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Файл:Язык технологий комплексный курс английского языка для студентов технических специальностей. Учебно-методическое пособие.pdf
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Exercise 19. Think of 5 things you don’t know how to do without computers and other devices.
Share it with the group.
Exercise 20. Make a short report on historical evolution of any electronic device.
Exercise 21. Think of changes the computers of the future may bring in following industries.
1. Healthcare.
2. State Defense.
3. Education.
4. Civil Engineering.
5. Transportation.
6. Marketing.
Exercise 22. Write a monologue, using the following plan:
1) microelectronics (definition);
2) history of microelectronics;
3) microelectronics and computers;
4) history of computers development;
5) quantum computer of the future.
Or you may use the premade monologue. Make sure you use the active vocabulary in italics.
Microelectronics involves making small electronic circuits that power all our devices. It all
began with the invention of the transistor in 1947. This led to the creation of integrated circuits,
miniaturizing electronic components into chips.
Microelectronics and computers are closely connected: microelectronics advancement boosted
the development of critical computer components such as microprocessors that form the brains of
modern computers.
The history of computers dates back to the mid-20th century, starting with bulky machines like
ENIAC, which filled entire rooms. With the development of microelectronics computers evolved into
smaller, faster, and more mobile devices.
Looking into the future, quantum computers represent the next generation of computing. These
systems use quantum bits or qubits to make complex calculations at the highest speeds. Quantum
computers have the potential to solve more problems, revolutionizing fields such as cryptography
and scientific research.
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accurate
точный
amplify
усилить
binary code
бинарный код
bulky
массивный
calculation
вычисление
central processing unit
центральный процессор
chip
чип
circuit
электрическая схема
component
компонент, элемент, составная часть
cryptography
шифрование
data processing
обработка данных
device
устройство
digital
цифровой
diode
диод
efficient
эффективный
electronic circuit
электронная схема
evolution
развитие, эволюция
execute
выполнять
fundamental unit
основная единица, единица основной величины
innovation
новшество, инновация
integrated circuit
интегральная микросхема
integration
интеграция, соединение
interact
взаимодействие
intricate
усложнять
leap
скачок, резкий переход
mainframe computer
центральная ЭВМ
maintenance
техническое обслуживание
microelectronics
микроэлектроника
microprocessor
микропроцессор
miniaturization
миниатюризация, уменьшение размеров
prediction
предвычисление, прогноз
qubit
квантовый бит
research
исследование
resistor
резистор
scale
масштаб
semiconductor
полупроводник
showcase
демонстрировать
simultaneously
одновременно, синхронно
store
хранить
switch
переключить
transistor
транзистор
vacuum tube
электровакуумная лампа
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Unit 2. HARDWARE
Exercise 23. Answer the following questions.
1. Do you prefer laptops or desktop computers for everyday use? Why?
2. What factors do you consider when choosing a new computer?
3. What is better: a larger monitor or a faster graphics card for gaming purposes? Why?
4. Can you diagnose hardware issues? How?
5. What do you look at when choosing a laptop? a motherboard? a mouse? a smartphone?
6. Do you prefer wired or wireless devices? Why?
7. Have you ever assembled a computer on your own? Was it hard?
Exercise 24. Explain the following words in English.
motherboard / mouse / case / cable / socket / monitor / touch-screen / smartphone / ultrabook /
cable management / CPU / thermal paste /
Exercise 25. Read the following quotation. What does it mean? Do you agree?
“The computer industry is the only industry that is more fashion-driven than women’s fashion”.
Larry Ellison
Exercise 26. Read the text. Give your definition to the words in bold.
Some people say that the idea of the computer design was inspired by work of human body system.
Some people say that the computers will soon replace people. But how many people really know
what’s inside the computer? Let’s take a closer look into the organization of a computer system.
What do you see, when you open the case of your desktop?
Internal hardware components (or internals) are the backbone of any computer system, the
bottom-line of its functionality and performance. The motherboard serves as the central hub of a
computer, connecting all other components together. The layout and form factor of motherboard
define the system’s compatibility and expandability. Installing a motherboard involves securing it
in the case and connecting power, data, and expansion cables.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer. It executes instructions, performs
calculations and processes data. It is mounted on the motherboard and installed into a socket with
delicate pins. When considering compatibility between the CPU and motherboard, it is crucial to ensure
that the socket type of the processor matches the socket type on the motherboard. Additionally, the
motherboard must support the specific generation of the CPU to function correctly. Incompatibility
between the CPU and motherboard can result in system failure.
Power supply unit provides electrical power to all components. It converts AC power from the
outlet to stable DC voltages. The installation of PSU requires proper cable management to ensure
good airflow.
SSDs and HDDs are long-term data storage devices. SSDs are considered to be the next generation
of storage drives. They are now replacing HDDs and have no spinning magnetic disks, which improves
the speed of data transfer. Storage drives are installed either in dedicated drive bays or using
SATA/PCIe interfaces on the motherboard.
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RAM (Random Access Memory) provides temporary storage for data the CPU is currently
working on. Multitasking capabilities of the computer system mainly depend on the RAM size.
Installing RAM modules involves aligning them with the memory slots on the motherboard and
applying even pressure to secure them. The installing of RAM typically involves installation in a certain
sequence or order within the motherboard manual. Additionally, it is critical to pay attention to
the frequency ratio of the RAM modules. Matching the frequency of the RAM to the motherboard’s
supported frequency settings in BIOS ensures proper functioning and prevents system instability.
Various expansion boards and cards such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network cards
enhance system capabilities. Graphics cards process visual data for display, while audio cards provide
high-quality sound output. All these cards can be mounted within compatible slots on the motherboard.
Modern motherboards have integrated cards, but their capacity is usually limited.
Cooling systems, including CPU coolers and case fans serve to prevent overheating. Efficient
cooling is needed to protect the internals from overheating. CPU cooler requires the use of thermal
paste for optimal heat transfer and case fans require proper airflow management.
Exercise 27. Say if these statements are true or false.
1. The motherboard connects all internal components of a computer system together.
2. PSUs are installed onto motherboard.
3. HDDs and SSDs have the same operating principles.
4. RAM serves to keep long-term data.
5. Power supply units convert DC to AC.
6. Graphics cards process visual data.
7. Case fans need thermal paste for optimal heat transfer.
8. There’s no connection between the motherboard form factor and system expandability.
9. Sound cards can enhance a computer's audio output quality.
Exercise 28. Make a step-by-step instruction of assembling a desktop computer.
Exercise 29. Match each word from column A to its opposite from the column B.
Column A
Column B
1. Compatibility
A. Dismount
2. Order
B. Success
3. Install
C. Stimulate
4. Failure
D. Chaos
5. Temporary
E. Stability
6. Prevent
F. Incompatibility
7. Instability
G. Constant
Exercise 30. Fill in the correct word from the list below to fulfill the sentence.
manual / PSU / compatibility / motherboard / BIOS / functionality / voltage
1. Ensure the ________________ matches the requirements of your device.
2. Read the ________________ for detailed setup instructions.
3. Without proper ________________ settings, the system may fail to boot.
4. Plug the ________________ into a nearby outlet.
5. Check ________________ before installing new hardware.
6. The ________________ connects all essential internal components.
7. ________________ is the most important factor when choosing a smartphone.
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Exercise 31. Form the words and fill in the gaps. Translate the sentences.
1. The smartphone’s _______________ impressed users with its range of features. (function)
2. The latest _______________ of gaming consoles offers unparalleled graphics. (generate)
3. The system _______________ during the launch of the new software update caused chaos. (fail)
4. The _______________ caused physical damage to the CPU. (heat)
5. The incompatible software caused _______________ in the system. (stable)
6. The _______________ is the central hub that coordinates hardware elements. (mother)
7. You need a lot of RAM to boost _______________ of the system. (task)
Exercise 32. Choose the correct word.
1. The motherboard/CPU connects all components in a computer.
2. A fan/SSD can significantly boost system performance.
3. Adequate RAM/audio-card is essential for running multiple applications smoothly.
4. Wrong settings in BIOS can cause components’ compatibility/incompatibility.
5. The RAM/BIOS manages basic input/output functions of the computer.
6. The socket/outlet on the motherboard determines the type of processor.
7. Efficient performance/failure depends on the harmonious interaction of hardware components.
Exercise 33. Fill in the correct preposition. You may look up the phrases in the text from
“Reading” section.
1. The motherboard serves ____ the central hub of a computer system.
2. CPUs are mounted ____ the motherboard to facilitate processing.
3. Ignoring software updates can result ___ system failure.
4. Power supply units provide electrical power ___ all computer components.
5. It’s critical to pay attention __ cooling systems for optimal performance.
6. The use ___ specialized software can boost productivity.
7. RAM plays a big role ___ determining system performance.
Exercise 34. Translate from Russian into English using active vocabulary for words in italics.
1. Материнская плата распределяет питание по своим гнездам, регулируя напряжение
во избежание повреждений.
2. Перегрев может повредить как твердотельные накопители, так и жесткие диски,
сократив их производительность.
3. Правильное нанесение термопасты позволяет предотвратить перегрев в мощных системах.
4. Переход на твердотельные накопители последнего поколения может значительно
повысить производительность системы.
5. Временная коррекция настроек поможет справиться с перепадами напряжения и
предотвратить перегрев.
Exercise 35. Match the word with its definition.
1. Compatibility
A. The quality of a system, device, or software to be easily upgraded
2. Expandability
B. The measure of electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit
3. Generation
C. A specific order in which related things follow one another
4. Voltage
D. Lasting for a limited time, not permanent or long-lasting
5. Temporary
E. The ability of devices, software, or systems to work together without conflicts or issues
6. Sequence
F. A device with blades that rotate to create airflow for cooling or ventilation purposes
7. Fan
G. A stage in the development or evolution of something
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Peripherals
Peripherals refer to devices or components that are not part of the internal computer system but
are connected to it. These external components can include input devices like keyboards, mice, and
scanners, as well as output devices such as monitors, printers, etc. Peripherals expand the abilities
of a computer system: they enable users to input data into the computer and receive output from it.
Explain the function of each device from the box. Divide the devices into two groups:
keyboard / scanner / VR headsets / joystick / printer / microphone / speakers / touchscreen /
barcode scanner / digital camera / monitor / graphics tablet / plotter / headphones / projector /
mouse / USB flash drives / LCD Panel / game controller
Input device
Output device
Can you think of any other peripherals?
Exercise 36. Read the order letter. Fill the gaps.
Dear Mr. Tobitts,
I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to place an order for specialized ___________
for our office. We are in need of high-performance ___________with specific requirements.
Below are the details for the ___________ we would like to order:
Type: Specialized Ergonomic ___________
Connectivity: Wired USB
Key Switch Type: Mechanical
Backlighting: RGB Backlit
Additional Features: Programmable Keys
Quantity: 15 units
Please provide us with a formal quote including the total cost, any applicable taxes or fees,
payment terms, and estimated delivery time. Additionally, if there are any purchase discounts or
promotions available, kindly include that information in your response.
We aim to finalize this order promptly to ensure a timely delivery. Your expedited attention to
this matter would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you in advance for your assistance. I look forward to receiving the necessary information
to proceed with this order.
Should you require any further details or clarification, do not hesitate to reach out to me at
5(555)555-55.
Warm regards,
Mark J. Jefferson
Lifejoy Inc.
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Exercise 37. Think of Russian formal equivalents to the following words and phrases.
place an order
please provide us with a formal quote
kindly include that information in your response
we aim to finalize this order promptly
I look forward to receiving
should you require any further details
Exercise 38. Rewrite this letter in neutral or informal style.
Exercise 39. Think of future innovations in following peripherals.
– Microphone;
– keyboard;
– monitor;
– speakers;
– digital camera.
Can you imagine some new peripheral device you would be glad to have?
Exercise 40. Read the dialogue between the secretary and the specialist of maintenance
department.
Secretary: Dave, I’ve got a problem with my monitor.
Specialist: Hey, Helen! What’s the problem?
Secretary: It doesn’t work! Black screen!
Specialist: Okay, is the monitor plugged in?
Secretary: Let me check… Ah yes, it’s plugged.
Specialist: Have you tried turning it off and on with the power button?
Secretary: Yup, I’ve tried it several times, it just doesn’t react at all.
Specialist: Well, check the connection to the power adapter and the connection to the computer.
Secretary: Wait, what actually is the “power adapter”?
Specialist: It’s a little black box in the middle of the cable between the PC and a monitor.
Secretary: Got it, checking… uhm everything seems nice here,
Specialist: Well, remove the video cable from the PC socket and see if the monitor says “No Signal”?
Secretary: Damn it… okay. I did it. No, there’s still nothing on the monitor, it’s black.
Specialist: Bad news, Helen. That means, that your monitor is dead inside.
Secretary: What do you mean?
Specialist: I mean, that the there is probably an internal problem with the functioning of the monitor.
I’ll send someone to take it. We’ll see if we can fix it.
Secretary: Great. And how am I supposed to work?
Specialist: Use your laptop, or go and ask Jeff to buy you a new one. Yours is as old as our boss.
Secretary: Thank you for your kind response, Dave.
Now think of the problem you can diagnose or solve and role-play the dialogue with one
of your group-mates.
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Exercise 41. Write a monologue on the topic of the unit.
You may use the following plan:
1. Hardware (definition).
2. Internals (main components, their functions).
3. Peripherals: output devices, examples, functions.
4. Peripherals: input devices, examples, functions.
Or you may use the premade monologue:
Hardware is the physical machinery that forms a computer system.
It includes internal components like the CPU, RAM, storage drives, motherboard, GPU, PSU,
and cooling system. The CPU is the computer’s brain, executing instructions. RAM provides temporary
storage for quick data access. Storage drives like HDDs and SSDs store long-term data. The motherboard
serves as the central hub connecting all components. Cooling systems maintain optimal functioning
temperatures.
Peripherals are devices attached to the computer to input or output data.
Output devices such as monitors, printers, speakers display or physically produce the information.
For example, monitors visualize data on screen, printers can produce hard copies of data and speakers
or headphones produce sounds.
Input devices such as keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones serve to insert data into computer
system. For example, keyboards help type textual data and commands, mouse controls the cursor
and helps user interact with the system.
align [ə'laɪn]
выстраивать в линию
BIOS (Basic Input-Output System)
базовая система ввода-вывода
compatibility
совместимость
compatible
совместимый
drive bay
отсек для привода/накопителя
expandability
наращиваемость, способность расширяться
expansion
расширение
fan
вентилятор охлаждения
form factor
конструктивные параметры
frequency ratio
частотность
functionality
функциональность
generation
поколение
HDD (hard disk drive)
накопитель на жёстком диске
hub
узел коммуникаций
incompatibility
несовместимость
instability
нестабильность
install
установить
internals
внутренние компоненты
layout
схема, расположение
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manual (n)
руководство, инструкция
modules
модуль, компонент
motherboard
материнская плата
mount
монтировать, установить
multitasking
многозадачность
order
заказ, заказывать
outlet
электрическая розетка; гнездо
output
вывод
overheating
перегрев
performance
работа, функционирование
pin
контактный вывод, контакт
power adapter
силовой адаптер, адаптер источника питания
power supply unit (PSU)
блок питания
prevent
предотвращать
RAM (Random Access Memory)
оперативная память
require
требовать, требоваться
sequence
последовательность
settings
настройки
socket
разъем
SSD (solid state drive)
твёрдотельный накопитель
system failure
отказ системы
temporary
временный
thermal paste
термопаста
voltage
напряжение
Unit 3. SOFTWARE
Exercise 42. Answer the following questions.
1. What is your favorite operating system? Why?
2. What would you like to change in your operating system?
3. What is your favorite software program? Why?
4. Do you often update your operating system? Why?
5. What’s your favorite mobile application?
6. Have you ever tried to create your own simple software program?
7. Have you ever thought of developing a game? What would it be?
8. What is the most complicated software for development? Why?
9. Do you consider yourself technology addicted? Why?
10. What software would you like to develop in future?
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Exercise 43. Explain the following words in English.
window / operating system / program / file / install / update / software / version / license /
pirate copy / donate / development / app
Exercise 44. Read the following quotation. What does it mean?
“Just like our physical bodies, our software bodies have basic needs such as food, rest, and hygiene”.
Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux operating system.
Exercise 45. Read the text. Give your definition to the words in bold. Pay attention to the
information and terms in italics.
Software is a main part of modern technology and our daily lives. We start our day with alarm
application on our phone and most of us finish their day reading the news or texting with friends in
specific apps. From operating systems to apps, software is a collection of instructions that tells a
computer what to do.
The history of software dates back to the 1940s, when the first computer programming languages
were developed. The next turning point can be called 1960s, when languages like Fortran and
COBOL appeared. These languages made writing code more like regular language, as a result more
and more people got involved into programming since it became much easier.
By the 1970s, the developers finished design of such operating system like UNIX. With time it
became popular and “gave birth” to software for business. Back then, software was primarily used
for basic tasks such as calculations and data processing. The advent of the personal computers in the
1980s and the Internet in 1990s made software development experience a significant transformation.
Finally, the introduction of user-friendly interfaces and various programming languages let the
developers create a lot of applications, from games to financial tools.
Today, software can be classified into two main categories: system software and application software.
System software includes operating systems, device drivers, and utilities. It helps the hardware operate
and at the same time it’s the main tool of user’s control over the system. We may even say that system
software is a digital shell for hardware computer system. Application software is any program, executed
on the base of system software: from word processing to online banking and of course gaming.
Software development is a complicated and usually a long-term process. It involves a range of
sub-activities: design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The main process typically begins
with the identification of a problem or opportunity. Then follows the creation of a detailed design
and project plan. After that developers write code, often using high-level programming languages
such as Java or Python for application software and low-level programming languages such as C for
system software. Of course, there’s no code that is ready right after it’s been written. So, here comes
the testing.
Even after the code is tested and all bugs are found, the development process doesn’t end.
Software development is always iterative: developers continue to refine their code based on user
feedback and new features or elements added. After the product is released, the next ongoing process
starts. It’s software maintenance. Every developer knows, that updates and even more bug fixes are
always required if you want to keep the software relevant.
That’s the best explanation, why software development is a collaborative effort. With so many
sub-activities, it often involves a team of developers, designers, and quality assurance specialists.
Without communication, collaboration, and adaptability no product will ever be released. So if you
have decided to become a developer you must be prepared to work with other people and delegate tasks.
We should understand that today, software is an important part of the advancements in all
industries, from healthcare to education. It literally shapes the way we live every day. As technology
continues to advance, it is likely that software will become even more sophisticated, driven further
by trends such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT).