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10 Utilisation of Plant Extracts for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 255
Fig. 10.1 Various parts of different plant products are used to synthesise the nanoparticles using
metallic compounds
of the NPs. The phytochemicals of plants act as reducing agents , converting silver
ions (Ag
+
) into silver NPs (AgNP), while specific biomolecules may serve to
stabilize the NPs, preventing agglomeration.
Analytical techniques like UV-vis spectroscopy confirm the AgNP formation
based on absorption peaks around 400–450 nm, with further characterization using
methods like TEM or SEM examining their size, shape, and distribution.
Green synthesis presents advantages over conventional chemical approaches,
such as its environmental friendliness, cheaper, and potential for scalable
production.
Various reports on the AgNP synthesis from plants are given in Table 10.1.
10.1.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), as noble metal NPs, are well known for their resistance
to corrosion and oxidation. Their exceptional physicochemical and biological
characteristics have garnered significant attention (Sreeprasad and Pradeep 2013).
These NPs offer several desirable characteristics, including high electrical, catalytic
activity, chemical stability, and notable thermal conductivity. The characteristics
mentioned, including their nanoscale dimensions, customizable shapes, and surface
structures, are intricately tied to their properties.
256 S. G. Reddy
Table 10.1 List of plant extracts used for AgNPs synthesis
Sl.
no.
Plant extract
1 Salvia spinosa 19–125 Antimicrobial property,
NP size
(nm)
Characterisations Ref
Pirtarighat et al.
FESEM,
XRD, FTIR
2019)
(
2 Costus speciosus Antimicrobial property Malabadi et al.
(2012)
3 Jatropha curcas 10–20 HRTEM, XRD and UV Bar et al. (2009)
4 Euphorbia Antibacterial
characteristics
5 Andrographis
paniculata,
Phyllanthus
Antiviral agents against
Chikungunya
Sameena and
Thoppil
2022)
(
Sharma et al.
2019)
(
niruri, and Tinospora
cordifolia
6 Ziziphora tenuior 8 to 40 SEM, TEM, XRD and
FTIR
Sadeghi and
Gholamhoseinpoor
(2015)
7 Pinus eldarica Bark 10–40 TEM Iravani and
2013)
(
2013)
8 Coleus aromaticus 38 SEM, ED, FTIR, UV-vis,
bactericidal
properties.
9 Capsicum annuum L. TEM, SAED, XRD, X-ray
Zolfaghari
Vanaja and
Annadurai (
Li et al. (2007)
photoemission
spectroscopy,
electrochemical
measurements,
FTIR and
differential spectrum
techniques.
10 Curcuma longa tuber-
powder
6.3
±
2.64
TEM, FT-IR, UV-vis,
XRD, SEM, and EDXF
Shameli et al.
2012a, b)
(
11 Sorghum bran extracts 10 XRD Njagi et al. (2011)
12 Green tea extract
(Camellia
sinensis)
ICP-MS, XPS, TEM,
XRD, UV, FTIR, TGA,
Rolim et al. (2019)
antibacterial activity
(gram-positive, gramnegative)
13 Tribulus terrestris
fruit
L.
16–28 TEM, AFM, XRD, FTIR,
UV–vis spectroscopy.
14 Dimocarpus longan seed 40 XRD,TEM, anti-oxidant,
catalytic and
strong
Gopinath et al.
(2012)
Khan et al. (2016)
reducing properties
15 Aloe barbadensis miller
Ocimum
and
tenuiflorum
7–70
and
9–48
16 Coffea arabica seed 20–30 TEM, FTIR, XRD,
TEM, UV-vis, antibacterial activity
UV-visible,
antibacterial
Sharma et al.
(2021)
Dhand et al. (2016)
activity
17 Malus domestica (red
apple)
145 EDS, XRD, FTIR, SEM,
potential
Zeta
Umoren et al.
(2014)
(continued)
10 Utilisation of Plant Extracts for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 257
Table 10.1 (continued)
Sl. NP size
no. Plant extract (nm) Characterisations Ref
18 Trifolium resupinatum
seed exudates
19 Ananas comosus 12 UV-vis, EDAX, SAED
20 Aqueous garlic extract 7.3
21 Ocimum Sanctum Antibacterial properties Jain and Mehata
22 Leptadenia reticulata
leaf
23 Bacillus licheniformis 40 SEM and XRD Kalishwaralal et al.
24 Erythrina suberosa
(Roxb.)
25 Melia azedarach 12 to 46 Zeta potential analysis Ashraf et al. (2020)
26 Moringa oleifera 23 Anti-inflammatory
27 Cissus quadrangularis 37 to 44 Antibacterial activity Vanaja et al. (2013)
28 Green tea Luminescence property Vilchis-Nestor et al.
29 Artemisia nilagirica
(Asteraceae)
30 Desmodium triflorum 5 to 20 XRD, antimicrobial
31 Geranium leaf 16 to 40 TEM Shankar et al.
32 Mesocarp
of Cocos nucifera
33 Eucalyptus leucoxylon 50 XRD, SEM, TEM, and
34 Callicarpa maingayi
Stem bark
35 Saltmarsh plant
Sesuvium
portulacastrum L.
36 Ocimum sanctum 5 to10
layer extract
17 TEM, XRD, FTIR, and
± 4.4
50 to 70 XRD, UV-vis, cytotoxic
70 to 90 EDX Vijayakumar et al.
23 ± 2 TEM, XRD, gas
12.4
± 3.27
5 to 20 TEM and FTIR,
UV-vis, antifungal
activity against plantpathogenic fungi
and HRTEM, TEM
Antibacterial activity Rastogi and
effects with HCT15
cancer cell line
DLS, FTIR, UV-vis,
antioxidant property and
cytotoxicity was studied
using A-431 osteosarcoma
cell line
activity
activity against common
pathogens
chromatography-mass
spectrometry.
UV–vis
Zeta potential, and
antibacterial testing.
antimicrobial activity.
TEM, SAED, and XRD Ahmad et al. (2010)
Khatami et al.
2016)
(
Ahmad and Sharma
(2012)
Arunachalam
(2011)
(2017)
Kumara Swamy
et al. (
2015)
(2008)
Mohanta et al.
(2017)
Muhammad et al.
(2023)
(2008)
(2013)
Ahmad et al. (2011)
(2003a, b, c)
Roopan et al.
(2013)
Rahimi-Nasrabadi
al. (
et
2014)
Shameli et al.
(2012a, b)
Nabikhan et
(2010)
al.
(continued)
258 S. G. Reddy
Table 10.1 (continued)
Sl. NP size
no. Plant extract (nm) Characterisations Ref
37 Sesbania grandiflora 10 to 25 Antibacterial activity Vijay Kumar et al.
38 Boerhaavia diffusa plant 25 Antibacterial activity Jeeva et al. (2014)
39 Caesalpinia coriaria Antimicrobial activity Jeeva et al. (2014)
40 Vitex negundo
L. extract
41 Latex from
Euphorbiaceae family
42 Moringa oleifera leaf 9 to11 Antimicrobial activity Jerushka et al.
43 Blackberry, blueberry,
pomegranate, and
turmeric
44 Musa balbisiana,
Azadirachta indica, and
Ocimum tenuiflorum
45 Boswellia ovalifoliolata
stem bark extract
46 Glaucium corniculatum
(L.) Curtis plant extract
47 Leaf extracts from
Semecarpus
anacardium, Glochidion
lanceolarium, and
Bridelia retusa
48 Breynia rhamnoides 64 SEM, TEM, UV-vis,
49 Carica papaya 60 to 80 FTIR, SEM Mude et al. (2009)
50 Aloe vera leaf extract XRD, SEM, antimicrobial
51 Tectona grandis (teak)
seed extract
52 Neem leaf (Azadirachta
indica) extract
18.2 TEM, XRD, and UV–
5–150 SEM, TEM, HR-TEM. Nadagouda et al.
200 Antibacterial efficacy and
30 to 40 SEM, EDAX, UV-vis Ankanna et al.
53 to 45 SEM and TEM,
52 and
96
10 to 30 Antimicrobial activity Rautela, A et al.
5 to 35 TEM, UV-vis, XRD Shiv Shankar et al.
visible, antimicrobial
activity
Antibacterial activity Patil et al. (2012)
toxicity
antibacterial activity
UV–Vis, DLS, FTIR, anti-
biofilm agents,
antibacterial activity
FT-IR
activity, MTT assay
(2014)
Zargar et al. (2011)
(2018)
(2014)
Banerjee et al.
2014)
(
(2010)
Allafchian et al.
(2018)
Mohanta et al.
(2020)
Gangula et al.
(2011)
Tippayawat et al.
(2016)
(2019)
(2004)
Oat (Avena sativa) biomass was explored by Armendariz, V et al. to synthesise
AuNPs from Au(III) ions, with pH influencing binding and NPs size. Maximum
adsorption occurred at pH 3, highlighting pH dependency in the process. Highresolution TEM revealed various NPs shapes, including tetrahedral and rod shapes,
with nanorods particularly notable, influenced by pH. Smaller NPs were prevalent at
pH 3 & 4, while larger ones predominated at pH 2, showcasing pH’s impact on NPs
ize
s
distribution (Armendariz et al.
2004).
10 Utilisation of Plant Extracts for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 259
Nagajyothi et al. utilized Lonicera japonica flower extract to bioreduce
chloroauric acid, yielding AuNPs. Constituents like alcohols, alkanes, amines, and
amides in the extract played roles in both stabilizing and reducing the AuNPs. These
NPs displayed antimicrobial efficacy against various bacteria and fungi (Nagajyothi
et al.
2014).
The AuNPs with a 50 nm size were synthesized by S.K. Srivastava et al. at room
temperature using Escherichia coli K12 cells, with specific proteins aiding in the
bioreduction process and NPs stabilization (Srivastava et al. 2013).
K. Chandran, et al. synthesised the AuNP using medicinal plants, Cucurbita pepo
and Malva crispa. They are showing significant resistance for foodborne pathogens
like Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes (Chandran et al. 2019).
Mallikarjuna N. et al. employed antioxidants sourced from extracts of blackberry,
blueberry, pomegranate, and turmeric for the preparation of AuNPs. The fruit
extracts of 8.5% are prepared, while green tea extract with five green tea bags for
15 min, and turmeric extract was obtained of 1% of turmeric powder for 12 min.
After filtering the green tea and turmeric extracts, they were mixed with auric
chloride, respectively. The solutions were stirred vigorously overnight to complete
the synthesis process (Nadagouda et al. 2014).
A novel method for synth esizing AuNPs from stem extract of Breynia
rhamnoides is introduced. This eco-friendly approach offers rapid synthesis rates
(approximately 7 min), with the ability to control NPs size and catalytic activity by
adjusting concentrations. The phenolic glycosides and reducing sugars in the extract
reduces Au
3+
ions to AuNPs. These AuNPs shows efficient catalytic activity and
reduces 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, with reaction kinetics dependent on NPs
size or extract concentration (Gangula et al.
2011).
The Sesbania seedlings exposed to chloroaurate solution accumulated gold,
forming stable AuNP within plant tissues. TEM results revealed monodisperse
NPs, may due to reduction by secondary metabolites. XRD showed efficient biotransformation of Au
catalytic activity by reducing aqueous 4-nitrophenol. (Sharma et al.
3+
into Au by plant tissues. The NPs rich biomass exhibited
2007).
A genetically modified tobacco mosaic virus (MTMV), was engineered to show a
metal-binding and reducing peptide. Unlike wild-type MTMV facilitated the formation of 10–40 nm AuNPs when mixed with potassium tetrachloroaurate. These NPs
were found to be crystalline and stable, suggesting the potential of MTMV in
eco-friendly metal nanomaterial production (Love et al. 2015).
G.S. Ghodake et al. present a new environmentally friendly approach for producing AuNP using pear fruit extract. When subjected to alkaline conditions, the extract
prompted the creation of plate-shaped AuNPs, including triangular and hexagonal
nanoplates, alongside hexagonal AuNPs. Various characterization techniques like
TEM, EDAX, XRD, XPS, and AFM are used to report the size, crystal structure,
purity, and shapes of these nanostructures. The nanostructures sizes ranged from
200–500 nm in edge lengths, with nanohexagons measuring 12 to 20 nm in thickness
(Ghodake et al. 2010)
.
Leaf extracts from Magnolia kobus et al. are used in the eco-friendly synthesis of
AuNP by reducing aqueous HAuCl
solution. The proces s was rapid, achieving
4
260 S. G. Reddy
>90% conversion to AuNPs within minutes at 95 °C, showcasing comparable or
even superior reaction rates to chemical methods. Characterization techniques
revealed the formation of stable AuNPs with diverse morphologies, including
plate and spherical structures ranging from 5 to 300 nm in size. They highlights
the potential of plant-based approaches for efficient and sustainable NPs synthesis
(Song et al.
2009).
Jalil, S.U et al. study aimed to synthesize AuNPs from Nicotiana tabacum L. cv.
xanthi leaf. Exposure to bioengineered AuNPs at concentrations between 100 and
500 ppm resulted in significant enhancements in shoot growth, root, seed germination and antioxidant capacity in N. tabacum plants. Optimal growth was observed at
concentrations of 200–300 ppm, while higher concentrations (400–500 ppm) had
detrimental effects. Overall, AuNPs exhibited dose-dependent impacts on plant
physiology and antioxidant activity (Jalil et al. 2019).
Aljabali, A.A.A et al. preparation of AuNPs using Ziziphus plant extracts is
reasonable and environmentally friendly. Phytochemicals from the leaf extract serve
as efficient reducing agents for AuNPs synthesis, which are characterized using
various analytical techniques. The resulting AuNPs are deemed biocompatible and
safe for diverse nanomedicine applications, with thermogravimetric analysis show
they act as a stabilizing agent for the NPs (Aljabali et al. 2018).
The study V. Ganesh Kumar presents a synthesis of AuNPs from Cassia
auriculata leaf extract. AuNPs were rapidly formed in 10 min, indicating a faster
reaction rate compared to chemical synthesis methods. Characterizations confirm the
production of stable, triangular, and spherical crystalline AuNPs with sizes of
~15–25 nm. The influence of pH on AuNPs stability are explored. The research
aims to utilize the antidiabetic properties of C. auriculata, suggesting potential
applications for AuNPs in managing hyperglycemia pending further investigation
(Kumar et al. 2011).
hiri, E
Gayat
., explores the utilization of Decalepis hamiltonii methanol root
extracts for antioxidant assays, anti-cancer evaluations, and AuNPs characterization,
along with ADME/T and molecular docking studies. The root extract displays potent
antioxidant and enzyme properties. The AuNPs synthesized from the roots exhibit
varied morphology, size, and shape, confirmed by various analytical instruments.
FTIR analysis indicates biomolecule involvement in NPs reduction and stabilization.
Molecular docking suggests 1TUP as a potential anti-cancer inhibitor, while
2-Hydroxy-3-Methoxybenzaldehyde shows promising anti-cancer activity,
supporting cancer treatment and nanomedicine development (Kumar et al. 2023)
The Abelmoschus esculentus seed
extract is used to synthesise the AuNPs and
.
evaluates their antifungal activity. The AuNPs exhibit a peak at 536 nm and a size of
62 nm. FTIR analysis indicates OH functional groups’ involvement from the extracts
in capping the NPs. AFM and FESEM images reveal the sizes of spherical particles
ranging from 45-75 nm. Antifungal assays demonstrate significant inhibition zones
against Puccinia graminis and Candida albicans, suggesting the AuNPs as effective
antifungal agents for drug development against fungal diseases (Jayaseelan et al.
2013).
10 Utilisation of Plant Extracts for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 261
S. S. Shankar et al. study investigates the synthesis of AuNPs with geranium
leaves and an endophytic fungus. Both geranium leaves and the fungus showed rapid
reduction of chloroaurate ions, yielding stable AuNPs of various sizes. Terpenoids
act as reducing and capping agents in geranium leaves, while polypeptides/enzymes
perform these functions in Colletotrichum sp. The NPs synthesized from the fungus
are predominantly spherical, whereas those from the leaves exhibit diverse shapes
including rods, sheets, and triangles. The potential for NPs shape control within a
leaf–fungus system is highlighted, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear
(Shankar et al.
2003a, b, c).
10.1.3 Synthesis Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
The plants are used in the synthesis o f iron oxide NPs (IONPs) presents an
eco-friendly, economical, and adaptable method, finds many applications. These
NPs, produced through green synthesis methods, possess biocompatible properties
suitable for biomedical uses like drug delivery and imaging. Additionally, they
exhibit multifunctionality, including magnetic and antimicrobial properties, making
them applicable in fields in environmental remediation and catalysis.
Ting, A.S.Y et al. investigates the using Apple peel extract (APE) for
biosynthesizing iron nanoparticles (INPs). Characterization techniques confirmed
the synthesis of APE-INPs, revealing polyphenol peaks and primary functional
groups integrated into the NPs. The APE-INPs exhibited elliptical and spherical
shapes with a size of 50 nm. When tested for dye decolorization, APE-INPs
demonstrated 71.51% decolorization of malachite green dye within the first minute.
This research underscores the potential of APE in producing INPs for efficient dye
removal applications (Ting and Chin 2020).
Mehdi Fazlzadeh et al. nanoscale Fe(0) particles were prepared using plant
extracts from Rosa damascene (RD), Thymus vulgaris (TV), and Urtica dioica
(UD). FTIR analysis confirms the presence of polyphenols, proteins, and organic
acids in the extracts preventing NPs aggregation. The removal efficiency of Cr
(VI) was highest at pH 2, with increased efficiency observed with longer contact
times and higher doses of Fe(0). However, higher initial concentrations of Cr(VI) led
to decreased removal efficiency. Application of 0.2 g/l Fe(0) for 10 min resulted in
over 90% removal efficiency, with complete removal achieved within 25 min for
TV-Fe and UD-Fe, and 30 min for RD-F (Fazlzadeh et al. 2017).
Eric C
sorghum extracts. The IONPs were formed rapidly under normal environmental
conditions. Their reactivity was evaluated through the degradation of contaminant
bromothymol blue, catalysed by H
environmental remediation (Njagi et al. 2011).
Lebogang Katata-S
of Moringa oleifera (MO). INPs synthesized with M. oleifera seed extract exhibited
absorption at 240 nm, and leaf extract at 210 nm. The synthesized NPs demonstrated
enhanced nitrate ion removal from water, with MOS-INPs showing an 85% removal
jagi successfully synthesized amorphous IONPs of ~50 nm using
. N
, indicating their promise for applications in
2O2
eru et al. explore the INPs using leaf (L) and seed (S) extracts
262 S. G. Reddy
rate compared to 26% for MOL-INPs. Additionally, MOS-INPs exhibited better
antibacterial activity with Escherichia coli, suggesting the potential of M. oleiferabased INPs for water treatment applications (Katata-Seru et al.
The Fe
(magnetite) nanoparticles were synthesised using seaweed
3O4
2018).
Kappaphycus alvarezii as natural agents for both reduction and stabilization. XRD
showed distinct patterns typi cal of Fe
ture. FT-IR confirmed Fe
mostly spherical Fe
3O4
presence with specific absorption peaks. TEM revealed
3O4
NPs, averaging 14.7 nm in size (Yew et al. 2016).
, indicating high purity and crystal struc-
3O4
A method using green tea leaf extract to synthesize mesoporous α-IONP has been
developed by Bashir Ahmmad et al. offering a simple and scalable process. The
IONPs, of ~60 nm, were highly pure and well crystallized. Evaluation of their
photocatalytic activity, measured by hydroxyl radical formation exposure to visible
light, revealed twice the efficiency of commercial α-IONP. Additionally, they
demonstrated improved performance in a photoelectrochemical cell (Ahmmad
et al. 2013).
10.1.4 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
The synthesizing cerium oxide NPs (CeO2 NPs) from plants involves plant extracts
or biomaterials as reducing agents as well as stabilizers. This green synthesis
approach offers several advantages, including environment al friendliness, cheaper,
and biocompatibility. They possess unique features which makes them useful in
various applications, incl uding catalysis, energy storage, environmental remediation, and biomedical fields. CeO
surface area, and stability, which contribute to their versatility in diverse applications
(Nadeem et al. 2020). They are commonly synthesized using green methods involving plants, microbes, or other biological products. Here’s an Table 10.2 of the
mentioning the various plants in synthesizing CeO
NPs exhibit excellent redox properties, high
2
NPs from plants.
2
10.1.5 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle
The plant extracts are used in the synthesis of zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) provides a
sustainable and environmental safe approach compared to conventional methods.
This process utilizes plant extracts rich in bioactive compounds, resulting in biocompatible and safe NPs. The tailored properties of ZnO NPs, influenced by plant
extracts, enable diverse applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and
photocatalytic properties. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness and scalability of
plant-based synthesis make it a promising method for addressing environmental
and healthcare challenges.
Raunak Saha et al. utilised phytochemicals from Terminalia arjuna, Swertia
chirayita, and Psidium guajava phytochemicals for the synthesis of ZnO NPs of
varied size and shape with d istinct structural defects were synthesized. These NPs
exhibit increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production within cancer cells,
10 Utilisation of Plant Extracts for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 263
Table 10.2 List of CeO
No. Plant extract
1 Moringa
oleifera L
2 Gloriosa
Superba
3 Hibiscus
sabdariffa
4 Aloe
Barbadensis
5 Jatropha
curcus leaf
6 Oleo
Europaea
7 Rubia
cordifolia leaf
fusions
8 Origanum
majorana
9 Pedalium
murex L.
10 China rose
petal
NPs using plant extracts
2
Size
(nm)
Shape Properties Ref
100 Spherical Antimicrobial and wound
3.9 Spherical Morphological, structural
63.6 Spherical Crystallinity,
3–5 Photocatalysis Magudieshwaran
24 Spherical High antimicrobial
26 Hexagonal Anti-cancer potential Sisubalan et al.
20 Pseudo
spherical
5–55 Nano rod Antibacterial activity Nithya et al.
7 Nano
sheet
healing
Antibacterial activity Arumugam and
and optical
morphological
activity
FT-IR confirms the
phenolic and flavonoids
groups.
Bio template for the facile
fabrication
Tammineni and
Roopan (2016)
Karthikeyan
(2015)
Thovhogi et al.
(2015)
Priya et al. (2014)
et al. (2019)
Maqbool et al.
(2016)
(2018)
Nezhad et al.
(2019)
(2019)
Qian et al. (2011)
enhancing their efficacy in cancer treatment. This study explores ZnO NPs induce
DNA damage via ROS, leading to apoptosis in human breast cancer cells (Saha et al.
2023).
D. Suresh, P.C et al. presents the ZnO NPs synthesis of using Cassia fistula plant
extract. The XRD, UV–vis studies, and TEM revealed hexagonal wurtzite structure
with average sizes of ~5–15 nm. They displayed potent bactericidal activity against
various strains. This environmentally friendly approach utilizing plant extracts
showcases the potential of multifunctional ZnO NPs in diverse applications (Suresh
et al. 2015).
An aqueous leaf extract of Tulbaghia violacea, Mbenga, Y et al. utilized to
stabilize the ZnO NPs synthesis and assessed their in vitro cytotoxic potential.
Characterization techniques confirmed the spherical morphology of the ZnO NPs
with an ~45.26 nm and single-phase crystallinity. In vitro assays revealed high
cytotoxicity of the biogenic ZnO NPs, with an IC50 value of 4.04 × 10
-1
μg/mL
against human liver cells, suggesting their potential in modulating proliferation and
inducing apoptosis (Mbenga et al. 2022)
Li Fu
et al. describe the fabrication of ZnO NPs employing leaf extract from
.
Plectranthus amboinicus. SEM examination displayed rod-shaped NPs with an
~88 nm. UV–vis spectroscopy revealed a band gap of 3.07 eV for the produced
264 S. G. Reddy
NPs. Photocatalytic effectiveness was assessed by decomposing methyl red under
UV light exposure, demonstrating enhanced performance compared to ZnO NPs
synthesized via hydrothermal methods and P25 (Li and Zhuxian
2015).
Bioaugmented ZnO-NPs were prepared using Myristica fragrans fruit and extensively characterized through various techniques. The NPs exhibited an size of
~41.23 nm. The NPs shown significant antibacterial activity against strains, potent
antidiabetic effects, and remarkable larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes. Additionally, they showed promising inhibitory potential against
enzymes and exhibited excellent antioxidant properties. Moreover, the ZnO-NPs
served as efficient photocatalytic agents, degrading methylene blue dye by 88% in
140 min. These environmentally friendly and biocompatible NPs hold immense
potential for biomedical and environmental applications (Faisal et al. 2021).
The ZnO NPs synthesized using leaf extracts from Cassia fistula and Melia
azadarach plants exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, indicating the potential of
plant-based synthesis for eco-friendly biomedical products (Naseer et al. 2020).
Additionally, a novel approach presented by Raliya and Tarafdar (2013)utilized
extracellular secretions of Aspergillus fumigatus TFR-8 to synthesize ZnO NPs,
which were applied to clusterbean plants, enhancing various plant parameters and
gum production. Moreover, Niranjan Bala et al. synthesized ZnO NPs using Hibiscus
subdariffa leaf, which exhibited antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus,
along with superior anti-diabetic effects on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and
the potential to regulate gene expression associated with diabetes (Bala et al. 2015).
10.1.6 Copper Oxide Nanoparticle
The copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) with plant extracts appears to be eco
friendly. This method harnesses the reducing and stabilizing properties of plant
compounds, eliminating the need for harsh chemicals. The CuO NPs have diverse
applications, including catalysis, sensing, electronics, and biomedicine, due to their
strange properties such as optical, electrical, and catalytic activity. Additionally,
their eco-friendly synthesis aligns with sustainable practices, making them attractive
for green technology initiatives and reducing environmental impact.
Soheyla Honary et al. synthesized CuO NPs extracellularly using Penicillium
aurantiogriseum, from soil. SEM analysis shows uniform spherical NPs, with size
and polydispersity confirmed by DLS using a nano zetasizer. The presence of
secreted proteins facilitated metal precursor hydrolysis for metal oxide formation.
Parameters affecting particle size and polydispersity index were explored,
suggesting rapid and scalable biological synthesis potential (Honary et al. 2012)
Jagpreet
The resulting CuO NPs were monodispersed and spherical, with an size ~2 to 6 nm
and a BET surface area of 52.6 m
Singh et al. in his study, prepared CuO NPs with Psidium guajava leaf.
2
/g. These NPs demonstrated very high degradation
for industrial dyes Nile blue (NB) and reactive yellow 160 (RY160), with 93% and
81% removal rates, respectively, within 120 min. The CuO catalyst showed high
reusability, retaining its photocatalytic activity over five cycles. With low detection
.