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Файл:Язык технологий комплексный курс английского языка для студентов технических специальностей. Учебно-методическое пособие.pdf
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Unit 7. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING
Exercise 122. Answer the following questions.
1. Will AI be smarter than a human one day?
2. Should people use AI in decision-making process?
3. Should there be state laws restricting AI?
4. How do you feel about a toxic chat-bot?
5. Do you think AI could replace people in professional terms?
6. Should people experiment with the “free will” of AI? Why?
7. Would you use AI as a consultant in health issues?
8. Should there be limits on the use of AI facial recognition technology?
9. Should companies use AI systems to interact with customers? Why?
10. Do you believe AI should be used in the criminal justice system?
Exercise 123. Explain the following words in English.
algorithm / robot / analysis / chatbot / ethics / data mining / big data / intelligence / autonomous /
generate / automation
Exercise 124. Read the following quote. What does it mean?
“The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race”.
Stephen Hawking
Exercise 125. Read the text. Give your definition to the words in bold.
In the third decade of the XXI century every child and adult has encountered AI. Many people use
chatbots and neural networks for work and study as well as for entertainment. However, few people
know what AI is and how it works.
Artificial Intelligence is a new field in information technologies. It revolves around creating
machines that are really smart. They do not just do what users tell them. They are capable of learning
and decision-making. They can be good at problem solving and other tasks characteristic of humans.
In brief, machines with AI can simulate human thought process. They can imitate how our brain works
and reproduce our behavior.
Scientist started developing the artificial intelligence in the 1950s. The idea of creating machines
that can think like people was quite popular. Over the decades, significant milestones were achieved,
Breakthroughs in AI technologies, such as the development of expert systems, neural networks,
and deep learning algorithms were emerging during long decades under the state protection and
“top secret” label. First AI technologies are considered to be developed for military purposes. Now
every student can reach AI algorithms.
AI algorithms and machine learning are the core AI technology. Most of them are too complicated
to be understood without deep knowledge in both IT and neuroscience, but we are going to take a closer
look at some of them. The main algorithm of AI is machine learning. It involves training machines
to learn from data and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed.
Algorithms, such as neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees, are used to
process data, recognize patterns, and make decisions.
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AI with its versatility finds applications across various spheres. For example, in healthcare,
AI is used for medical diagnosis, personalized treatment recommendations, and drug discovery.
For instance, IBM’s Watson AI is deployed in hospitals to analyze medical data and assist doctors
in making accurate diagnoses.
In finance, AI plays role in fraud detection, algorithmic trading, and customer service. Various
chat-bots are increasingly used by financial institutions to provide real-time assistance and streamline
customer interactions. Companies like PayPal use AI algorithms to detect fraudulent transactions
and protect users from unauthorized activities.
AI now is being used even in transportation. Self-driving cars are the computer systems amplified
with AI technologies to navigate roads, detect obstacles, and make driving decisions. Tesla’s Autopilot
system is a prominent example of AI in action, Tesla cars can autonomously steer, accelerate, and
brake based on real-time data analysis.
Looking ahead, the future of AI development holds immense promise and potential. AI is becoming
more sophisticated, capable of handling complex tasks and learning from vast amounts of data.
If we consider its implementation in such areas like robotics, the sci-fi movies like Terminator and
Blade runner may happen to become less implausible.
Artificial intelligence has come a long way since its inception, but we must notice that 2025 is
going to become the year of AI. Right at the beginning of the year all users online got a lot of exciting
(but yet alarming) news about chatbots being more and more available and new AI development
projects both in the USA and China. These “superAI” projects promise to reshape industries and
drive innovation in the years to come. Let’s just hope it won’t kill us all.
Exercise 126. Answer the follow-up questions.
1. How has AI changed since its inception?
2. In which spheres were the first AI used?
3. How do AI algorithms and machine learning work together?
4. How does AI help in healthcare?
5. What roles does AI play in finance?
6. How do self-driving cars use AI?
Exercise 127. Make 5 special questions to the text.
Exercise 128. Match each word from column A to its synonym from the column B.
Column A
Column B
1. Capable
A. Help
2. Breakthrough
B. Obviously
3. Explicitly
C. Boost
4. Assistance
D. Able
5. Accelerate
E. Invention
6. Pattern
F. Elaborated
7. Sophisticated
G. Arrangement
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Exercise 129. Fill in the correct word from the list below to fulfill the sentence.
milestone / robotics / inception / vector machine / decision tree / neural networks / be capable of
1. The team will create a _____________________ to map out various possible outcomes.
2. Last month, our project reached a major _____________________.
3. By next year, the new software will _____________________ processing large amounts of data.
4. _____________________ has come a long way since its early development in the 20th century.
5. The _____________________ of artificial intelligence can be traced back to the 1950s.
6. The integration of AI in _____________________ has shown promising results.
7. _____________________ have changed the field of deep learning in recent years.
Exercise 130. Form the words and fill in the gaps. Translate the sentences.
1. Qualified _______________ is essential for maintaining a healthy population. (health)
2. Accessing medical records without permission is considered _______________ and illegal.
(author)
3. Technological _______________ in healthcare have led to improved treatment options.
(advance)
4. Some robots are programmed to perform tasks _______________. (autonomy)
5. Engaging in _______________ practices can result in severe consequences including legal
action and loss of reputation. (fraud)
Exercise 131. Translate from Russian into English using active vocabulary for words in italics.
1. Метод дерева решений помогает сделать выбор на основе различных вариантов.
2. Векторная машина используется для эффективной классификации данных.
3. Метод глубокого обучения предполагает обучение алгоритмов на основе огромных
объемов данных.
4. Нейросеть имитирует работу человеческого мозга для решения сложных задач.
5. Новый алгоритм совершил настоящий прорыв в области искусственного интеллекта.
Exercise 132. Fill in the correct preposition.
1. Modern technology is capable _______ performing tasks once thought impossible.
2. Many discussions in the tech industry revolve _______ artificial intelligence.
3. Proper maintenance of equipment can prevent issues leading _______ costly repairs.
4. The new software will be deployed _______ multiple departments.
5. Effective decision-making strategies are crucial, especially when based _______ real-time data.
6. Recent advancements _______ machine learning have transformed various industries.
7. Skills and knowledge evolve _______ time with continuous learning and experience.
Exercise 133. A. Fill in the words from the list.
B. Make sentences using the completed phrases.
vector / neural / expert / real-time / decision / deep / smart / fraud
1. ….……………. system
5. ………….…….. tree
2. ……………….. network
6. ………….…….. data
3. ……………….. learning
7. ………….…….. machines
4. ……………….. machine
8. ………….…….. detection
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Exercise 134. Match the word with its definition.
1. Fraud
A. A computer system modeled on the human brain’s network of neurons, used
in artificial intelligence research and applications
2. Neural network
B. An instance of buying or selling something, or an exchange involving the transfer
of money or goods
3. Milestone
C. An action or event marking a significant point or stage in development
4. Simulate
D. A thing that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress or success
5. Transaction
E. The establishment or starting point of an institution or activity; the beginning
of something
6. Obstacle
F. Imitate the appearance or character of something, typically for the purposes of
study, training, or entertainment
7. Inception
G. Wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain
Exercise 135. Match each AI algorithm with its definition.
1. Linear Regression
A. An ensemble learning technique that builds multiple decision trees
during training and outputs the mode of the classes (classification)
or the mean prediction (regression) of individual trees
2. Decision Trees
B. Statistical method that models the relationship between a dependent
variable and one or more independent variables by fitting a linear
equation to observed data
3. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
C. A supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification
or regression tasks. It finds the optimal hyperplane that best separates
the classes in feature space
4. Support Vector Machines
(SVM)
D. A set of algorithms modeled after the human brain's structure and
function, designed to recognize patterns and learn from input data to
make decisions
5. Neural Networks
E. Predictive models that map features (branches) to conclusions about
the target value (leaves) by splitting the data based on features in a
tree-like structure
6. Random Forest
F. A type of instance-based learning or lazy learning, where the function
is approximated locally and all computation is deferred until function
evaluation is needed
7. Recurrent Neural Networks
(RNN)
G. A type of neural network designed to handle sequential data by
having connections that form directed cycles, allowing information
to persist over time
Exercise 136. Read the text.
Don’t You Mix Them Up!
Machine Learning
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling machines to learn
from data without being explicitly programmed. It involves algorithms that improve their performance
on a task as they are exposed to more data.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence is the broader concept of machines being able to carry out tasks in a way
that we would consider “smart”. It encompasses various techniques, including machine learning,
to simulate intelligent behavior.
Neural Networks
Neural networks are a specific technology within machine learning and artificial intelligence
inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. They are composed of interconnected
nodes (neurons) that process information in a nonlinear way.
In summary, while machine learning is a technique within AI that involves developing algorithms
to learn patterns and make decisions from data, neural networks are a specific type of model used
in machine learning to simulate the behavior of the human brain.
Exercise 137. Work with any chat-bot and ask it to solve one of the following problems.
Share the results and any communication issues you had. Use only English to complete the task.
a) healthcare diagnosis;
b) grammar understanding issue;
c) personal issue;
d) nickname/account name generation;
e) software issue;
f) ethical issue.
Exercise 138. Read an E-mail. Translate it. Underline all formal language constructions
you can find.
Subject: Urgent: Potential Personal Data Leakage
Dear Mr. Lannister,
I regret to inform you that our cybersecurity team has detected a potential data security issue
that may have led to personal information leakage. We are taking immediate action to investigate
and address this matter, and your assistance is crucial in resolving this issue.
To facilitate our investigation, we kindly request that you provide the following information:
– List of any recent unusual or unauthorized activities you may have noticed on your work devices
or accounts.
– Details of any suspicious emails or communications you have received recently, especially
those requesting personal information or login credentials.
– Any unusual system behaviors or error messages you have encountered while using corporate
systems.
Your prompt and thorough cooperation in providing this information will greatly aid our efforts.
Rest assured that we are working diligently to resolve this issue and prevent any further breaches.
Should you have any concerns or queries regarding this matter, please do not hesitate to contact
our IT Security team at [contact information].
Thank you for your attention to this urgent matter.
Sincerely,
D.V. Rust
IT Security Team
Use AI to write down the response. Communicate with AI only in English.
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Exercise 139. Think of the way AI could be integrated into the following spheres. Comment
on the issue of ethics and effectiveness of such integration.
technical support
customer service
risk assessment
teaching
traffic flow optimization
healthcare
politics
police
war
law
marketing
logistics
agriculture
cybersecurity
art
academic studies
Exercise 140. Think of 5 arguments for using AI in science and 5 arguments against.
Support your arguments with reasoning.
Exercise 141. Write a monologue, using the following plan.
1. Artificial intelligence (AI, machine learning, neural network, chatbots).
2. History of artificial intelligence development.
3. Machine learning algorithms.
4. Use of artificial intelligence in various spheres (in which spheres AI has already displaced
humans).
5. Pros and cons of further development of AI.
Or you may use the premade monologue. Make sure you use the active vocabulary in italics.
Artificial Intelligence, commonly known as AI, is a technology that enables machines to perform
tasks that typically require human intelligence. It encompasses machine learning, neural networks,
and chatbots, allowing for automation and smart decision-making.
The journey of AI development dates back to the 1950s. It was marked with the appearance of
the first intelligent machines capable of learning, reasoning, and solving problems. Over the years,
this technology reached an unbelievable level. Now machine learning algorithms enable AI systems
to learn from data, identify patterns, and even make predictions.
AI has found its way into various industries, including healthcare, finance, customer service,
and transportation. In some fields, AI has already replaced humans in repetitive tasks, data analysis,
and even some decision-making processes.
Looking ahead, the further development of AI brings both advantages and drawbacks. On the
positive side, AI can lead to increased efficiency, improved services, and automation of mundane
tasks. However, it can lead to massive job losses, ethical issues, and the potential misuse of AI by
cybercriminals.
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accelerate
ускорять, разгонять
approximate
приблизительный
assistance
содействие, помощь
boost
увеличение, стимулирование
breakthrough
открытие
capable of
в состоянии
cycle
цикл
decision tree
дерево поиска решений
deep learning
технология глубокого обучения
deferred
отсроченный, отложенный
deploy
задействовать
drawback
недостаток
equation [ɪ'kweɪʒ(ə)n]
уравнение, тождество, выражение
evaluation
оценка, анализ
expert system
экспертная система
explicitly
явно
fraud
мошенничество
healthcare
здравоохранение
hyperplane
гиперплоскость
immense
огромный, громадный
inception
открытие, начало, отправная точка
linear regression
линейная регрессия
milestone
важный этап
mode
состояние, вид
mundane
бытовой
neural network
нейросеть
nonlinear
нелинейный
obstacle
помеха, преграда
pattern
схема, комбинация
prediction
предвычисление, предсказание
process data
обрабатывать данные
real-time data
данные в реальном времени
revolve (around)
вращаться
risk assessment
оценка риска
robotics
роботизация, робототехника
simulate
искусственное воспроизведение
sophisticated
продуманный, проработанный
streamline
направление
subset
сегмент, подгруппа
transaction
операция (финансовая), транзакция
variable
количественная переменная
vector machine
машина для обработки векторных данных
58
Unit 8. THE INTERNET
Exercise 142. Answer the following questions.
1. Should internet access be free and unlimited? Why?
2. Should governments control content we view online?
3. What is more important: internet privacy or national security?
4. Would you like the Internet to be controlled and restricted?
5. How did you learn to navigate online?
6. Have you ever found something terrifying online?
7. Should the use of AI be restricted for online content generation?
8. Have you ever felt addicted to some internet content (e.g. news, games, social networks, etc.)?
9. Would you like to delete all data about you on the Internet? Why?
10. How do you feel about advertisement on the Internet?
Exercise 143. Explain the following words in English.
web-site / e-mail / search / cyber security / browser / wi-fi / streaming service / online shopping / download /
upload / password / chat / firewall / Internet service provider / internet connection / virus / piracy
Exercise 144. Read the following quotation. What does it mean?
“The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow”.
Bill Gates
Exercise 145. Read the text. Give your definition to the words in bold.
The history of the internet is a fascinating journey that has changed the way we communicate,
access information, and conduct business. It all started in the late 1960s when the concept of a
global network of interconnected computers was first proposed by J.C.R. Licklider, a visionary
computer scientist. This idea laid the foundation for what would eventually become the internet as we
know it today.
The first usage of the internet can be traced back to ARPANET, a pioneering network developed
by the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the late 1960s.
This network allowed researchers to share resources and communicate over long distances mostly
for military and nation security purposes.
As the internet continued to evolve, other countries joined in on the development of their own
networks. In the 1970s, countries like the United Kingdom, France, and Japan established their own
networks. Interconnection between those local state networks has laid the groundwork for the Web.
Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, the internet experienced rapid growth and development.
The emergence of the World Wide Web, designed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, revolutionized
how people accessed and shared information online. This period also saw the rise of e-commerce,
social media platforms, and search engines.
The early 2000s brought significant advancements in internet technologies and trends. The rise
of broadband internet connections enabled faster and more reliable access to online content.
Social media platforms like MySpace and later Facebook gained popularity. This totally transformed
the way people interacted online. But people wanted not only to communicate. People needed the way
to express themselves. And such platforms as YouTube and Wikipedia popularized content creation
and sharing.
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In the following years, the internet continued to evolve, with the proliferation of smartphones
and mobile devices driving a shift toward mobile internet usage. The emergence of cloud computing
allowed for the remote storage and access of data.
Presently, the internet has become woven into our daily lives. Basically each of us uses the Internet
starting early in the morning and finishing our day with it. From browsing websites and texting with
friends to streaming videos (and watching those streams of course) and online gaming, the internet
offers a myriad of services that have become integral parts of our daily routines.
The concept of global connection keeps evolving. For instance, innovations such as Elon Musk’s
SpaceX Starlink project aim to provide high-speed internet access through a constellation of satellites.
The connection of multiple computer and mobile systems is a complicated concept of high-speed
data transmission. Modern internet systems rely on a complex network of cables, satellites, and
data centers. Undersea fiber-optic cables spanning vast distances across oceans form the backbone
of international internet connectivity. Satellites play a crucial role in extending internet access to
remote and underserved areas. Thus, the network coverage is spreading literally all over the globe.
It operates using a combination of hardware, software, protocols, and standards that enable seamless
communication and data exchange.
Exercise 146. Answer the follow-up questions.
1. Who proposed the concept of a global network in the late 1960s?
2. What was the first network?
3. How did the World Wide Web emerge?
4. What are some examples of internet technologies in the early 2000s?
5. What is the goal of Elon Musk’s SpaceX Starlink project?
6. What role do undersea fiber-optic cables play?
7. How do satellites help extend internet access?
Exercise 147. Make 5 special questions to the text.
Exercise 148. How has the internet influenced your daily habits and routines, both
academically and socially?
Exercise 149. Match each word from column A to its opposite from the column B.
Column A
Column B
1. Storage
A. Disappear
2. Emerge
B. Disconnection
3. Shift
C. Separated
4. Connectivity
D. Leakage
5. Integral
E. Ignore
6. Evolve
F. Degrade
7. Interact
G. Stability
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Exercise 150. Fill in the correct word from the list below to fulfill the sentence.
content / E-commerce / broadband / satellites / data centers / proliferation / search engines
1. _________________ networks are widely used for high-speed internet access.
2. _________________ on this website is regularly updated and edited.
3. _________________ are where large volumes of information are stored and processed.
4. _________________ transactions are facilitated by online platforms for buying and selling goods.
5. _________________ are used to relay signals for communication purposes.
6. _________________ are utilized by users to find relevant information on the web.
7. The _________________ of online services has led to a wide array of options for users to
choose from.
Exercise 151. Form the words and fill in the gaps. Translate the sentences.
1. The _______________ of internet-connected devices has increased data transmission across
networks. (life)
2. _______________ systems allow for seamless data exchange between different platforms.
(connect)
3. The _______________ of new technologies has revolutionized the way data is transmitted
and shared. (emerge)
4. Efficient data _______________ is essential for enabling smooth data exchange between
various devices. (miss)
5. Interconnectivity plays a crucial role in facilitating secure and reliable data _______________
in modern networks. (change)
Exercise 152. Translate from Russian into English using active vocabulary for words in italics.
1. Спутник обеспечивает бесперебойную передачу данных, гарантируя быструю и надежную
связь даже в отдаленных районах.
2. Во время видеоконференции произошел кратковременный разрыв связи, но спутниковая
широкополосная сеть быстро восстановила соединение.
3. Благодаря спутниковой широкополосной связи компании могут беспрепятственно вести
бизнес на больших расстояниях, не беспокоясь об ограничениях сети.
4. Надежная передача данных, обеспечиваемая спутниковой сетью, позволяет компаниям
беспрепятственно обмениваться информацией и сотрудничать в рамках проектов.
5. Несмотря на периодические отключения, спутниковая широкополосная связь произвела
революцию в ведении бизнеса по всему миру.
Exercise 153. Fill in the correct preposition.
1. The Internet forms the foundation _______ modern communication and information sharing
worldwide.
2. The origins of the Internet can be traced _______ the Cold War era when it was developed
for military purposes.
3. In recent years, there has been a significant shift _______ a more interconnected and digital
world driven by the Internet.
4. Many companies aim _______ leverage the power of the Internet to reach a broader audience
and enhance their online presence.
5. Numerous tech companies joined _______ the development of Internet technologies, contributing
to its rapid evolution.
6. The rise _______ e-commerce can be attributed to the Internet, enabling businesses to reach
customers globally through online platforms.
7. In today’s digital age, we rely _______ the Internet for a wide range of activities such as
communication, research, entertainment, and commerce.