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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5390_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •About the Book
- •Contents
- •1.2.3 Ceramic Biomaterials
- •1.2.4 Composite Biomaterials
- •1.2.5 Nanocellulose
- •1.3.1 Biocompatible Proteins
- •1: Sustainable Green Biomaterials in Drug Delivery
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Classification
- •1.2.1 Metallic Biomaterials
- •1.2.2 Polymeric Biomaterials
- •1.3.2 Composites (Cellulose, Chitosan, and Chitin)
- •1.3.3 Hydroxyapatite-Starch Based Biomaterials
- •1.3.4 Carbonaceous Materials
- •1.4 Perspective
- •1.4.1 Current Recycling Strategies
- •1.4.2 Dental and Orthopedic Implants
- •1.4.3 Medical Plastic Waste
- •1.4.4 Sterilization and Reusability
- •1.4.5 Waste Management for Recycling
- •1.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges
- •References
- •2: Prospects of Biodegradable Material: Sustainable and Patient-Centric Approach in the Realm of Biomedical Engineering
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Sustainable Green Biomaterials
- •2.2.1 Naturally Derived Polymers and Polymer Substrates
- •2.2.1.1 Protein Based Sustainable Biomaterials
- •2.2.1.2 Polysaccharides Based Sustainable Biomaterials
- •2.2.1.3 Hydroxyapatite Based Sustainable Biomaterials
- •2.2.1.4 Carbonaceous Sustainable Biomaterials
- •2.2.2 Synthetic Polymer Substrate
- •2.2.3 Biodegradable Metal Substrates
- •2.4 Bio-degradable Piezoelectrics for Medical Implants
- •2.5.1 Wound Healing
- •2.5.2 Drug Delivery Systems
- •2.5.2.1 Nano-based Drug Delivery Systems
- •2.5.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
- •2.5.2.3 Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
- •2.5.2.4 Liposomes
- •2.5.3 Medical Devices
- •2.5.3.1 Implants
- •2.5.3.2 Other Applications
- •2.7 Prospects and Conclusion
- •References
- •3: Strategies in Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Natural Biopolymers
- •3.2.1 Polysaccharides
- •3.2.2 Polynucleotide
- •3.2.3 Polypeptides
- •3.3 Chemically Synthesized Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.1 Extraction Methods of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.2 Polymerization of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.3 Fermentation Method of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.4 Sonosynthesis of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.5 Solvent Casting Method of Biodegradable Polymers
- •3.3.6 Electrospinning Method
- •References
- •4: Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose: A Bio-mediated Nanomaterial for Health Care Applications
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose and Bacterial Cellulose
- •4.3 Producers of Bacterial Cellulose
- •4.3.1 Process of Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis
- •4.4 Probiotic Bacteria and Their Beneficial Effects
- •4.5 Methods of Synthesizing Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose
- •4.6 Healthcare Applications of Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose
- •4.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •5: 3D Printing and 4D Printing: Sustainable Manufacturing Techniques for Green Biomaterials
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Fundamentals of 3D and 4D Bioprinting
- •5.3 Biomaterials in 3D Bioprinting
- •5.3.1 Types of Polymers Used in 3D Bioprinting (Fig. 5.1)
- •5.3.1.1 Synthetic Polymers
- •Polylactic Acid (PLA)
- •Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
- •5.4 Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)
- •5.5 Sustainability in 3D Printing
- •5.5.1 What Makes your Biomaterial more Sustainable?
- •5.6 Advancements in 4D Bioprinting
- •5.6.1 Smart Polymers
- •5.6.2 Applications of 4D Bio-Printing in Sustainable Manufacturing
- •5.7 Case Studies on 3D and 4D Bioprinting
- •5.8 Challenges and Future Directions in 3D and 4D Bioprinting
- •5.8.1 The Technical Challenges in 3D Bio-Printing Include
- •5.8.2 Challenges in 4D Bio-Printing
- •5.8.3 Future Directions
- •5.9 Conclusion
- •References
- •6: Proteins as Biocompatible Material for Biomedical Applications
- •6.2.6 Zein
- •6.3 Proteins as Adaptable and Biocompatible Building Blocks for Biomedical Applications in Biomaterials
- •6.4.1 Protein-Based Particle Systems
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Protein Materials
- •6.2.1 Keratin
- •6.2.2 Collagen
- •6.2.3 Elastin
- •6.2.4 Silk
- •6.2.5 Resilin
- •6.4.2 Protein-Based Hydrogels
- •6.4.3 Protein-Based Films
- •6.4.4 Protein Electrospun Fibers
- •6.4.5 Protein-Based Microneedles
- •6.4.6 Keratin Composites
- •6.4.7 Elastin Composites
- •6.4.8 Collagen Composites
- •6.5.1 Bone Healing
- •6.5.2 Antibiotic Release
- •6.5.3 Diabetes
- •6.5.4 Cancer Treatment
- •6.5.5 Neuroinflammation
- •6.5.6 Wound Healing
- •6.5.7 Corneal Regeneration
- •6.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •7: Graphene-Based Carbonaceous Materials: A Sustainable Biomaterial for Biomedical Application
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Graphene and Its Family
- •7.2.1 Structure of Graphene
- •7.2.2 Properties of Graphene-Based Biomaterials
- •7.2.3 Synthesis of Graphene Compounds
- •7.2.4 Applications of Graphene Compounds
- •7.3 Carbonaceous Materials in Biomedical Applications
- •7.3.1 Tissue Engineering
- •7.3.2 Biosensing
- •7.3.3 Drug Delivery
- •7.3.4 Smart Biomaterials
- •7.4 Biomaterials and Sustainability
- •7.4.1 Sustainability in Graphene-Based Materials
- •References
- •8: Green Approach for Synthesizing Silk Fibroin Biomaterial Scaffolds
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.3.1 Green Alternatives for Degumming
- •8.3.2 Green Alternative to Dissolution Techniques
- •8.3.3 Green Alternative to Fabrication Techniques
- •8.5 Applications of Silk Fibroin Biomaterial Scaffolds
- •8.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •9: Green Catalysts in the Synthesis of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Green Catalyst and Its Classification
- •9.2.1 Green Catalyst from the Light Source
- •9.2.2 Green Catalyst from Bio Source
- •9.2.3 Green Catalyst from Nanotechnology
- •9.2.4 Green Catalyst from Heteropolyacids
- •9.3 Biomedical Applications
- •9.3.1 Drug Delivery
- •9.3.2 Polymer Coating
- •9.3.3 Biosensor
- •9.3.4 Tissue Engineering
- •9.3.5 Wound Healing
- •9.3.6 Bioprinting
- •9.4 Methods Involved in the Synthesis of Green Catalyst
- •9.4.1 Green Solvent Synthesis Method of Catalyst
- •9.4.2 Biosynthesis Method of Catalyst
- •9.4.3 Electrochemical Synthesis Method of Catalyst
- •9.4.4 Plasma Method
- •9.4.5 Ultrasonic-Aided Synthesis
- •9.4.6 Microwave-Aided Synthesis (MAS)
- •9.4.7 Alternative Green Methods
- •9.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •10: Utilisation of Plant Extracts for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.1.1 Silver Oxide Nanoparticles
- •10.1.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
- •10.1.3 Synthesis Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
- •10.1.4 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
- •10.1.5 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle
- •10.1.6 Copper Oxide Nanoparticle
- •10.1.7 Palladium Nanoparticles
- •10.2 Conclusion
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.3 Sustainable Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Waste
- •11.3.1 Agri-Wastes
- •11.3.2 E-Wastes
- •11.3.3 Industrial-Wastes
- •11.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •12: Metal Framework in Biosensor
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Synthesis of MOFs
- •12.3 Sensors
- •12.3.1 Various Types of Biosensors
- •12.3.1.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
- •12.3.1.2 Amperometric and Voltammetric Immunosensor
- •12.3.1.3 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Biosensor
- •12.3.1.4 Aptamers
- •12.3.1.5 Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Sensors (FET)
- •12.3.1.6 MOF-Nanomaterials-Based Biosensors
- •12.3.1.7 Food Quality Monitoring
- •12.3.1.8 Environmental Analysis
- •12.3.1.9 Pesticide
- •12.3.1.10 Gas Sensors
- •12.3.1.11 Temperature Sensor
- •12.4 Diagnosis of Diseases
- •12.4.1 Cancer
- •12.4.2 Glucose Sensor
- •12.4.4 HIV Sensor
- •12.4.5 MOF Used for Optical Sensors
- •12.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
- •References
- •13: Cellulose, Chitin, and Chitosan Composite-Based Sustainable Biomaterials
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 General Structures of Cellulose, Chitin and Chitosan
- •13.2.1 Cellulose
- •13.2.2 Chitin
- •13.2.3 Chitosan
- •13.3.1 Cellulose Composite-Based Biomaterials
- •13.3.2 Chitin-Chitosan Composite-Based Biomaterials
- •13.5 Advantages and Disadvantages
- •13.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •14: Sustainable Synthesis of Cellulose-Derived Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.1.1 Overview of Cellulose-Derived Hydrogels
- •14.1.3 The Aim of this Chapter
- •14.2 The Sustainable Biomaterial of Cellulose
- •14.2.1 Cellulose Structure and Properties
- •14.2.2 Properties of Cellulose
- •14.2.3 Sources of Cellulose for Hydrogel Synthesis
- •14.2.4 Advantages of Using Cellulose-Derived Materials
- •14.3 Cellulose Hydrogel Formation Techniques
- •14.3.1 Synthesis Methods
- •14.3.1.1 Chemical Crosslinking Methods
- •14.3.1.2 Physical Crosslinking Methods
- •14.3.1.3 Hybrid Approaches
- •14.4 Tissue Engineering Applications
- •14.4.1 Scaffold Design Considerations
- •14.4.2 The Biocompatibility of Cellulose-Based Hydrogels
- •14.4.3 Case Studies of Tissue Engineering with Hydrogels Generated from Cellulose
- •14.5 Sustainability in Cellulose Hydrogel Synthesis
- •14.5.1 Green Synthesis Approaches
- •14.5.3 Assessment of the Life Cycle of Hydrogels Generated from Cellulose
- •14.6 Characterization Techniques
- •14.6.1 Structural Analysis
- •14.6.2 Mechanical Properties
- •14.6.3 Biodegradability Studies
- •14.7 Challenges and Future Directions
- •14.7.1 Current Limitations in Cellulose-Based Hydrogel Technology
- •14.7.2 Opportunities for Further Research and Development
- •14.8 Conclusion
- •14.8.1 Summary of Key Points
- •14.8.2 Implications for the Field of Tissue Engineering
- •14.8.3 Recommendations for Future Work
- •References
- •15: Hydroxyapatite-Starch-Based Sustainable Biomaterials
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Hydroxyapatite
- •15.2.1 Biomedical Applications of Hydroxyapatite
- •15.3 Starch
- •15.3.1 Sources, Structure and Properties of Starch
- •15.3.2 Biomedical Applications of Starch
- •15.5 Synthesis Techniques for HA-Starch Composites
- •15.5.1 Electrospinning
- •15.5.2 Sol-Gel
- •15.5.3 Thermally Induced Phase Separation
- •15.6 Starch-Based Drug Delivery Systems
- •15.8 Hydroxyapatite-Starch Based Drug Delivery Systems
- •15.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges
- •15.11 Conclusion
- •References
- •16: Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials: Sustainable and Eco-Synthesis Methods
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2.1 Solvent-Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.1.1 N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.1.2 Ethylene Glycol Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.1.3 Benzyl Alcohol Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.1.4 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.2 Simple Ion Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.2.1 Citrate Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.2.2 Amino Acid Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.2.3 Iodide Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.2.4 Buffer Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.3 Physical Process-Mediated Synthesis
- •16.2.3.1 Photochemically-Mediated Synthesis
- •16.2.3.2 Sonochemically Assisted Synthesis
- •16.2.3.3 Laser Ablation-Mediated Synthesis
- •16.3.1 Synthetic Catalysis
- •16.3.2 Electrocatalysis
- •16.3.3 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
- •16.4 Challenges, Limitation, and Future Perspective
- •16.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •Index

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green synthesis
Ms. Murugiah Krishani is a research scholar in the Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering under the Faculty of
Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. She
obtained her B.Tech in Biotechnology (2015) and M.Tech in
Biotechnology (2017) from Anna University, India. Later in
2017, Krishani joined in PABCET as an Assistant Professor and
worked for three years. Her major area of research is Bone Tissue
Engineering and she published several articles in Bone Tissue
Engineering and Machine Learning Techniques in the field of
Biomedical applications.

252 M. Krishani et al.
Dr. Nonni Soraya Sambudi is a Faculty Member at the Depart-
ment of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Pertamina. She earned
her Ph.D. in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering from Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST).
Dr. Sambudi has over 10 years of experience in the field of
material science, with a particular focus on nanotechnology. Her
works on the synthesis of carbon quantum dots for various
applications such as photocatalytic process, drug delivery, heavy
metals detection and removal have been published in several
prestigious journals. She has collaborated with many institutions
globally and has been a keynote speaker at numerous international
conferences. Dr. Sambudi’s current projects include developing
advanced nanomaterials and composite as electrodes for
photoelectrochemical process and drug delivery vehicles.
Dr. Hazwani Suhaimi obtained her BEng in Chemical Engi-
neering (2009), MSc in Advanced Chemical Engineering with IT
and Management (2010), and PhD in Chemical Engineering
(2015) from Loughborough University. In January 2016, Hazwani
joined Universiti Brunei Darussalam as a lecturer in Chemical and
Process Engineering, and was promoted to Assistant Professor in
December 2021. She has been the Programme Leader of the
Chemical and Process Engineering since August 2016. Her
major research is on the nutrient diffusion in tissue engineering
membranes and scaffolds. Over the years, she has expanded her
research activities and interests including in the area of
biomaterials, ankle injury, rehabilitation, waste management, and
membrane science.

Utilisation of Plant Extracts for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
S. Giridhar Reddy
Abstract
This chapter focuses on making metal nanoparticles in an environmentally friendly
way using plant materials. It talks about how different plants have special
chemicals that can help reduce and stabilize these nanoparticles when they’re
being made. The mechanisms, influencing factors, and characterisation techniques
are discussed in detail. Additionally, the chapter examines the environmental
impact and potential applications of these green-synthesized nanoparticles across
diverse fields. Overall, it provides a concise and insightful overview, emphasising
the importance of sustainable practices in contemporary nanotechnology.
Keywords
10
Plant extracts · Green synthesis · Metallic nanoparticles · Nanoparticle green
chemistry synthesis
10.1 Introduction
Plant-derived substances have garnered attention as environmentally friendly and
sustainable options for creating nanoparticles (NPs). Many plants contain active
compounds capable of both reducing and encasing NPs, aiding in their formation.
These extracts are abundant in phytochemicals like flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids,
and alkaloids,which are essentialfor reducing metal ions and stabilizing NPs. Utilizing
plant extracts for nanoparticle synthesis brings several benefits, including being
S. G. Reddy (✉)
Department of Physical Sciences, Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
e-mail: s_giri@blr.amrita.edu
#
The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025
R. Malviya, S. Sundram (eds.), Sustainable Green Biomaterials As Drug Delivery
Systems, Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Sustainability 1,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79062-1_10
253

254 S. G. Reddy
eco-friendly, cost-effective, easily scalable, and compatible with biological systems.
Furthermore, the vast diversity of plant species offers a wide range of phytochemical
compositions, enabling the creation of NPs tailored to specificproperties for
applications in medicine, catalysis, sensing, and environmental clean-up.
In recent years, the interest has been garnered by the eco-friendly nature of plant
products for the synthesis of metallic NPs, owing to their sustainable approach. This
method leverages phytochemicals natural reducing and stabilising properties in
different plant extracts to create metallic NPs tailored for various applications
(Shankar et al. 2003a).
Plants are rich reservoirs of bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenols,
terpenoids, and alkaloids, which act as effective agents in reducing and capping
metallic NPs (Iravani 2011). The green synthesis process involves the gentle reduction of metal ions by these phytochemicals in plant extracts, avoiding harsh
chemicals and high temperatures comm on in traditional synthesis methods (Mittal
and Chisti
2013).
The appeal of plant extract-based nanoparticle synthesis lies in its sustainability,
affordability, scalability, and compatibility with living organisms. By embracing the
principles of green chemistry, researchers can reduce the environmental impact of
NP production while exploring novel applications in nanotechnology (Khan et al.
2018). This chapter will explore the mechanisms behind green synthesis utilizing
plant extracts, emphasizing the contribution of phytochemicals in the formation and
stability of NPs (Siddiqi and Husen 2018; Sathishkumar et al. 2009). Additionally,
we will explore the wide range of metallic NPs produced through this method and
their applications in medicine, catalysis, sensing, and environmental clean-up
(Prasad and Elumalai 2011) (Fig. 10.1).
Through our exploration of plant extract-mediated synthesis, we acknowledge the
significant potential of this approach in advancing sustainable nanotechnology and
addressing global challenges in science, technology, and environmental conservation.
Plants excel at synthesizing NPs compared to other biological methods because
they offer abundant resources, are non-toxic, and naturally provide capping agents.
Also, using plant extracts is cheaper than isolating and culturing microorganisms,
making NPs synthesis more cost-effective (Sharma et al. 2009; Singhal et al. 2011).
The ease of access, safety, and diverse range of secondary metabolites make plants a
favourable choice for NPs synthesis. Many plants are currently under investigation
for their NPs synthesis potential (Prasad 2014).
10.1.1 Silver Oxide Nanoparticles
Different plants, like leaves, fruit, stems, and root extracts are used for green
synthesis, chosen based on availability, phytochemical content, and ease of extraction. After cleaning, the plant material is processed to make an extract using methods
such as grinding, blending, or maceration in solvents like water, ethanol, or methanol. In a distinct phase, a solution containing silver salt, typically silver nitrate
(AgNO₃), is combined with the plant extract, which influences the size and shape
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