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- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •About the Book
- •Contents
- •1.2.3 Ceramic Biomaterials
- •1.2.4 Composite Biomaterials
- •1.2.5 Nanocellulose
- •1.3.1 Biocompatible Proteins
- •1: Sustainable Green Biomaterials in Drug Delivery
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Classification
- •1.2.1 Metallic Biomaterials
- •1.2.2 Polymeric Biomaterials
- •1.3.2 Composites (Cellulose, Chitosan, and Chitin)
- •1.3.3 Hydroxyapatite-Starch Based Biomaterials
- •1.3.4 Carbonaceous Materials
- •1.4 Perspective
- •1.4.1 Current Recycling Strategies
- •1.4.2 Dental and Orthopedic Implants
- •1.4.3 Medical Plastic Waste
- •1.4.4 Sterilization and Reusability
- •1.4.5 Waste Management for Recycling
- •1.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges
- •References
- •2: Prospects of Biodegradable Material: Sustainable and Patient-Centric Approach in the Realm of Biomedical Engineering
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Sustainable Green Biomaterials
- •2.2.1 Naturally Derived Polymers and Polymer Substrates
- •2.2.1.1 Protein Based Sustainable Biomaterials
- •2.2.1.2 Polysaccharides Based Sustainable Biomaterials
- •2.2.1.3 Hydroxyapatite Based Sustainable Biomaterials
- •2.2.1.4 Carbonaceous Sustainable Biomaterials
- •2.2.2 Synthetic Polymer Substrate
- •2.2.3 Biodegradable Metal Substrates
- •2.4 Bio-degradable Piezoelectrics for Medical Implants
- •2.5.1 Wound Healing
- •2.5.2 Drug Delivery Systems
- •2.5.2.1 Nano-based Drug Delivery Systems
- •2.5.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
- •2.5.2.3 Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
- •2.5.2.4 Liposomes
- •2.5.3 Medical Devices
- •2.5.3.1 Implants
- •2.5.3.2 Other Applications
- •2.7 Prospects and Conclusion
- •References
- •3: Strategies in Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Natural Biopolymers
- •3.2.1 Polysaccharides
- •3.2.2 Polynucleotide
- •3.2.3 Polypeptides
- •3.3 Chemically Synthesized Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.1 Extraction Methods of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.2 Polymerization of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.3 Fermentation Method of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.4 Sonosynthesis of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.5 Solvent Casting Method of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.6 Electrospinning Method
- •References
- •4: Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose: A Bio-mediated Nanomaterial for Health Care Applications
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose and Bacterial Cellulose
- •4.3 Producers of Bacterial Cellulose
- •4.3.1 Process of Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis
- •4.4 Probiotic Bacteria and Their Beneficial Effects
- •4.5 Methods of Synthesizing Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose
- •4.6 Healthcare Applications of Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose
- •4.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •5: 3D Printing and 4D Printing: Sustainable Manufacturing Techniques for Green Biomaterials
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Fundamentals of 3D and 4D Bioprinting
- •5.3 Biomaterials in 3D Bioprinting
- •5.3.1 Types of Polymers Used in 3D Bioprinting (Fig. 5.1)
- •5.3.1.1 Synthetic Polymers
- •Polylactic Acid (PLA)
- •Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
- •5.4 Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)
- •5.5 Sustainability in 3D Printing
- •5.5.1 What Makes your Biomaterial more Sustainable?
- •5.6 Advancements in 4D Bioprinting
- •5.6.1 Smart Polymers
- •5.6.2 Applications of 4D Bio-Printing in Sustainable Manufacturing
- •5.7 Case Studies on 3D and 4D Bioprinting
- •5.8 Challenges and Future Directions in 3D and 4D Bioprinting
- •5.8.1 The Technical Challenges in 3D Bio-Printing Include
- •5.8.2 Challenges in 4D Bio-Printing
- •5.8.3 Future Directions
- •5.9 Conclusion
- •References
- •6: Proteins as Biocompatible Material for Biomedical Applications
- •6.2.6 Zein
- •6.3 Proteins as Adaptable and Biocompatible Building Blocks for Biomedical Applications in Biomaterials
- •6.4.1 Protein-Based Particle Systems
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Protein Materials
- •6.2.1 Keratin
- •6.2.2 Collagen
- •6.2.3 Elastin
- •6.2.4 Silk
- •6.2.5 Resilin
- •6.4.2 Protein-Based Hydrogels
- •6.4.3 Protein-Based Films
- •6.4.4 Protein Electrospun Fibers
- •6.4.5 Protein-Based Microneedles
- •6.4.6 Keratin Composites
- •6.4.7 Elastin Composites
- •6.4.8 Collagen Composites
- •6.5.1 Bone Healing
- •6.5.2 Antibiotic Release
- •6.5.3 Diabetes
- •6.5.4 Cancer Treatment
- •6.5.5 Neuroinflammation
- •6.5.6 Wound Healing
- •6.5.7 Corneal Regeneration
- •6.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •7: Graphene-Based Carbonaceous Materials: A Sustainable Biomaterial for Biomedical Application
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Graphene and Its Family
- •7.2.1 Structure of Graphene
- •7.2.2 Properties of Graphene-Based Biomaterials
- •7.2.3 Synthesis of Graphene Compounds
- •7.2.4 Applications of Graphene Compounds
- •7.3 Carbonaceous Materials in Biomedical Applications
- •7.3.1 Tissue Engineering
- •7.3.2 Biosensing
- •7.3.3 Drug Delivery
- •7.3.4 Smart Biomaterials
- •7.4 Biomaterials and Sustainability
- •7.4.1 Sustainability in Graphene-Based Materials
- •References
- •8: Green Approach for Synthesizing Silk Fibroin Biomaterial Scaffolds
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.3.1 Green Alternatives for Degumming
- •8.3.2 Green Alternative to Dissolution Techniques
- •8.3.3 Green Alternative to Fabrication Techniques
- •8.5 Applications of Silk Fibroin Biomaterial Scaffolds
- •8.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •9: Green Catalysts in the Synthesis of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Green Catalyst and Its Classification
- •9.2.1 Green Catalyst from the Light Source
- •9.2.2 Green Catalyst from Bio Source
- •9.2.3 Green Catalyst from Nanotechnology
- •9.2.4 Green Catalyst from Heteropolyacids
- •9.3 Biomedical Applications
- •9.3.1 Drug Delivery
- •9.3.2 Polymer Coating
- •9.3.3 Biosensor
- •9.3.4 Tissue Engineering
- •9.3.5 Wound Healing
- •9.3.6 Bioprinting
- •9.4 Methods Involved in the Synthesis of Green Catalyst
- •9.4.1 Green Solvent Synthesis Method of Catalyst
- •9.4.2 Biosynthesis Method of Catalyst
- •9.4.3 Electrochemical Synthesis Method of Catalyst
- •9.4.4 Plasma Method
- •9.4.5 Ultrasonic-Aided Synthesis
- •9.4.6 Microwave-Aided Synthesis (MAS)
- •9.4.7 Alternative Green Methods
- •9.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •10: Utilisation of Plant Extracts for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.1.1 Silver Oxide Nanoparticles
- •10.1.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
- •10.1.3 Synthesis Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
- •10.1.4 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
- •10.1.5 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle
- •10.1.6 Copper Oxide Nanoparticle
- •10.1.7 Palladium Nanoparticles
- •10.2 Conclusion
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.3 Sustainable Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Waste
- •11.3.1 Agri-Wastes
- •11.3.2 E-Wastes
- •11.3.3 Industrial-Wastes
- •11.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •12: Metal Framework in Biosensor
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Synthesis of MOFs
- •12.3 Sensors
- •12.3.1 Various Types of Biosensors
- •12.3.1.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
- •12.3.1.2 Amperometric and Voltammetric Immunosensor
- •12.3.1.3 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Biosensor
- •12.3.1.4 Aptamers
- •12.3.1.5 Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Sensors (FET)
- •12.3.1.6 MOF-Nanomaterials-Based Biosensors
- •12.3.1.7 Food Quality Monitoring
- •12.3.1.8 Environmental Analysis
- •12.3.1.9 Pesticide
- •12.3.1.10 Gas Sensors
- •12.3.1.11 Temperature Sensor
- •12.4 Diagnosis of Diseases
- •12.4.1 Cancer
- •12.4.2 Glucose Sensor
- •12.4.4 HIV Sensor
- •12.4.5 MOF Used for Optical Sensors
- •12.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
- •References
- •13: Cellulose, Chitin, and Chitosan Composite-Based Sustainable Biomaterials
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 General Structures of Cellulose, Chitin and Chitosan
- •13.2.1 Cellulose
- •13.2.2 Chitin
- •13.2.3 Chitosan
- •13.3.1 Cellulose Composite-Based Biomaterials
- •13.3.2 Chitin-Chitosan Composite-Based Biomaterials
- •13.5 Advantages and Disadvantages
- •13.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •14: Sustainable Synthesis of Cellulose-Derived Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.1.1 Overview of Cellulose-Derived Hydrogels
- •14.1.3 The Aim of this Chapter
- •14.2 The Sustainable Biomaterial of Cellulose
- •14.2.1 Cellulose Structure and Properties
- •14.2.2 Properties of Cellulose
- •14.2.3 Sources of Cellulose for Hydrogel Synthesis
- •14.2.4 Advantages of Using Cellulose-Derived Materials
- •14.3 Cellulose Hydrogel Formation Techniques
- •14.3.1 Synthesis Methods
- •14.3.1.1 Chemical Crosslinking Methods
- •14.3.1.2 Physical Crosslinking Methods
- •14.3.1.3 Hybrid Approaches
- •14.4 Tissue Engineering Applications
- •14.4.1 Scaffold Design Considerations
- •14.4.2 The Biocompatibility of Cellulose-Based Hydrogels
- •14.4.3 Case Studies of Tissue Engineering with Hydrogels Generated from Cellulose
- •14.5 Sustainability in Cellulose Hydrogel Synthesis
- •14.5.1 Green Synthesis Approaches
- •14.5.3 Assessment of the Life Cycle of Hydrogels Generated from Cellulose
- •14.6 Characterization Techniques
- •14.6.1 Structural Analysis
- •14.6.2 Mechanical Properties
- •14.6.3 Biodegradability Studies
- •14.7 Challenges and Future Directions
- •14.7.1 Current Limitations in Cellulose-Based Hydrogel Technology
- •14.7.2 Opportunities for Further Research and Development
- •14.8 Conclusion
- •14.8.1 Summary of Key Points
- •14.8.2 Implications for the Field of Tissue Engineering
- •14.8.3 Recommendations for Future Work
- •References
- •15: Hydroxyapatite-Starch-Based Sustainable Biomaterials
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Hydroxyapatite
- •15.2.1 Biomedical Applications of Hydroxyapatite
- •15.3 Starch
- •15.3.1 Sources, Structure and Properties of Starch
- •15.3.2 Biomedical Applications of Starch
- •15.5 Synthesis Techniques for HA-Starch Composites
- •15.5.1 Electrospinning
- •15.5.2 Sol-Gel
- •15.5.3 Thermally Induced Phase Separation
- •15.6 Starch-Based Drug Delivery Systems
- •15.8 Hydroxyapatite-Starch Based Drug Delivery Systems
- •15.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges
- •15.11 Conclusion
- •References
- •16: Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials: Sustainable and Eco-Synthesis Methods
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2.1 Solvent-Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.1.1 N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.1.2 Ethylene Glycol Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.1.3 Benzyl Alcohol Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.1.4 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.2 Simple Ion Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.2.1 Citrate Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.2.2 Amino Acid Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.2.3 Iodide Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.2.4 Buffer Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.3 Physical Process-Mediated Synthesis
- •16.2.3.1 Photochemically-Mediated Synthesis
- •16.2.3.2 Sonochemically Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.3.3 Laser Ablation-Mediated Synthesis
- •16.3.1 Synthetic Catalysis
- •16.3.2 Electrocatalysis
- •16.3.3 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
- •16.4 Challenges, Limitation, and Future Perspective
- •16.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •Index

Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Sustainability 1
Rishabha Malviya
Sonali Sundram
Editors
Sustainable Green
Biomaterials
As Drug Delivery
Systems

Biomaterials, Bioengineering
and Sustainability
Volume 1
Series Editors
J. Miguel Oliveira , 3Bs Research Group, University of Minho, Barco, Portugal
Rui L. Reis , AvePark - Parque de Ciênca e Tecnologia, 3B’s Research Group,
Barco, Portugal
Editorial Board Members
Antonella Motta , University of Trento, TRENTO, Italy
Biman Behari Mandal, Indian Institute of Technology Guw
Changyou Gao, Engineering, Rm 317 Polymer Bldg, Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou, China
Khang Gilson, Dept of Polymer-Nano Science & Tech, Jeonbuk National
University, Deokjin, Jeonju, Korea (Republic of)
Jeremy Teo
Ketul C. Popat, Scl. of Biomedical Engg.
University, Fort Collins, USA
Mario Monzon
Canaria, Spain
Maurice Collins, School
Miguel Alaminos, Departamento de Histología, University of Granada,
GRANADA, Spain
Kee W
, New York University Abu
, University of
of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
oei N
, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
g
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran
Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Dept. Mech. Engg, Colorado State
ahati, Guwahati, India

There is an urgent need to address the current paradigm shifts in bioengineering for
Human Health aiming the creation of breakthrough tissue engineered products,
manufacturing technologies and effective regenerative treatments for tackling different diseases/disorders in a personalized manner. Yet, the excessive costs and
wastes related to the development and production of biomaterials and advanced
therapy medicinal products, and the increasing use of plast
ics in cell culture methods
and animal derived reagents has recognized the importance of decreasing the direct
carbon footprint and thus, implement sustainable principles and solutions in the
innovation ecosystem. The main goal of the volumes in Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Sustainability series is to catapult and consolidate new concepts and
solutions towards the development of the next-generation of sustainable and
eco-friendly biomaterials and tissue e
ngineering and regenerative medicine
approaches. Each volume will focus on the latest developments dealing with the
identification of new sources of sustainable or recycled biomaterials, providing ideas
for green technologies and methods that can be applied for biomaterials advanced
processing and scaffolding strategies, and applications in biofabrication, tissue
engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery systems. It also aims to
include the explo
itation of renewable and sustainable source of human cells applied
for cell therapies or in combination with sustainable biomaterials. The develop
complex in vitro 3D/4D models and dynamic cell culture systems will be other
subjects to be further explored from a sustainable perspective. This series aims to
attract the contributions of leading experts in bioengineering, cell biology, materials
engineering, and environmental sciences.

Rishabha Malviya
Editors
•
Sonali Sundram
Sustainable Green
Biomaterials As Drug
Delivery Systems

Editors
Rishabha Malviya
Department of Pharmacy
Galgotias University
Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sonali Sundram
Department
of Pharmacy
Galgotias University
Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
ISSN 2731-751X ISSN 2731-7528 (electronic)
Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Sustainability
ISBN 978-3-031-79061-4 ISBN 978-3-031-79062-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79062-1
# The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland
AG 2025
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
If disposing of this product, please recycle the paper.

Foreword
The development and application of sustainable green biomaterials in drug delivery
systems is the need of the hour. This book, “Sustainable Green Biomaterials as Drug
Delivery Systems: Synthesis and Properties,” edited by Dr. Rishabha Malviya
attempts to fill this gap by demonstrating the potential of green biomaterials toward
reshaping the drug delivery systems.
The book is organized into several chapters that demonstrate the understanding of
numerous green techniques for obtaining sustainable biomaterials, analyze the
prospects of biodegradable materials, and discuss the approaches for synthesizing
biodegradable polymers. The book also explores the development of probiotic
bacterial cellulose as a bio-mediated nanomaterial for therapeutic uses. It includes
the revolutionary impact of 3D and 4D printing technology for the sustainable
manufacturing of green biomaterials, and addresses the role of proteins as biocompatible materials for biomedical applications. The book explores applications of
graphene-based carbonaceous compounds and green chemistry for synthesizing silk
fibroin biomaterial scaffolds. The book also highlights the function of green catalysts
in the synthesis of biomaterials and includes a case study for the green synthesis of
metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts. The book discusses the applications of
metal frameworks as biosensors and elaborates the role of cellulose, chitin, and
chitosan in the formulation of composite-based biomaterials. It also focuses on the
sustainable synthesis of cellulose-derived hydrogels for tissue engineering
applications and highlights hydroxyapatite-starch-based biomaterials for healthcare
applications and surfactant-free approaches for synthesizing metal and metal oxide
nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
The book offers a complete and insightful discussion of the synthesis and
application of sustainable green biomaterials in drug delivery systems, thus bringing
research and development done in this critical area of biomedical engineering at a
vv

vi Foreword
single platform in the form of this book. Dr. Rishabha Malviya and the team
meticulously organized the chapters which resulted in a book that advances our
understanding of green biomaterials while emphasizing the importance of
sustainability in scientific research and healthcare. Happy reading and best wishes.
Professor (HAG Scale) and Former Head,
Department of Pharmaceutical
Engineering & Technology, IIT(BHU)
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Brahmeshwar Mishra

Preface
The book, “Sustainable Green Biomaterials as Drug Delivery Systems: Synthesis
and Properties,” explores the synthesis, properties, and potential applications of
sustainable biomaterials in drug delivery systems, aiming to provide a valuable
resource for researchers, academicians, industrial experts, and students in biomedical
engineering, materials science, and environmental science. The book addresses the
urgent need for sustainable and biocompatible materials that can enhance drug
delivery efficiency while minimizing environmental impact.
The book discusses innovative and sustainable approaches in the synthesis and
application of green biomaterials. It focuses on the sustainable synthesis of cellulosederived hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the synthesis
and properties of hydroxyapatite-starch-based biomaterials, and the surfactant-free
synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials. The book aims to integrate
environmental sustainability with cutting-edge biomedical engineering, paving the
way for future advancements in drug delivery systems. It highlights green methods
for obtaining sustainable biomaterials, the prospects of biodegradable materials, and
their importance in creating sustainable and patient-centric solutions in biomedical
engineering; presents strategies for synthesizing biodegradable polymers; and
highlights their significance in developing sustainable drug delivery systems. It
also explores the synthesis of probiotic bacterial cellulose, examining its potential
as a bio-mediated nanomaterial for healthcare applicati ons. The book also addresses
the innovative use of 3D and 4D printing technologies in the sustainable
manufacturing of green biomaterials, and utilization of proteins as biocompatible
materials with vast applications in biomedical engineering.
The book integrates environmental sustainability with biomedical engineering,
aiming to advance drug delivery systems. The book aims to inspire further
innovation and development in this emerging field. Editors thank contributors for
their support and readers for their interest in sustainable biomedical solutions,
aiming to create a more sustainable and health-conscious future.
Uttar P
radesh, I
ndia Rishabha Malviya
Sonali Sundram
vii

About the Book
The book, “Sustainable Green Biomaterials as Drug Delivery Systems: Synthesis
and Properties,” explores the critical need for sustainable and environmentally
friendly materials in biomedical applications. The book focuses extensively on the
production, characteristics, and uses of green biomaterials in drug delivery systems.
Key qualities include in-depth investigation, cutting-edge research, diverse
viewpoints, clinical applications, and environmentally friendly solutions.
The book covers various topics, such as green methods for obtaining sustainable
biomaterials, prospects of biodegradable materials, strategies in synthesizing biodegradable polymers, probiotic bacterial cellulose, 3D and 4D printable biomaterials,
proteins as biocompatible materials, graphene-based carbonaceous materials, silk
fibroin biomaterial scaffolds, green catalysts in biomaterial synthesis, utilization of
plant extracts for the synthesis metallic nanoparticles, metal frameworks for
biosensing applications, composite-based biomaterials using cellulose, chitin, and
chitosan, sustainable synthesis of cellulose-derived hydrogels for tissue engineering
applications, hydroxyapatite-starch-based biomaterials, and surfactant-free synthesis
of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials.
The book is an invaluable resource for researchers and scholars in biomedical
engineering, materials science, environmental science, and related subjects. It also
provides information for industry professionals, students, and clinical practitioners
interested in sustainable biomedical engineering. Practitioners in the biomedical and
pharmaceutical industries will find useful applications and case studies to supplement their professional endeavors. Graduate and postgraduate students will learn
about the principles, techniques, and applications of green biomaterials, preparing
them for service in sustainable biomedical engineering.
This b
biomedical engineering. This book brings up the opportunities for eco-friendly and
effective drug delivery systems by bringing together the most recent research and
novel approaches, showcasing the revolutionary potential of green biomaterials in
healthcare while promoting environmental sustainability.
s an essential read for anybody interested in the future of sustainable
ook i
ix

Contents
1 Sustainable Green Biomaterials in Drug Delivery . ... .. ... .. ... 1
Ruby Srivastava
2 Prospects of Biodegradable Material: Sustainable
and Patient-Centric Approach in the Realm
of Biomedical Engineering .. ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... . 25
Dhanalekshmi Unnikrishnan Meenakshi, Alka Ahuja,
Selvasudha Nandakumar, Lekshmi Salim, Chilaka Baburao,
and Shah Alam Khan
3 Strategies in Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymers .... ......... 57
Alper Durmaz, Erdi Can Aytar, İbrahim Mizan Kahyaoğlu,
and Selcan Karakuş
4 Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose: A Bio-mediated Nanomaterial
for Health Care Applications .... ...... ...... ...... ....... . 75
Mainak Chaudhuri, Nabanita Saha, and Petr Saha
5 3D Printing and 4D Printing: Sustainable Manufacturing
Techniques for Green Biomaterials .......... ............... 103
Oishani Sarkar, Yukta Mourya, K. L. Kavya, D. Mutthuraj,
Pasupuleti Visweswara Rao, and Kanthesh M. Basalingappa
6 Proteins as Biocompatible Material for Biomedical Applications . . . 131
Phool Chandra, Rashmi Pathak, Neetu Sachan, and Anurag Verma
7 Graphene-Based Carbonaceous Materials: A Sustainable
Biomaterial for Biomedical Application .... ........ ........ .. 165
Adam Aberra Challa, Nabanita Saha, and Petr Saha
8 Green Approach for Synthesizing Silk Fibroin Biomaterial
Scaffolds ..................................... ........ 195
Shristy Verma, Rishabha Malviya, Lavanya Gupta,
and Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar
xixi
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