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Файл:Практикум устной речи (английский язык). Учебное пособие
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a disease may be prevent without a person knowing it. Sometimes a
disease is discovered during a routine health examination.
Illnesses, that can be passed along by an infected person to a well
person either directly or indirectly are called communicable or infectious diseases.
In early 1900s infectious diseases were still a serious public health
problem. Today as a result of improved hygiene and living conditions,
new drugs, new kinds of medical treatment, and the widespread use of
vaccines, the picture changed. Many diseases such as malaria, yellow
fever, scarlet fever, smallpox, and diphtheria have been almost wiped
out. However, some of these diseases – and others – pos problems in
certain areas of the world.
The cold is the most common communicable disease. So far, scientists have identified more than 100 different viruses capable of causing cold symptoms. For this reason, no vaccine exists to immunize
against colds.
Some diseases are not caused by disease-producing microorganisms. These diseases cannot be passed from person to person. No immunity can be produced for these diseases. They are called noncommunicable. Among them are most diseases of the heart, allergy and a
lot of others.
1. Comprehension questions
How do diseases vary according to the difficulty in getting over
them?
What helps promote health?
When does illness occur?
How is illness discovered?
What are infectious diseases?
Is there any vaccine against a cold?
What are noncommunicable diseases?
Why no immunity can be produced for these diseases?
2. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and phrases
Нормальная функция, структура нарушена, продолжаться короткое время, легкая болезнь, тяжелая болезнь, пройти (о болезни),
медикаментозное лечение, вылечить, условия жизни, уровень жизни, защита от болезни, плохо функционировать, нарушиться, тошнота, усталость, отсутствие аппетита, обычный медицинский
осмотр, инфекционное заболевание, передаваться от больного к
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здоровому, представлять проблему, самая распространенная болезнь.
4. Read the following dialogue and learn it by heart
SYMPTOMS OF AN ILLNESS
A: What’s the matter, you look unwell, your eyes are red and there
is fullness under them. Have you fallen ill?
B: I didn’t sleep a wink last night. I had such an awful stomachache that I was on the point of calling for urgent medical aid. However,
after I took some soothing pills, the pain subsided.
A: Is it the first time you have had stomach trouble?
B: I have occasional of indigestion if I eat anything my stomach
doesn’t agree with, but that is a rare case. A couple of years ago I
thought my stomach could digest nails.
A: It might have been an attack of appendicitis this time.
B: I don’t think so. My brother has been operated on for appendicitis and he knows all the symptoms of this disease. With me it is something quite different.
A: You will have to consult a specialist.
B: I hate going to doctors.
A: Who doesn’t? But pluck up your courage, old boy. A specialist
will diagnose your case, but first be prepared to have your gastric juice
tested and some analyses taken. He will prescribe a strict diet and some
inoffensive drug for the time being.
5. Writing. Fill the gaps with a suitable word:
1. I don’t ……….well. I think I will go to bed early.
2. I hit my hand on the desk and now it really……….
3. Do you often………..backache?
4. They say she died of a heart …………..
5. She had some apples that were not ready to eat; now she’s got
stomach…..
6. I have got this terrible……….in my neck from sleeping in the
wrong position.
7. He died of……….cancer but he never smoked a cigarette in his
life.
8. I went to the doctor, and she gave me a………..for some antibi-
otics.
9. There are different forms of hepatitis; one is a more seri-
ous……than the other.
10. My back……..from sitting at that computer all day.
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Section three. Consolidation and creative work
6. Speaking. 1) Find the Russian equivalents for the following
English proverbs:
1. An apple a day keeps a doctor away.
2. A sound mind in a sound body.
3. Health is better than wealth.
4. Prevention is better than cure.
5. Health is not valued till sickness comes.
2) Explain in English the meaning of each proverb.
ЗАДАНИЯ
II. THE SALE OF HUMAN ORGANS
Section one. Conveying meaning
1. Discussion. Under what circumstances would you allow an or-
gan to be moved from your body? Explain your choice:
a) If I needed an operation.
b) After death, for general medical purposes.
c) To donate an organ to a close friend.
d) To donate an organ to a close relative.
e) To help anyone in need.
f) To make money.
g) Never.
2. Reading. Read the article JAPANESE URGED TO SELL
EYES TO PAY DEBTS about debt collection in Japan. Does the
same thing happen in other countries?
The phone call from debt collector got increasingly more threatening. First, the standard pressure: “You have to come up with the money.
Sell your house quickly…sell your clothes and all your belongings if
necessary.” But then: “Sell a kidney. You have two, don’t you? Many
of our borrowers only have one. You can get $ 30,000 for a kidney.
You can get 10,000 for an eyeball.” said the debt collector on tape recordings of the calls.
By this time, the person receiving the calls, Mr Mamoto, a retired
metalworker, was so frightened that when he heard dogs barking, he
thought it was debt collectors coming after him, his lawyer said.
These “shoko loan” firms lend money to small business who are
experiencing financial difficulties and who cannot raise money in other
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ways. Their methods give a whole new meaning to the idiomatic expression, “It will cost you an arm and a leg!”
Aggressive debt collection has always been an unpleasant aspect
of the business world but this new development has caused outrage.
The sale of body organs is especially sensitive in Japan, where people
are often reluctant to even allow the donation of an organ after death for
medical purposes.
“We believe that our bodies are sacred. I would never allow anyone to take anything away from my body – dead or alive.” said Mr Hiroshi Yamazaki, a small business owner in Tokyo and also a recentlythreatened borrower. “Maybe in the western world this is different.”
Fortunately for Mr Mamoto, he found the legal help he needed before having to resort to selling off parts of his body. He filed the first
criminal complaint against one of the largest loan shark companies in
Japan, a company charging interest rates of 30 to 40 per cent. National
television has broadcast the recorded telephone threats repeatedly in an
attempt to make Japanese citizens aware of the ruthless world of debt
collection.
3. Answer the following questions:
1) In the telephone threats that were made, what did the dept col-
lector say that shows there have been other victims of these threats?
2) How did Mr Mamoto get proof of these threats?
According to the article, why are there so few organs donors in Japan?
3) Which idiomatic expression in the article means “very expen-
sive”?
4) The debt collector gave prices for certain organs. Where was he
possibly getting those figures from?
5) Do you think people who object to organ donation are being
selfish?
Section two. Checking understanding
4. Language. 1) Remember this idiomatic expression from the
article, meaning that something is very expensive:
It will cost you an arm and a leg!
Lots of expressions in English have the word “and” in the middle.
There are two things to know about these expressions:
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– The order never changes – you never say “cost a leg and an
arm.”
– The words before and after “and” are almost always the same
word class – “arm” and “leg” are both nouns.
2) Match the words below. The first one has been done for you
as an example. Translate these expressions.
1. sick a. and age
2. wait……………………..b. and hard
3. black……………………c. and far between
4. leaps……………………d. and bounds
5. in this way……………...e. and white
6. few……………………...f. and foremost
7. first……………………..g. and tired
8. think long……………….h. and see
3) Put the expressions into the sentences below:
1) I had to think………………..before I decided to become an or-
gan donor.
2) It is amazing that this is still a controversial issue in
this……………………
3) It is a complicated issue. There is no simple answer. It is not
………………
4) Maybe some day people will change their attitude towards or-
gan donation – we will just have to ………………………..
5) In some countries people who are willing to donate their organs
are ……………………
6) These are………………..ethical questions, not medical ques-
tions.
7) Finding an organ donor used to be more difficult, but the situa-
tion has improved by………………..
8) People are…………………of being pushed around by debt col-
lectors.
Section three. Consolidation and creative work
5. Discussion. Discuss the following questions in small groups.
One of you should take notes of your discussion and be prepared to
report back to the whole class.
Do you think one day doctors will be shopping for organs
on the internet? Is there anything wrong with selling organs?
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Would you mind having your body cut up for the sake of
science after you die? Would you put a limit on what they can take?
What would you tell a person who is considering becoming
an organ donor? What would you say to encourage or discourage
her/him?
How do you feel about using animal organs in human be-
ings? How about using a monkey’s heart? Would you like the eyes of a
pig?
ЗАДАНИЯ
III. HEALTH AND FITNESS
Section one. Conveying meaning
1. Warm-up activity. Answer the questions .
1. In what way do you understand the term fitness?
2. Why is exercise important to our health?
3. What are the sources of ‘worldwide fitness revolution’?
4. What are the advantages of being fit?
5. What is your fitness level?
6. What is necessary to do for a person to be fit?
7. How important is keeping fit?
8.What do people do to keep fit?
9. How useful are these activities?
2. Key words. 1) Study the following words
1. forehead, n – the part of your face your eyes and below your
hair
2. chest, n – the front part of your body between your back and
your stomach
3. ankle, n – the joint between between your foot and your leg
e.g. Janet slipped on the stairs and twisted her ankle
4. wrist, n – the part of your body where your hand joints
e.g. She had a gold watch on her wrist
5. elbow, n – the joint where your arm bends
6. heel, n – the curved back part of your foot
7. arm, n – one of the two long parts of your body between your
shoulders and your hands
e.g. David has a broken arm
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8. hand, n – the part of your body at the end of your arm, including
fingers and thumb, that you use to hold things
e.g. Go and wash your hands
9. cheek, n – the soft round part of your face below each of your
eyes
e.g. Lucy stretched up to kiss his cheek
2) Complete these words. The first letter is given. They are all
parts of the body.
1) t…….(you have one on each hand)
2) l…….(two parts of your mouth)
3) e…….(you hear with it)
4) g…….(your teeth grow in them)
5) e…….(the middle part of your arm)
6) s……..(the part under your foot)
7) h……..(Achilles had a problem with this)
8) k……..(a joint in your leg)
9) c……...(the part below your mouth)
10) s………(the soft part below your waist)
11) n………(it holds up your head)
12) s………(the row of bones down the centre of your back
Section two. Checking understanding
3. Reading. 1) Read the article GETTING IN SHAPE taken from
a local magazine. Which gym would you prefer to go to?
Are you as fit as you could be? Most of us know that we should
get more exercise, but we are not sure how to do it. There are plenty of
gyms in this area, so you are sure to find one that suits you. Sue Roberts
reports.
A Gim’s Gym. Gim’s Gym is on the edge of town, on the 517 bus
route. The first thing you notice is that it is very modern and very
friendly. With special membership fees for children, you won’t spend
fortune when you work out, although the swimming pool and sauna
cost extra. With your personal trainer watching your every move, you
can be confident that you are in safe hands. The gym can get so busy
that you have to wait, so make sure you arrive early, especially for the
more popular equipment such as the weights. Gym’s no longer offers
aerobics classes, which were not popular enough, but the trainers are
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available to give free advice to members on their training programme.
Open: Weekdays 8 am – 4 pm and Saturdays 8 am – 9 pm.
GymWorld. If you are looking for a simple, basic service, than
GymWorld may just be the place for you. Although it is a little difficult
to get to for those without a car, GymWorld has everything you need to
build up your muscles. The emphasis here is on body building, so don’t
expect advice about a healthy diet or beauty treatment to go with your
workout. Beginners might find it a bit difficult, since there are very few
members of staff. The trainers are good enough to help beginners, but
they are not as well trained as the employees in some other places. The
annual membership fee is quite cheap at € 120 with no extras, but if it’s
expert advice you want to get you started, then GymWorld offers such a
basic service that it might not be the best for you. Open: 8 am –
7.30 pm daily, expect Sundays.
Fit For Life. Fit For Life is much more than just a gym. Of
course, there is all the usual equipment, but Fit For Life’s manager,
Tracy Nolan, believes that fitness is about more than just strong muscles and a flat stomach. The snack bar serves healthy food, including a
good range of vegetarian meals, and after exercising you can visit the
Looks For Life room to have your hair and nails done. It is not cheap,
the fee is € 230 per year, but everything is included. The one drawback
we found was that you are often left on your own to exercise, which
could be dangerous for those without much experience. Open: 9 am –
3 pm Mon-Fri, 10 am – 4 pm Sat-Sun.
Interfit. At € 250 a year, Interfit was the most expensive gym we
looked at. For your money, you can use the gym as often as you like,
but we were surprised to find that you have to pay to use the showers.
As well as being the most expensive, it was also the noisiest. If you like
a little peace and quiet while you are working out, then you won’t like
the constant loud music coming from the aerobics classes. The atmosphere is friendly and professional, and since they don’t allow you to
exercise without a member of staff guiding you, there is no need to
worry, even if you haven’t done it before. They also insist on your having a doctor’s certificate to prove that you are healthy before you can
join. Open: 8 am – 5 pm every day.
Fighting Fit. The philosophy behind Fighting Fit seems to be
“keep it small”. It’s run by husband-and-wife team Tina and Joe Long,
which gives it a friendly feel, but it might be nice if they had a few ex-
48
tra trainers as well. The building is so small that there is not room for a
huge amount of equipment, but what they have is in good condition.
Only fife minutes from the Underground, Fighting Fit is a great place
for working people who want to do a little exercise during their lunch
break. We thought it was too expensive for the service (€ 190), particularly since coffee is another euro per cup, and Tina and Joe don’t have
any formal training qualifications. However, for those of you who want
the personal touch, Fighting Fit might be a good choice. Open: varies,
but usually 9.30 am – 4.30 pm Mon-Fri.
4. Comprehension check. 1) Look through the article to find the
answers to the questions. Don’t read the passage in details.
1. Which gyms are closed on Sundays?
2. How much is membership of Fit For Life?
3. How much is membership of Fighting Fit?
4. Who is the manager of Fit For Life?
5. Which gym is open at 7 pm on Wednesday?
2) Read the article again. For questions 1-6 choose from the gyms.
You can choose some of the gyms more than once.
3) Which gym or gyms would you recommend for someone who:
1. wants to be guided by an expert?
2. doesn’t want to pay any extra?
3. can only exercise on Sundays mornings?
4. wants to use public transport?
5. wants to do some aerobics?
6. wants some beauty treatment?
Section three. Consolidation and creative work
4. Writing. Use words or phrases from the article to complete the
sentences. You have been given the first letter to help you.
1. I really want to get i… s…, so I have started going to a gym
twice a week.
2. You have to be very careful when you w…. o… because it is
easy to injure yourself.
3. Many famous people have their own personal t… who advises
them on their fitness.
4. My Mum’s started going to a… c… to get fit and she likes
meeting all the other women there.
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5. I am not used to do a lot of exercises, so my m… start to hurt
when I play too much sport.
6. If you do b…b…, you have to work very hard to get ready for
shows and competitions.
5. Discussion. a) There are three important kinds of fitness: muscle strength, flexibility, heart and lung strength. What physical activity
can you go in for to develop these three kinds of fitness? b) Speak on
the kinds of sports, which are very popular among the youth? Do you
agree that indulging in any kind of sport is “a good manner” nowadays?
6. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue on the given situation: your
friend wants to develop his muscle strength. Give him some advice.
ЗАДАНИЯ
IV. ADDICTIONS
Section one. Checking understanding
1. Warmer. 1) Work in groups. List at least 5 different things that
people can become addicted to. Choose one from your list and discuss
the possible results of this addiction. 2) Work in pairs. Ask each other
questions from one of the questionnaires below:
Drink and you
1. Do you drink alcohol every day?
2. How much do you drink a week?
3. Do you ever get drunk? How often?
4. Do you need a drink to relax?
5. Do you drink with other people or on your own?
6. Do you regularly get a craving for a drink? (= a very strong desire)
7. Do you think it is a habit or an addiction?
Smoking and you
1. Do you smoke? Cigarettes? Cigars? A pipe?
2. How many do you smoke a day?
3. Do you smoke to relax?
4. Do you feel nervous if you have not had a smoke for a long
time?
5. Do you get strong cravings?
6. Do you wish you could stop smoking?
7. Could you give up it easily?
3) Does your partner have a problem?
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