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3. Did you do … for the history test?
a. a revision
b. much revision
c. many revisions
d. revise
4. She … her 3rd year exams and is going to have to … them all in
September.
a. re-sat / fail
b. passed / re-sit
c. failed / re-pass
d. failed / re-sit
5. After you … you can decide if you want to … or not.
a. postgrad / graduate
b. graduate / undergraduate
c. graduate / do a postgrad
d. graduate / do a postgrad
6. I stayed up all night ... but I still only managed to get …
a. lecturing / a borderline pass
b. cramming / a borderline pass
c. cramming / a tutorial
d. graduating / a lecture
Now check your general vocabulary related to schooling:
University vocabulary Quiz
1. Which of the following is NOT correct? "I can't come out to-
night, I have to ________ my essay tomorrow morning and I've only
just started it!"
a) hand in
b) hand out
c) submit
d) give in
2. Professor Lansdowne's a great speaker. Although there are 150
people listening to his _________, you feel like he's talking directly to
you.
a) presentation b) lecture c) seminar d) tutorial
3. Which informal verb means 'to study very hard' "I'll really have
to _________ the books this weekend"
a) study b) read c) hit d) learn
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4. What do you call a weekly meeting of students and a tutor, who
come together to discuss an aspect of the course?
a) A presentation b) A lecture c) A seminar d) A tutorial
5. A: 'I'm finding the course really difficult'
B: 'Well why don't you discuss it with your tutor when you have
your __________ on Thursday?"
a) presentation b) lecture c) seminar d) tutorial
6. I think Sarah just could cope with the workload of university
and a young family, maybe __________ was the most sensible decision
she could have made.
a) dropping off b) dropping in c) dropping to d) dropping out
Section two. Checking understanding
4. Reading. Read the article Universities by Richard Sidaway.
More than a quarter of the working population of the USA has one.
Cairo, Bologna, and Paris have been offering them the longest. And
you can now supposedly get them by sitting at home at a computer.
What am I talking about? A university education, of course. So who
goes to university and what do they get out of their experience?
Admission. Most universities don’t let just anyone in. Grades in
the subjects you take in the final years of secondary education are what
usually count and in many countries people also have to do an entry
test. While most participants in higher education are in the 18-25 age
group, some people choose to take a break from work later on in life
and opt for the role of mature student, bringing experience of work and
the real world to their studies.
Which one to go to. In many countries there is a pecking order to
the universities, with a few high status institutions at the top turning out
an intellectual elite and attracting the best minds in teaching and research. Take a quick name check of the leading writers, politicians or
scientists in the UK or the USA and you should find the majority chose
to spend their student years sitting in the dining halls and libraries of
Oxford and Cambridge or Harvard, Princeton and Yale. The training
grounds for medicine, law or engineering in Britain tend to be the metropolitan ‘redbrick’ universities slightly lower down the list.
Money. When entrance was restricted to a lucky few in Britain,
the state actually paid the sons and daughters of the middle classes not
only their tuition fees but also a yearly grant towards living expenses as
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well. These days most European and North American students are given a loan which they have to pay back to the government once they are
in full-time employment, or they finance themselves by working their
way through college with part-time jobs in the evenings or at weekends.
Where to live. For the majority of students, attending a university
in a town or city near to where they live is the only financially viable
option, but in Britain for many years going to university meant leaving
home, with all the freedom and independence that implied. Universities
traditionally offer cheap and clean accommodation in halls of residence
or student houses. After a year or so, many students opt to share private
rented accommodation outside the university, which often pushes their
culinary and hygiene skills to the limit.
Year out. These days if you haven’t taken time off between finish-
ing school and embarking on higher education, you haven’t really lived.
The gap year can be devoted to working for charities in different parts
of the world, or simply to travelling, but it can at least concentrate the
mind and perhaps give you a few more ideas about what you should do
with the rest of your life. If you want to study abroad, you can often get
a year out as part of a language course, or enter a scholarship programme such as Erasmus to support you while studying at a foreign
university. Business or management students often devote time away
from university in the form of a work placement, to help them gain
practical experience in a professional environment.
Teaching & learning. A common feature of any university is attending lectures, which involves taking notes while a lecturer, a university teacher, is speaking to large group of students. In Britain, you are
also expected to present a subject perhaps once a term and comment on
it in tutorials. These are small group discussions led by a lecturer at
which closer analysis of a particular area is undertaken. Scienceoriented courses also involve practical lessons and field trips which enable students to get to grips with their chosen course of study in the laboratory or beyond the university walls.
How you are doing. As at school, progress is measured by examinations, either divided into Parts I & II, or taken at the end of the
course, and known as Finals. Alternatively, it can be based on continuous assessment and coursework. An important component of most systems is the extended dissertation, a piece of writing measured by the
number of words a student has to produce, say 10,000. This must be
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based on some original research from primary as well as secondary
sources and on some sort of gathering and interpretation of data.
Social life. There is an old saying that ‘all work and no play makes
Jack a dull boy’, and prospective students expect a rich and varied social life. Friendships forged in the student union bar or in the many and
varied clubs & societies that exist at most universities may last a lifetime. In the USA fraternities & sororities encourage a similar bond.
Life after university. Well before the graduation ceremony, when
students queue up to receive their degrees from the Chancellor of the
university at a special ceremony, the careers office has been busy assessing future graduates for the kind of employment paths they should
take by giving them an aptitude test, arranging interviews, company
presentations and recruitment fairs. For those attracted by the academic
life, there are further opportunities for study on Masters and Doctorate
(PhD) programmes and on into further research and teaching.
And what does university education all add up to?
This was the opinion of Theodore Roosevelt, a former US American President – A man who has never gone to school may steal from a
freight car; but if he has a university education he may steal the whole
railroad.
Or is it as an American journalist, Sydney Harris, said? – The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one's mind a pleasant
place in which to spend one's time.
For each section, match the words taken from the text with the definitions below.
aptitude test
clubs and societies
continuous assessment
degree
dissertation
Doctorate
entry test
field trip
finals
fraternities and sororities
gap year
grades
grant
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halls of residence
intellectual elite
lecture
Masters
pecking order
private rented accommodation
recruitment fairs
redbrick universities
scholarship programme
student houses
student union bar
subjects
tuition fees
tutorial
work placement
working your way through college
Admission
1. an examination to see if you are good enough to go to university
2. areas of knowledge you study at school
3. a number or letter to symbolize how well you have done in an
exam
Which one to go to
4. learning institutions built later than Oxford or Cambridge
5. hierarchy
6. the best minds in the country
Money
7. money given by the state to help for e.g. education
8. money you pay for a university course
9. paying for your education by being employed while you are
studying
Where to live
10. houses bought by the university and rented to their students
11. houses rented to anyone
12. communal accommodation built by university
Year out
13. a year between school and university when you don’t study
14. a temporary position with a company to gain employment ex-
perience
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15. money from a private organisation to help with the cost of
study
Teaching & learning
16. study away from the classroom often to collect data or samples
17. small group lesson based on discussing an area or problem
18. lesson in the form of a formal speech using notes and visual
aids
How you are doing
19. a long, structured piece of writing exploring a subject in detail
20. examinations at the end of a course
21. evaluating pieces of work during the course
Social life
22. organisations run by and for students to develop different in-
terests
23. a place for students to have a drink
24. student membership organisations in the USA
Life after university
25. exam to see what kind of jobs would suit you
26. university qualification gained after a degree taking one or two
years
27. highest university qualification after a Masters taking four or
more years of research
28. the first university qualification you receive after 3 or more
years of study
29. large ‘market place’ where employers try to interest students in
working for them
2). Writing. Summarize the ideas presented in the article given
above using the method of Cinquain (see Appendix 2).
Section three. Consolidation and creative work
5. Read the article “Education – American and British ver-
sions”. While reading, make a British-American glossary related to
education.
In the UK, a student is said to study, to read or simply to do a subject (inf.). In the recent past the expression 'to read a subject' was more
common at the older universities such as Oxford and Cambridge. In the
US, a student studies or majors in a subject (although concentration or
emphasis is also used in some US colleges or universities to refer to the
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major subject of study). To major in something refers to the student's
principal course of study, while to study may refer to any class being
taken. Students may also major in a subject in the UK as a part of degrees with modules from two or more subjects.
BrE: "She did biology at Cambridge." (informal use only)
"She studied biology at Cambridge."
"She read biology at Cambridge."
AmE: "She majored in biology at MIT. (The Massachusetts Institute of Technology)"
"His concentration is biology at MIT."
At the tertiary or university level in BrE, each module is taught by
a lecturer or tutor, while professor is the job-title of a head of department, that is, there is only one Professor of English at the university. In
AmE, each class is generally taught by a professor (at some institutions, professor is a reserved title, with other members of the faculty
being referred to as lecturers or instructors in a way that more closely
corresponds to the BrE usage). "Professor" has different meanings in
BrE and AmE. In BrE, it is the highest academic rank, followed by
Reader, Senior Lecturer and Lecturer. In AmE "Professor" refers to
academic staff of all ranks, with (Full) Professor (largely equivalent to
the UK meaning) followed by Associate Professor and Assistant Professor.
In both BrE and AmE, anyone giving an actual lecture is clearly, at
that moment, a lecturer, whether or not they are also a professor, an
instructor, a tutor or indeed a special guest speaker. At the primary and
secondary levels, the term teacher is used instead in both BrE and
AmE.
The word course in American use typically refers to the study of a
restricted topic (for example, a course in Early Medieval England, a
course in Integral Calculus) over a limited period of time (such as a
semester or term) and is equivalent to a module at a British university.
In the UK, a course of study is likely to refer to a whole program of
study, which may extend over several years, and be made up of any
number of modules.
In the UK, a student is said to sit or take an exam, while in the US,
a student takes an exam. When preparing for an exam, students revise
(BrE)/review (AmE) what they have studied; the BrE idiom to revise
for has the equivalent to review for in AmE.
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Examinations are supervised by invigilators in the UK and proc-
tors (or (exam) supervisors) in the US. In the UK, a teacher sets an exam, while in the US, a teacher writes or gives an exam.
BrE: "I sat my Spanish exam yesterday."
"I plan to set a difficult exam for my students, but I don't have it
ready yet."
AmE: "I took my exams at Yale."
"I spent the entire day yesterday writing the exam. I'm almost
ready to give it to my students."
Another source of confusion is the different usage of the word col-
lege. In the US, this refers to a post-high school institution that grants
bachelor's degrees, while in the UK it refers primarily to an institution
between secondary school and university (normally referred to as a
Sixth Form College after the old name in secondary education for Years
12 and 13, the 6th form). College may sometimes be used in the UK or
in Commonwealth countries as part of the name of a secondary or high
school (for example, Dubai College). It should be noted, however, that
in the case of Oxford, Cambridge, London, Lancaster and Durham universities, all members are also members of a college which is part of
the university, for example, one is a member of St. Peter's College, Oxford and hence the University.
In both the US and UK, college can refer to some division within a
university such as the "college of business and economics". Institutions
in the US that offer two to four years of post-high school education often have the word college as part of their name, while those offering
more advanced degrees are called a university. (There are exceptions,
of course: Boston College, Dartmouth College and The College of William and Mary are examples of colleges that offer advanced degrees.)
American students who pursue a bachelor's degree (four years of higher education) or an associate degree (two years of higher education) are
college students regardless of whether they attend a college or a university and refer to their educational institutions informally as colleges.
A student who pursues a master's degree or a doctorate degree in the
arts and sciences is in AmE a graduate student; in BrE a postgraduate
student although graduate student also sometimes used. Students of
advanced professional programs are known by their field (business stu-
dent, law student, medical student, the last of which is frequently shortened to med student). Some universities also have a residential college
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system, the details of which may vary from school to school but generally involve common living and dining spaces as well as collegeorganized activities.
There is additionally a difference between American and British
usage in the word school. In British usage "school" by itself refers only
to primary (elementary) and secondary (high) schools, and to sixth
forms attached to secondary schools – if one "goes to school", this type
of institution is implied. By contrast, an American student at a university may talk of "going to school" or "being in school". US law students
and med students almost universally speak in terms of going to "law
school" and "med school", respectively. However, the word is used in
BrE in the context of higher education; to describe a division grouping
together several related subjects within a university, for example a
"School of European Languages" containing departments for each language, and also in the term "art school". It is also the name of some of
the constituent colleges of the University of London, e.g. School of
Oriental and African Studies, London School of Economics.
Among high school and college students in the United States, the
words freshman (or the gender-neutral term frosh or first year), sopho-
more, junior and senior refer to the first, second, third, and fourth years,
respectively. For first-year students, "frosh" is another gender-neutral
term that can be used as a qualifier, for example "Frosh class elections".
It is important that the context of either high school or college first be
established, or else it must be stated directly (that is, She is a high
school freshman. He is a college junior.). Many institutions in both
countries also use the term first-year as a gender-neutral replacement
for freshman, although in the US this is recent usage, formerly referring
only to those in the first year as a graduate student. Graduate and professional students in the United States are known by their year of study
(a "second-year medical student" or a "fifth-year doctoral candidate."
Law students are often referred to as "1L", "2L", or "3L" rather than
"nth-year law students"; similarly medical students are frequently referred to as "M1", "M2", "M3", or "M4").
While anyone in the US who finishes studying at any educational
institution by passing relevant examinations is said to graduate and to
be a graduate, in the UK only degree and above level students can
graduate. Student itself has a wider meaning in AmE, meaning any person of any age studying at any educational institution, whereas in BrE it
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tends to be used for people studying at a post-secondary educational
institution.
In the UK, the US equivalent of a high school is often referred to
as a secondary school regardless of whether it is state funded or private.
Secondary education in the United States also includes middle school or
junior high school, a two or three year transitional school between elementary school and high school.
The names of individual institutions can be confusing. There are
several "University High Schools" in the United States that are not affiliated with any postsecondary institutions and cannot grant degrees,
and there is one public high school, Central High School of Philadelphia, which does grant bachelor's degrees to the top ten percent of graduating seniors. British secondary schools often have the word 'college' in
their names.
A public school has opposite meanings in the two countries. In the
US this is a government-owned institution supported by taxpayers. In
England and Wales, the term strictly refers to a group of prestigious
private independent schools funded by students' fees, although it is often more loosely used to refer to any independent school. Independent
schools are also known as private schools, and the latter is the correct
term in Scotland and Northern Ireland for all such fee-funded schools.
Strictly, the term public school is not used in Scotland and Northern
Ireland in the same sense as in England, but nevertheless, Gordonstoun,
the Scottish private school which Charles, Prince of Wales attended, is
sometimes referred to as a public school. Government-funded schools
in Scotland and Northern Ireland are properly referred to as state
schools – but are sometimes confusingly referred to as public schools
(with the same meaning as in the US); whereas in the US, where most
public schools are administered by local governments, a state school is
typically a college or university run by one of the states.
a) Fill in the gaps with the appropriate equivalents:
1. She studied biology at the university.
She _________________ biology at the university.
(Verb+Preposition)
2. I sat my Spanish exam yesterday.
I __________ my Spanish exam yesterday.
3. I plan to set a difficult exam for my students, but I don't have it
ready yet.
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