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Файл:Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности. Английский язык. Обучение во втором семестре. Учебное пособие
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The text is divided into … paragraphs. The first paragraph deals with … It then
goes on to…
The article begins with …
The article concludes that…
The article examines the notion of … and its impact upon the …
GLOBALIZATION
Organizations operate in a global economy that is characterized by greater
and more intense competition, and at the same time, greater economic
interdependence and collaboration. More products and services are being
consumed outside of their country of origin than ever before as globalization
brings about greater convergence in terms of consumer tastes and preferences. Yet
at the same time there is the opposite force of divergence at work where companies
have to adapt corporate and business strategies, marketing plans, and production
efforts to local domestic markets.
To stay competitive, more organizations are embracing offshore
outsourcing and telecommuting. Many functions are being shifted to India,
the Philippines, Malaysia, and other countries for their low labor costs, high levels
of workforce education, and technological advantages. According to the 2002–
2003 Society for Human Resource Management Workplace Forecast, companies
such as Ford, General Motors, and Nestlé employ more people outside of their
headquarters countries than within those countries. The 2006 Workplace Forecast
lists rising healthcare costs, safety and security and increased energy costs in the
top ten trends forecast for the late 2000s. These important factors are often the
driving forces that make doing business abroad such an appealing option. Creating
a transnational corporation allows companies to free themselves of the need to
offer healthcare to employees in many cases. It also allows for more lax safety
regulations and laws, allowing for less expensive means of maintaining factories
and other corporate or industrial centers.
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Almost any company, whether in manufacturing or services, can find some
part of its process that can be done off site. Communication and information
sharing are occurring across the globe in multiple languages and across multiple
cultures. Global competition and global cooperation coexist in the new world
economy.
One major consequence of globalization is greater mobility in international
capital and labor markets. This creates a global marketplace where there is more
opportunity, because there are more potential customers. However, there is also
more competition, as local companies have to compete with foreign companies for
customers.
10. Переведите предложения с английского на русский, подчеркните
герундий / герундиальный оборот и определите его функцию в предложении.
1. They kept on arguing all day.
2. I have no intention of going there.
3. I couldn’t sleep for worrying.
4. Writing reports is his responsibility.
5. I try to avoid making wrong decisions.
11. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму (инфинитив или
герундий) и подчеркните его.
1. He intends (do) it on Monday.
2. The problem is worth (discuss) next week.
3. They offered (supply) goods.
4. He was busy (translate) the letter.
5. We put off (make) the decision.
12. Discussion. With a partner, discuss pros and cons of working in a big
company vs a small company.
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UNIT 5. NETWORKING
1. Discuss the following quotation.
Don’t open a shop unless you like to smile.
Chinese Proverb
2. Read and translate the text.
NETWORKED ORGANIZATIONS
Organizations that flatten tend to encourage horizontal communication among
workers. Rather than working through the organizational hierarchy, it is often faster
for workers who need to coordinate with each other simply to communicate directly.
Such organizations are highly networked.
Another meaning of networked organizations refers to their relations to other
organizations. Organizations that have downsized to just their core competencies must
then outsource all the functions that used to be done in-house. To avoid losing time
and effort managing contracts with suppliers, organizations have learned to develop
close ties with their suppliers so that social mechanisms of coordination replace legal
mechanisms, which are slow and costly. In many industries, such as the garment
industry in Italy, strong relationships have developed between manufacturers and
suppliers, so that considerable work is done without a contract. For these networked
organizations to work, high trust and social capital between organizations are key
elements.
Networked organizations are particularly important in industries with complex
products where technologies and customer needs change rapidly, such as in high
technology industries. Close ties among a set of companies enables them to work with
each other in ways that are faster than arms-length contracts would permit, yet retain
the flexibility of being able to drop the relationship if needed. The trend towards
networked organizations and structures creates a new tension between
interdependence and independence. The forces of aggregation and disaggregation
create new challenges for organizations; for example, the use of independent
contractors, joint ventures, strategic partnerships, and alliances even with competitors.
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One advantage of networks is that organizations have greater flexibility and
thus they can become more competitive in the global marketplace. Another advantage
is that organizations do not require that many resources such as employee benefits,
office space, and financing for new ventures.
On the other hand, networks have distinct disadvantages. Organizations may
find it more difficult to control the quality of goods or services when depending on
partners in networks to deliver the quality that is desired. Legal and contracting
expertise as well as negotiation expertise will also be important for networks.
Alternative forms of quality control may need to be developed. Alternative
mechanisms for coordination may also need to be developed to manage the growing
constellation.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make questions and answer them.
1. What/ the / way / fastest / is /to communicate /for employees?
2. What / two / of / meanings /are / a “networked organization”?
3. Why / replace / social mechanisms /replace / do / legal mechanisms?
4. Can / examples / you /of / give / for organizations / new challenges?
5. How / businesses / become / competitive / can / more?
4. Find equivalents in the text.
1. развивать тесные связи;
2. швейная промышленность;
3. совместное предприятие;
4. мировой рынок;
5. контролировать качество товаров и услуг.
5. Match words with definitions.
1. hierarchy
a. to make someone more likely to do something
2. encourage
b. a condition of giving a greater chance of success
3. downsize
c. a system in which people or things are arranged according to their
importance
4. in-house
d. something that is done within an organization by its employees
5. advantage
e. to make a company smaller by reducing the number of people
working for it
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6. Fill in the gaps with the words in the box and translate the sentences. You
don’t need all words.
profitable, relationships, costly, manufacture, disadvantage, outsource
1. Some companies _____ to cheaper locations to cut costs.
2. We have to invest in new technologies if we are to remain _____ .
3. They are cutting back production of some of their _____ products.
4. Creating lasting _____ is vital for the success in business.
5. Oil is used in the _____ of a number of fabrics.
7. Match parts of sentences.
1. Organizations that can
develop new technologies
faster or adapt to changes in
the market more rapidly
a. between the opposing forces of
centralization and decentralization.
2. To maximize response time,
b. organizations have been flattening their
hierarchies and structures.
3. Flat organizations make
decisions more quickly
c. will involve not one strategy but many
alternatives.
4. Organizations are caught
d. will more likely survive the competition.
5. Effective approaches in
organizational change
e. because each person is closer to the
ultimate decision makers.
8. Translate the following noun combinations:
1. customer needs;
2. high technology industry;
3. employee benefits;
4. contract employee;
5. office space.
9. Write a summary of the text using not more than 70 words. The phrases
given below can help you. You don’t have to use all of them.
The article focuses on / examines / discusses…
The article gives an account of …/ gives a brief review of …
The article deals with …
The purpose of the article is to describe / review …
The main issues addressed in the article are …
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The text is divided into … paragraphs. The first paragraph deals with … It then
goes on to…
The article begins with …
The article concludes that…
The article examines the notion of … and its impact upon the …
WHAT IT TAKES TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS
Customer service and customer experience are major focuses of the most
successful businesses. The first step is creating products and services that
customers want. But focusing on customers goes beyond your products. Customers
are tired of dealing with companies through phone menus and automated chat bots.
They want a human connection. For a customer, it’s important to feel like their
business is valued, and that you’ll work to solve their problems. Just a few bad
customer experiences can have a big impact on how well-liked a business is.
People will return to your brand because of exemplary customer service, even if
you don’t have the lowest price. Even if you start small, provide good customer
service and you’ll keep people coming back.
Successful companies, big and small, need good management, from the top
level down to people like foremen and shift supervisors. Quality leaders offer
employees communication, a natural company culture, and clear goals and
objectives. Criticism is constructive, and employees feel valued yet know where
they need to work harder. A good leader lives the company culture, complies with
standards and rules, and is an example for the employees. Ultimately, good leaders
make employees feel valued.
Good managers are part of how a successful company keeps good
employees on payroll. A mission with great core values that employees can believe
in is another way. The most successful companies recognize the good talent they
have, and work to keep it. That means more than a competitive salary and a few
benefits. Employees need to fit in with the company culture and feel valued for
their contributions.
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One key component in what makes a successful business is the financial
records. Businesses need a very clear idea of how much they make and spend.
Keeping track of finances helps businesses spot good patterns and possible
financial dangers. When businesses know their finances, they can choose to make
investments, pursue innovations, or pay for new equipment or new suppliers. It’s
also how businesses know when they need to hire more people. Outsourcing some
of the financial burden is a smart move for smaller companies. Successful
corporations can, of course, afford in-house accountants and analysts. Smaller
businesses with good success don’t take on more than they can handle.
10. Переведите предложения с английского на русский, подчеркните
герундий / герундиальный оборот и определите его функцию в
предложении.
1. They considered working with new suppliers.
2. Mastering a foreign language is not easy.
3. There are many ways of solving this problem.
4. We cannot use the equipment without testing it.
5. My task is doing market research.
11. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму (инфинитив или
герундий) и подчеркните его.
1. We considered (move) to London, but decided not to.
2. Have you finished (read) the magazine?
3. I regret (say) that our new project has failed.
4. She kept me (talk) on the phone for half an hour.
5. I’m not planning (stay) here much longer.
12. Discussion. With a partner, discuss one of the following topics.
1. Employees that work from home are more productive.
2. Non-financial incentives are better motivators than financial incentives.
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UNIT 6. PROFESSIONAL CAREER DEVELOPMENT
1. Discuss the following quotation.
Business opportunities
are like buses, there’s
always another one
coming.
Richard Branson
2. Read and translate the text.
CAREERS IN MANAGEMENT
A career in management offers status, interesting work, and the satisfaction of
working closely with other people. Managers provide overall direction and leadership
for the organization. The manager sets clear objectives for the team and makes sure
they know what the focus is, assigns duties to team members, and encourages them to
perform those duties. The manager also evaluates the team's actual performance
against organizational objectives and decides on promotions and salary increases
where appropriate.
Managers use their people skills and business skills, such as marketing and cost
controls, to achieve the company's objectives while at the same time making sure to
stay within budget.
Managers make things happen in organizations. They decide what will be done,
who will do it, when it will be done, and what resources will be used. They hire and
train new employees, and they coordinate their departments' activities with other
departments. Managers are the heart of organizations, the force that unites everything
in the organization to ensure optimum efficiency and profitability.
In large organizations, managers work in a variety of areas, including
operations, human resources, finance, and marketing:
Operations managers see that the company's products and/or services meet
quality standards and satisfy the needs of customers and clients. They plan production
schedules to ensure the most efficient use of plant, manpower, and materials. The
operations manager is responsible for production control, inventory control, quality
control, plant layout, and site selection.
Human resources managers provide the organization with competent and
productive employees. The duties of the human resources manager include human
resource planning, recruiting and selecting employees, training and development,
designing compensation and benefits systems, and formulating performance appraisal
systems.
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Financial managers deal with the financial resources of the organizations.
They are responsible for such activities as accounting, cash management, and
investments.
Marketing managers are responsible for getting customers and clients to buy
the organization's products or services. They develop the business marketing strategy,
set prices, and work closely with advertising and publicity personnel to see that
products are promoted adequately.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make questions and answer them.
1. What/ duties / of / a / the /are / manager?
2. What/ should / managers / skills / have?
3. What / can / managers /in / areas / work?
4. Who / for / responsible /meeting / is / quality standards?
5. Who / with / and / accounting / deals / investments?
4. Find equivalents in the text:
1. устанавливать четкие цели;
2. выполнять обязанности;
3. оставаться в рамках бюджета;
4. обеспечить оптимальную эффективность;
5. соответствовать стандартам качества.
5. Match words with definitions.
1. promotion
a. the business of trying to persuade people to buy products or
services
2. hire
b. the act of raising someone to a higher position
3. accounting
c. to give a particular job to someone
4. advertising
d. the activity of keeping records of the money an organization
earns and spends
5. assign
e. to employ someone
6. Fill in the gaps with the words in the box and translate the sentences. You don’t
need all words.
set, benefits, profitability, training, responsible, resources
1. They are reorganizing the company in order to improve _____ .
2. He is directly _____ for the efficient running of the office.
3. In addition to her salary, she gets a pension and medical _____ .
4. They _____ low prices to gain market share quickly.
5. We got two weeks of on-the-job _____.
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7. Match parts of sentences.
1. The manager coordinates
the work of other people
a. should have good communication skills and
be able to work well with a variety of people.
2. Many academic
economists also have the
opportunity
b. to ensure that the unit is run efficiently and
profitably.
3. All organizations
need good managers
c. to consult either for business or government.
4. In small firms one person
may be responsible
d. for all the human resource activities.
5. Persons interested in a
career in management
e. to guide their operations to achieve the best
possible results.
8. Translate the following noun combinations.
1. salary increase;
2. cost control;
3. human resources manager;
4. performance appraisal system;
5. cash management.
9. Write a summary of the text using not more than 70 words. The phrases
given below can help you. You don’t have to use all of them.
The article focuses on / examines / discusses…
The article gives an account of …/ gives a brief review of …
The article deals with …
The purpose of the article is to describe / review …
The main issues addressed in the article are …
The text is divided into … paragraphs. The first paragraph deals with … It then
goes on to…
The article begins with …
The article concludes that…
The article examines the notion of … and its impact upon the …
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