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Файл:Язык технологий комплексный курс английского языка для студентов технических специальностей. Учебно-методическое пособие.pdf
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Exercise 95. What actions are needed to get the following results:
– create a circle;
– insert a block;
– trim object;
– create a hatch pattern;
– export the drawing as a different file format.
Can you think of any other tasks? You may ask your group-mates.
Exercise 96. Read the e-mail.
Dear Mr. Cokes,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to address the recent license issue you have
encountered with AutoCAD software.
After careful review of the problem, our technical team has identified the cause and implemented
the necessary steps to resolve it. We have successfully reactivated and reissued a valid license for
your AutoCAD software.
To ensure a seamless experience going forward, please follow the instructions below:
1. Open AutoCAD and navigate to the “About” section in the “Help” menu.
2. Click on “Manage License” or “License Information” (depending on your AutoCAD version).
3. Select “Activate” or “Reactivate” option.
4. Enter the new license key provided below: hDjf38yldGedFe9s2iw34Dwjd.
Please note that the new license key is valid until 14, May 2026. Should you encounter any further
issues or require additional assistance, please do not hesitate to reach out to our dedicated support
team at holdmybeer@inbox.com.
Thank you for your cooperation and understanding in resolving this matter promptly. We appreciate
your continued trust in our products and services, and we are committed to providing you with
uninterrupted access to AutoCAD.
Kind regards,
James B. Billes
IT Technician
Exercise 97. Look through the letter and fill the table.
После тщательного изучения проблемы
Надлежащую лицензию
Обратите внимание
Если у вас возникнут какие-либо дополнительные проблемы
Благодарим вас за сотрудничество и понимание
Письмо застало вас в добром здравии
Для обеспечения бесперебойной работы в дальнейшем
Мы ценим ваше неизменное доверие
Exercise 98. Write a short reply with gratitude and hopes for further cooperation.
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Never stop dreaming
Exercise 99. Answer the following questions.
1. How do you think technology will change the construction industry in the future?
2. What kind of new technologies do you imagine being used in construction projects?
3. How do you think computers and software will be used in construction in the coming years?
4. Can you give examples of how technology can make construction projects more efficient?
5. What are some potential benefits of using artificial intelligence in construction IT?
6. How do you think virtual reality or augmented reality could be used in construction?
7. How might drones or robots be used to improve construction processes?
8. Do you think construction companies will rely more on cloud computing for data storage and
collaboration? Why or why not?
9. How might mobile apps or wearable devices be useful for construction workers in the future?
10. What skills do you think IT professionals will need to have in order to support the future of
construction IT?
Exercise 100. Come up with a concept for high-tech construction automation software or
facilities.
Be sure to mention:
1. Purpose of the program or tool.
2. Problems that the invention solves.
3. Existing technologies on the basis of which the invention functions.
Be ready to present your invention to the group.
Exercise 101. Write a monologue, using the following plan:
– application software and its role in construction;
– BIM and CAD systems;
– other IT in construction (drones, AI, AR, IoT etc.).
Or you may use the premade monologue. Make sure you use the active vocabulary in italics.
Application software in construction refers to computer programs and systems that help professionals
manage projects, create designs, and estimate costs.
BIM (Building Information Modeling) and CAD (Computer-Aided Design) systems are important
software tools in construction. While both are used for creating detailed models of buildings, BIM
focuses on the entire construction lifecycle, including management and maintenance, while CAD
focuses on creating precise 2D and 3D drafts. These systems help architects and engineers visualize
projects and identify potential problems.
In addition to BIM and CAD, other advanced information technology tools are used in construction.
Drones are used for site surveying, AI (Artificial Intelligence) helps in analyzing data for better
decision-making, AR (Augmented Reality) allows users to visualize and interact with digital elements
in the real world, and IoT (Internet of Things) devices enable the monitoring and management of
equipment and resources on construction sites.
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annotation
комментирование
artificial intelligence (AI)
искусственный интеллект (ИИ)
augmented reality (AR)
дополненная реальность
automation
автоматизация
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
информационное моделирование здания
collaborative
совместный, корпоративный
compatibility
совместимость
computer-aided design (CAD)
система автоматизированного проектирования (САПР)
contractor
подрядчик
coordinate
координировать
data analytics
аналитическая обработка данных
decision-making
процесс принятия решения
dimensioning
простановка размеров
draft
черновик, проект, план
editing tool
инструмент редактирования
extend
расширить
fillet
скругление, лента
graphical user interface (GUI)
графический интерфейс пользователя (ГИП)
hatch pattern
шаблон штриховки
high resolution
высокое разрешение
humidity
влажность
impact (on)
вклад
infrastructure
инфраструктура
insert
вводить
Internet of Things (IoT)
интернет вещей/устройств
layer
слой
leverage
эффективно использовать
logistics
логистика
measurement
измерение
modular construction
модульное построение
object
объект
off-site
вне объекта, площадки
optimize
оптимизировать
precise
определённый, точный
properties
свойства
record
записывать, запись
reduce
снижать
remotely
удаленно
repetitive
повторяющийся
robust
крепкий
share
зд. совместно использовать
specification
спецификация, техническое описание
streamline
модернизировать
sustainable
устойчивый, экологически безопасный
site surveying
изыскательские работы по изучению строительной площадки
trim
исключение
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
беспилотный летательный аппарат (БПЛА)
virtual
виртуальный, допускаемый
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Unit 6. CYBER-SECURITY
Exercise 102. Answer the following questions.
1. Have you ever experienced a cyberattack?
2. How often do you change your passwords?
3. Do you use an antivirus? Why?
4. Have you ever followed a suspicious link? Why?
5.What common rules of cyber-security do you follow?
6. In your opinion what is the biggest cyber-threat today?
Exercise 103. Explain the following words in English.
virus / threat / personal data / phishing / password / registration / login / personal id / server /
fraud / messenger / antivirus / to upgrade / to update
Exercise 104. Read the following quotation. What does it mean?
“The user’s going to pick dancing pigs over security every time”.
Bruce Schneier
Exercise 105. Read the text. Give your definition to the words in bold. Pay attention to the
terms in italics.
The development of software and the Internet has led to the creation of a specific digital reality.
This reality is inhabited by numerous people. People are different and they come online for different
reasons. Some come to create and share content. Some come to communicate. Of course, as in usual
reality, some people come online to commit crimes. And as the digital reality spreads around the world,
the risks associated with cyber threats have also increased, so the term “cyber-security” becomes
more understandable to every user.
Cyber-security refers to the practice of protecting computers, servers, mobile devices, networks,
and data from malicious attacks. These attacks can come in various forms, including malware,
phishing, ransomware, and hacking, among others.
One common cyber threat is phishing, where cybercriminals attempt to deceive users into sharing
sensitive information such as passwords or credit card details through fake emails or messages.
Thus, you should be cautious and avoid clicking on links or downloading attachments from unknown
sources to mitigate the risk of falling victim to phishing attacks.
Malware, short for malicious software, is another cyber-security threat. This software can infect
devices and systems. It can steal sensitive data or interfere with normal operations causing a lot of harm.
However, there are some methods to protect against it. Users should install antivirus software. Besides,
all software applications should be regularly updated.
There is a special type of malware that encrypts files or locks users out of their devices. It is called
ransomware because it demands a ransom for release. To mitigate the effects of ransomware attacks,
important data should be backed up on a regular basis. Malware often penetrates your device as a result
of your own actions. Thus, clicking on suspicious links or downloading unknown files should be avoided.
Our world becomes increasingly interconnected through the Internet of Things (IoT). As a result,
cyber-security vulnerabilities have extended to smart devices such as cameras, thermostats, and
even vehicles. These vulnerabilities can be easily exploited by hackers. They can gain unauthorized
access to networks or compromise privacy and security.
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To enhance cyber-security, users are advised to adopt best practices. First of all, strong, unique
passwords should be used for each online account. Whenever possible, two-factor authentication
should be enabled. Of course, one should be cautious when sharing personal information online.
It is also essential to update software regularly, including both operating systems and applications.
It helps to patch security vulnerabilities and minimize potential cyber threats.
Remember, cyber-security is everyone’s responsibility. Taking proactive steps to enhance
your online security can help safeguard not only your personal information, but also your money,
your comfort and sometimes even your life.
Exercise 106. Answer the follow-up questions.
1. What is cyber-security?
2. What are some common types of cyber threats?
3. How do cybercriminals typically execute phishing attacks?
4. What is malware?
5. How can we protect ourselves against malware?
6. What is ransomware?
7. What are some simple rules of cyber-security?
8. Why is it crucial to regularly update software on devices?
Exercise 107. Think of 10 simple rules to follow in order to protect oneself from cyberattacks.
Exercise 108. Match each word from column A to its opposite from the column B.
Column A
Column B
1. Enhance
A. Criminal
2. Fake
B. Reactive
3. Malicious
C. Trustworthy
4. Suspicious
D. Defense
5. Victim
E. Decent
6. Vulnerability
F. Spoil
7. Proactive
G. Original
Exercise 109. Fill in the correct word from the list below to fulfill the sentence.
ransomware / update / authentication / exploit / hacking / encrypt / cyber-security
1. ______________ your sensitive data to ensure it remains secure.
2. Cybercriminals ______________ vulnerabilities to carry out hacking attacks.
3. ______________ can encrypt your files and demand payment for their release.
4. ______________ is essential for verifying the identity of users.
5. You need to ______________ your systems regularly to patch security vulnerabilities.
6. Cybersecurity measures are necessary to protect against ______________ and data breaches.
7. Implementing strong authentication methods and keeping systems updated are key aspects of
______________.
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Exercise 110. Form the words and fill in the gaps. Translate the sentences.
1. There are various software ____________ available for different needs. (apply)
2. It’s crucial to ____________ your software regularly to protect against vulnerabilities. (date)
3. ____________ falls on both users and developers to address security issues. (response)
4. ____________ are constantly looking for ways to exploit vulnerabilities in software. (hack)
5. ____________ stored on systems is at risk if software is not kept up to date. (inform)
6. Software ____________ are often exploited by hackers to gain unauthorized access to systems.
(vulnerable)
7. A ____________ approach to software updates can prevent hackers from accessing sensitive
information. (active)
Exercise 111. Choose the correct word so it can make sense.
1. Regularly updating your software/hardware can help mitigate the risk of falling victim to
malware.
2. It is important to share/back up your important files to protect them from criminal activities.
3. Being proactive/reactive in updating your antivirus software can help prevent infections by
malware.
4. One effective way to mitigate/enhance the impact of malware is to regularly back up your data.
5. Victims/Criminals often use malware to infect systems and steal sensitive information.
6. A proactive approach to cyber-security involves staying ahead of potential threats by updating
defenses/vulnerabilities regularly.
7. It’s crucial to upgrade your security measures to avoid falling victim to criminal attempts to
infect/neutralize your system with malware.
Exercise 112. Fill in the correct preposition.
1. Strong encryption is often associated ______ secure communication channels.
2. Cybercriminals attempt to deceive users ______ sharing personal information through phishing
emails.
3. Vaccinations help protect ______ various infectious diseases.
4. Hackers may demand a ransom ______ unlocking files encrypted by ransomware.
5. Multi-factor authentication enhances security by limiting unauthorized access ______ sensitive
data.
Exercise 113. Translate from Russian into English using active vocabulary for words in italics.
1. Я получил подозрительное письмо с просьбой предоставить мои личные данные.
2. Нарушение систем безопасности может иметь серьезные последствия для репутации
компании.
3. В обновлениях программного обеспечения часто устраняются уязвимости, которыми
могут воспользоваться хакеры.
4. Вредоносное ПО может заразить компьютерную систему и нарушить ее безопасность.
5. Фишинговые письма часто заставляют пользователей раскрывать конфиденциальную
информацию.
6. В постоянной борьбе с киберугрозами очень важно поддерживать надежную защиту.
7. Несанкционированный доступ к конфиденциальным данным может привести к утечке
информации и нарушению нормативных требований.
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Exercise 114. Match the word with its definition.
1. Encrypt
A. Someone or something that has been hurt, damaged or has suffered
2. Victim
B. An attempt to trick someone into giving information over the internet
3. Attachment
C. Taking action by causing change and not only reacting to change when it happens
4. Proactive
D. Intended to harm or upset other people
5. Phishing
E. To use someone or something unfairly for your own advantage
6. Malicious
F. To change electronic information or signals into a secret code
7. Exploit
G. A computer file that is sent together with an email message
Exercise 115. Read the following information on the antivirus algorithms.
Antivirus algorithms play a crucial role in safeguarding computer systems against malware threats.
These algorithms typically follow a series of steps to detect and neutralize infected files.
Signature-based Detection. This traditional method involves comparing file signatures with a
database of known malware signatures. If a match is found, the file is flagged as malicious.
Heuristic Analysis. Antivirus programs use heuristic analysis to identify suspicious behavior
patterns in files. This method helps detect new or unknown malware by analyzing code and behaviors
rather than relying solely on signatures.
Behavioral Analysis. By monitoring file behavior and system activities, antivirus algorithms can
detect malicious actions such as unauthorized network connections or changes to critical system files.
Sandboxing. Some antivirus solutions use sandboxing techniques to isolate and execute suspicious
files in a controlled environment. By observing the behavior of these files, the algorithm can determine
if they are malicious.
Machine Learning. With advancements in artificial intelligence, antivirus programs now leverage
machine learning algorithms to detect and adapt to evolving malware threats. These algorithms
learn from patterns and characteristics of malware to improve detection accuracy.
Cloud-based Detection. Antivirus algorithms may also utilize cloud-based detection mechanisms
to offload resource-intensive tasks and access real-time threat intelligence from a centralized server.
Once a malicious file is detected, the antivirus algorithm will quarantine it to prevent further
harm and may attempt to remove the malware from the system entirely.
Exercise 116. Study the following list of potential threats and name the algorithms from
above that is able to detect the threat.
– Traditional viruses with identifiable signature patterns.
– Zero-day malware that has not been seen before.
– Fileless malware that does not rely on traditional file-based methods.
– Polymorphic Malware, that constantly changes its code to evade signature-based detection.
– Trojans with known signatures.
– Rootkits, which manipulate system functions to hide their presence.
– Ransomware with unusual network connections.
– Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs): APTs, which are sophisticated and targeted attacks.
– Coordinated malware campaigns.
– Global real-time malware outbreaks and rapidly disseminate.
– Stealth Malware designed to hide its presence on the system.
– Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks.
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Exercise 117. Read an advertising e-mail. Translate it. Underline all formal language
constructions.
Dear Mr. Johnson,
I hope this email finds you well. As we continue to prioritize the security of our corporate data
and systems, I would like to suggest the implementation of FortifyShield, a comprehensive enterprise
security solution known for its robust protective features.
FortifyShield offers advanced encryption, multi-factor authentication, and continuous monitoring
to safeguard sensitive corporate data from unauthorized access and cyber threats. Additionally, its
proactive threat detection and rapid response capabilities ensure real-time protection against evolving
security risks.
With its proven track record of providing the highest level of protection for large-scale enterprises,
I believe that FortifyShield aligns with our commitment to maintaining a secure and resilient IT
infrastructure.
I recommend exploring the potential integration of FortifyShield into our corporate security
framework to bolster our defense against cyber threats and enhance overall data security.
Thank you for considering this suggestion. I am available to further discuss the benefits and
implementation of FortifyShield at your earliest convenience.
Best regards,
J.V. Links
Marketing manager,
FortifyShield Inc.
Exercise 118. Write down the response, requesting the following information.
When should we meet to discuss FortifyShield integration?
Any initial talks with FortifyShield team?
What are the timelines for FortifyShield integration?
Can you share cost and resource details for FortifyShield integration?
Any feedback from our IT/security teams on FortifyShield?
Exercise 119. Read the material.
Threats of the future
1. How are emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and quantum computing shaping
the landscape of future cyber threats?
2. What potential impact can the widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices have
on increasing vulnerability to cyber attacks in the future?
3. How are advancements in deepfake technology posing new challenges in terms of cyber-security
and threats to digital identities?
4. What strategies can organizations adopt to defend against the rising threat of ransomware
attacks and evolving ransomware-as-a-service models in the future?
5. In what ways can nation-state cyber warfare and cyber espionage pose significant threats to
critical infrastructure and national security in the future?
6. How might the integration of 5G technology introduce new vulnerabilities and expose networks
to heightened cyber-security risks in the future?
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7. What role do supply chain attacks play in the future landscape of cyber threats, and how can
organizations fortify their supply chains against such risks?
8. How can the increasing interconnectedness of digital ecosystems through cloud services and
APIs contribute to the amplification of cyber threats in the future?
9. What ethical considerations and challenges arise in the development and deployment of offensive
cyber-security capabilities to counter future cyber threats?
10. How can regulatory frameworks and international cooperation help mitigate the global impact
of emerging cyber threats and promote a unified response to cyber-security challenges in the future?
Exercise 120. Role-play the dialogues between the customers and technical support on the
following requests.
1. I received a suspicious email asking me to click on a link to verify my account. Is this legitimate?
2. My antivirus software keeps giving me pop-up warnings about potential threats. What should I do?
3. I think my computer may have been infected with malware. How can I remove it?
4. I forgot my password and need help resetting it securely.
5. I believe my online accounts may have been compromised. How can I improve my account
security?
6. I received a strange message claiming I won a prize and it asked for personal information.
Is it a scam?
7. I want to set up two-factor authentication for my accounts. Can you guide me through the process?
8. My Wi-Fi network seems slow and unreliable. How can I check if someone unauthorized is
using it?
9. I clicked on a suspicious link by mistake. What steps should I take to ensure my device’s security?
10. I need help creating strong and unique passwords for my accounts. Can you provide tips on
password management?
Think of other requests, considering security problems.
Exercise 121. Write a monologue on the topic of the unit.
You may use the following plan:
1. Cyber-security (definition, relevance of the problem).
2. Existing cyber threats to individuals (malware, Trojans, Rootkits etc.).
3. Existing cyber threats to companies and corporations (DDoS, Stealth Malware, etc.).
4. Existing cyber threat detection and defensive software.
5. Basic rules for cyber security compliance.
Or you may use the premade monologue. Make sure you use the active vocabulary in italics.
Cybersecurity is about safeguarding systems, networks, and data against cyber attacks. On the
one hand, users online face threats like malware, phishing, hacking and others. Malware like Trojans
and rootkits can infect devices, while phishing schemes deceive users into revealing sensitivities.
On the other hand, companies confront threats such as DDoS attacks and stealth malware.
DDoS overwhelms networks with excessive traffic, causing disruptions. Stealth malware evades
detection to steal valuable data.
Antivirus algorithms are critical for detecting and neutralizing these threats, but we must keep
in mind that cybercriminals constantly evolve their tactics.
Following basic cyber-security rules is crucial for users and organizations. These rules include
securing passwords, regularly updating software, practicing safe browsing habits, and implementing
multi-factor authentication for sensitive accounts. Also, learning about cyber-security best practices
can help mitigate risks of data breaches and unauthorized access to private data.
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access (to)
доступ
advance
прогрессировать
Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs)
целенаправленная устойчивая угроза
algorithm
алгоритм
associate with
относящийся к, обусловленный
attachment
вложение
authentication
аутентификация
back up
создавать резервную копию
cautious
осторожный, сознательный
compromise
компрометировать, саботировать
cybercriminal
киберпреступник
cybersecurity
информационная безопасность
data breach
утечка информации
deceive (into)
вводить в заблуждение
defense
защита
detect
обнаруживать
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
распределённая атака типа «отказ в обслуживании»
encrypt
шифровать
enhance
совершенствовать
exploit
эксплуатировать уязвимости
fake
поддельный, фальсифицированный
hack
незаконно получать доступ к компьютерным данным
infect
заражать
malicious
вредоносный
malware
вредоносное ПО
mitigate
ослаблять, снижать
neutralize
устранять (угрозу)
phishing
выуживание, извлечение данных
private data
конфиденциальные данные
proactive
проактивный, работающий на упреждение
ransom
выкуп
ransomware
программы-вымогатели
sensitivities
конфиденциальная информация
signature
сигнатура, подпись
suspicious
подозрительный
unauthorized
несанкционированный
update
обновлять/пакет обновления
victim
жертва
violation
нарушение
vulnerability
уязвимость