence Service Award at national and international levels.
Prof Pasupuleti has been elected as an executive council member at International Governing bodies in Malaysia such as Young
Scientists Network – Akademi Science Malaysia (YSN- ASM).
Prof Pasupuleti has delivered several Keynote and Plenary talks in
various international conferences in Biotechnology, Biomedical
sciences, Biomedical engineering, and Nanotechnology across the
globe. Prof Pasupuleti has also edited seven books two selflearning materials (books) for Biotechnology students at master
level and and for the broader audience in related to food biotechnology on stingless bee honey and fruit vinegar, COVID-19 and
medicinal plants. He has also published more than 100 research
publications with a cumulative impact factor of around 500 in peer
reviewed international journals and 6 book chapters in highly
reputed publishers such as springer and Elsevier. He is also
serving to various journals as editorial member, and as reviewer
for several high impact factor journals with international reputation including Nature Publishing Group. He has been awarded
with a certificate from Elsevier as Outstanding contributing
Reviewer for three high impact factor journals such as Critical
reviews in oncology (Impact factor 5.27), Material Science and
Engineering C (Impact factor 5.88) and Magnetic science and
magnetic materials (2.717).
130 O. Sarkar et al.
Dr. Kanthesh M. Basalingappa, is an Associate Professor of
Molecular Biology at the School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy
of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India. His goal of
research is to determine the role of RNA Binding proteins in tumor
progression and metastasis. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene
expression by RNA binding protein is a crucial mechanism in
regulating the timing and the amount of expression of genes.
Growing evidence indicate that the alteration of the expression
and function of RNA binding proteins could potentially play a role
in inflammation and cancer. Dr. Kanthesh BM did is Ph.D. from
University of Madras (2005), He also did postdoctoral research at
the University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2007–2009);
West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA (2090–2011) and
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma, USA
(2011–2014). He received Malaysia Prestigious Bio-Malaysia
Gold medal Award (2008). For his research area is Arbovirus
infections, in that they done patented work on “Early detection
of BK virus using molecular methods”. He also Received
Dr. Wilson Aruni “Best Research Mentor and Teacher Gold
medal Award” from the Indian Association of Applied Microbiology (IAAM) (2018). He has been engaged in teaching and
research in Microbiology and Molecular Biology for the past
22 years. He has published over 95 original research papers,
15 book chapters, and 15 review articles. He is also Professional
and Scientific Memberships in, American Association for Cancer
Research (AACR), Life Member of Indian Association of Applied
Microbiology (IAAM), Life Member of Indian Association of
Biomedical Scientists (IABMS), Indian Association of Medical
Microbiologist (IAMM). He Received Fellowship Award from
Indian Association of Applied Micro- biology (FIAAM). At present he is a having collaboration with Royal Research Foundation,
a research institute in India.
Proteins as Biocompatible Material for Biomedical Applications
6
Phool Chandra , Rashmi Pathak
, Neetu Sachan ,
and Anurag Verma
Abstract
Natural biocompatible materials have evolved over billions of years into incredibly exact structure-activity interactions that scientists aspire to mimic. Thanks to
developments in genetic engineering, it is now possible to conduct in-depth
research into how modifications to even a single peptide within a protein
sequence might result in biocompatible materials with exceptional mechanical,
biological, and thermal properties. With a wide range of biomedical applications,
proteins are among the most versatile and extensively researched macromolecules. These materials have several advantages over synthetic counterparts
due to their biological and natural origins, including inherent bioactivity, cell
recognition, and less immunogenic potential. Moreover, proteins can be readily
functionalized by changing the primary amino acid sequence of the protein.
Furthermore, proteins can frequently self-assemble into higher-order structures
independently or in response to particular environmental stimuli. Protein-based
materials’ high flex ibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability have led to their
use in various biological domains. Nanoscale protein-based polymers are
P. Chandra (✉)
Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer
University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
R. Pathak
Department of Pharmacy, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
N. Sachan
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Maharana Pratap College of Pharmacy, Mandhana,
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
A. Verma
Department of Pharmaceutics, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer
University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
#
The
Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025
R. Malviya, S. Sundram (eds.), Sustainable Green Biomaterials As Drug Delivery
Systems, Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Sustainability 1,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79062-1_6
131