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Башкирский Государственный Аграрный Университет

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Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности. Английский язык. Обучение во втором семестре. Учебное пособие

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3. Put the words in the correct order to make questions and answer them.

1. How / identify / do / risk / the /managers?

2. How/ you /avoid / or/ mitigate risks/can?

3. What / in/ is /the first step / risk management ?

4. Why / managers / do /risk reviews / hold ?

5. What / project / success / enhances / probability / of / the?

4. Find equivalents in the text.

1. показатель производительности;

2. просроченный штраф;

3. платежеспособность;

4. осуществимость;

5. снизить риск.

5. Match words with definitions.

1. customer

a. someone who is selling something

2. expertise

b. a period when the economy of a country is not successful

3. vendor

c. a high level of knowledge or skill

4. accomplish

d. a person who buys goods or a service

5. recession

e. to finish something successfully

6. Fill in the gaps with the words in the box and translate the sentences. You don’t

need all words.

in terms of, ensure, growth, solve , approach, to take into account

1. The assessment should _____ all factors.

2. These measures are inadequate to _____ the problem.

3. The company’s concern is to _____ the safety of its employees.

4. We try to do our best _____ the quality of our products.

5. We need to adopt a different _____ .

7. Match parts of sentences.

1. Business risk is a possible hurdle which may prevent the business

a. if it is likely to succeed in the current market.

2. There are different types of business risks

b. you will need to re-evaluate how you manage the finances.

3. The risk associated with the economy is termed

c. from achieving its ultimate goal.

4. Before launching your product, you need to establish

d. as an economic risk.

5. If your business is running out of cash,

e. depending on different areas of business.

8. Translate the following noun combinations:

1. project initiation;

2. high-impact risk;

3. risk response;

4. cost-benefit analysis;

5. time estimate.

9. Write a summary of the text using not more than 70 words. The phrases given below can help you. You don’t have to use all of them.

The article focuses on / examines / discusses… The article gives an account of …/ gives a brief review of … The article deals with … The purpose of the article is to describe / review … The main issues addressed in the article are …

The text is divided into … paragraphs. The first paragraph deals with … It then

goes on to… The article begins with … The article concludes that… The article examines the notion of … and its impact upon the …

THE PROCESS OF CONDUCTING AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Conducting an economic analysis requires the application of scientific methods to break down economic events into separate components that are easier to analyze.

The first step in the process of conducting an economic analysis is to identify appropriate economic indicators for specific economic forecasts or trends. Data derived from economic indicators yield valuable information for the identification of economic trends and the preparation of specific economic forecasts.

Once the identification of indicators has been completed, the second step, which is the collection of economic data yielded by the indicators, can begin. Data collection is accomplished through observation of economic performance, such as unemployment rates, personal income and expenditures, interest rates, business inventories, gross product by industry, and numerous other economic indicators or indices.

Of course, simply gathering information about economic indicators is not enough. Decision makers must use the data to identify trends and project forecasts. Decision makers know that it is important to gain some idea of what economic conditions will be in months or years ahead. As a result, they either use the

collected data to prepare their own forecasts or they use economic forecasts that have been prepared by experts who monitor economic activity.

The fourth step requires decision makers to examine, assess, and interpret the economic data collected and the subsequent forecast generated from the economic data. Decision makers evaluate the data and forecast for accuracy and try to resolve inconsistencies in the information. By analyzing economic data and forecasts, decision makers should be able to recognize and identify potential opportunities and threats linked to economic changes and developments.

Then, too, intervening forces can and do influence economic activity. Such forces can shift or alter economic performance and trends and must be anticipated by decision makers. Thus, anticipating and monitoring the government's use of two powerful sets of economic instruments, fiscal policy and monetary policy, becomes the fifth step in the process. Fiscal policy is the government's combined spending and taxation program, while monetary policy represents actions by the Federal Reserve System that affect the supply and availability of money and credit.

Finally, decision makers use the results of an economic analysis for decision making. Astute decision makers recognize that economic forces are uncontrollable and that current strategies may need to be adjusted to cope with or overcome obstructing economic changes. They approach with caution opportunities and threats discovered as a result of economic scanning and analysis.

10. Переведите предложения с английского на русский, подчеркните герундий / герундиальный оборот и определите его функцию в предложении.

1. They have just finished writing the report.

2. On checking the file we find that you are right.

3. They discussed different ways of improving their work.

4. Your coming in late is a bit inconvenient.

5. She is surprised at being asked so many questions.

11. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму (инфинитив или герундий) и подчеркните его.

1. I try to avoid (go) shopping on Sundays.

2. I wanted (buy) the bag, but it cost too much money.

3. He enjoyed (meet) new people.

4. They suggested (meet) next week in London.

5. They decided (take) the risk involved in the new project.

12. Discussion. With a partner, compare organizations where you and your partner work. In what way are they different (work schedule, number of employees, corporate culture, dress code)?

UNIT 3. BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

1. Discuss the following quotation.

If you can run one business well, you can run any business well.

Richard Branson

2. Read and translate the text.

TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

The three main categories of business organization are sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. Ownership is one of the most important features of business organization.

A sole proprietorship is a business with a single proprietor, or owner. It is the most basic type of for-profit organization and the least regulated by government. The owner of a sole proprietorship makes all the decisions about the business and is free to keep all the profits he or she makes from the business. However, the owner is also solely liable (responsible) for the debts of the business, meaning that his or her personal assets are at risk if the business cannot repay its debts.

When two or more people choose to own and operate a business together, the business is known as a partnership. In a general partnership, all the owners share the financial profits and losses, and they share the liability for all of the debts. In a limited partnership, one or more of the owners (called the general partners) run the business and

have unlimited liability, or are held entirely responsible for the business’s debts. But

there may also be limited partners in the business who invest in the business and have only limited personal liability for the business’s debts.

Sole proprietorships and partnerships are popular types of businesses. In fact, there are more sole proprietorships than any other type of business. However, most large businesses in the United States are corporations. Corporations are organized very differently from proprietorships and partnerships. The ownership of a corporation is not connected to one individual or a small group of individuals; ownership of a corporation is represented by shares of stock that can be transferred between owners, or stockholders. A corporation is a legal entity in the same sense that an individual person is, meaning that the corporation has designated rights, responsibilities, and privileges. When a corporation borrows money, it does so in its own name. As a result, the liability for the company’s debts is limited; the most a stockholder can lose is the amount he or she has invested. A large corporation can have millions of owners, or stockholders.

3. Put the words in the correct order to make questions and answer them.

1. What/ the / categories / main / are /of business organization?

2. Can/ the main / name /sole/ of / proprietorship/ you / characteristics?

3. How/ you/ describe /a / can / partnership ?

4. What / the most / is /type/common / business organization / of ?

5. Can / give / of /definition / you / corporation?

4. Find equivalents in the text.

1. индивидуальное предпринимательство;

2. коммерческая организация;

3. ограниченная ответственность;

4. акция;

5. юридическое лицо.

5. Match words with definitions.

1. stockholder

a. something that it is your duty to deal with

2. partnership

b. to get something from someone with the intention of giving it back after a period of time

3. responsibility

c. a company that is owned by two or more people

4. assets

d. a person who owns shares in a company

5. borrow

e. something valuable that can be used for the payment of debts

6. Fill in the gaps with the words in the box and translate the sentences. You don’t

need all words.

limited, debts, losses, profit, shared, ownership

1. The business has been under the same _____ for 40 years.

2. The company’s _____ over the last few years have been huge.

3. He managed to pay off his ____ in two years.

4. Bill and I _____ an office for years.

5. Honda Motor Company _____ is our client.

7. Match parts of sentences.

1. The sole proprietorship form is usually adopted

a. limited-liability companies (corporations).

2. A partnership is owned by two or more persons

b. for the debts and obligations of the firm.

3. In addition to basic forms of business ownership,

c. by small business entities.

4. Most large industrial and commercial organizations are

d. who contribute capital to conduct business.

5. The distinguishing features of the partnership are the personal and unrestricted liability of each partner

e. there are some other types of organizations that are common today.

8. Translate the following noun combinations:

1. business organization;

2. business analysis;

3. profit forecast;

4. ownership regulation;

5. debt agreement.

9. Write a summary of the text using not more than 70 words. The phrases given below can help you. You don’t have to use all of them.

The text is divided into … paragraphs. The first paragraph deals with … It then

goes on to… The article begins with … The article concludes that… The article examines the notion of … and its impact upon the …

STARTING A BUSINESS

Starting a business involves many activities. The process includes generating an idea for the enterprise (called concept development), researching its potential for success, and writing a business plan. Someone who is starting a new business is called an entrepreneur. This person takes on the financial risks of the initiation, operation, and management of the business. An entrepreneur may want to establish a small, local business organized as a sole proprietorship (a business owned and operated by a single person), or he or she may hope to one day grow his or her business into a large, multinational business organized as a corporation.

Starting a business of any size requires an investment. Entrepreneurs who want to build large companies or corporations often look for investors, called venture capitalists, to finance the start-up costs in exchange for a share of ownership, called equity. Once the business is established, the entrepreneur may decide to raise more money, or capital, by selling shares to the public.

Regardless of the size of a business, it must be unique in order to succeed. Many large, successful corporations began as small organizations with a business idea that was significantly different from anything else on the market. An entrepreneur must be assured that his or her business idea offers a unique good or service to customers. The entrepreneur must also have a sense of who his or her potential

customers are and what products they might choose. Finally, the new business owner must have a plan for running and growing the company through its first year and beyond. The business plan may cover short-term goals, ranging from 6 to 12 months, and long-term goals, ranging from two to five years.

The preliminary stages of planning a new business idea can be challenging, but they are important to other aspects of building the business. A business owner must answer several key questions about the business: What does the owner want to

achieve with the business? What is the business’s product or service? How large or

small will the business be? How many employees will the business have, if any, and how will they be managed? Who will be the business’s customers?

Potential customers can provide helpful information to the business owner during the research phase of business planning. Many new business owners conduct customer surveys during the preliminary phases of starting a business to find out more about

customers’ habits, needs, and behaviors. The business owner should determine what

unmet needs customers have and how the new business will answer those needs.

Other businesses operating within the same industry as the new business are an excellent source of information. Competitors and their products can provide information about what is missing in the market and how the new company can fill a niche.

1. In calculating the costs some errors appeared in our analysis.

2. I can’t imagine anyone buying a thing like that.

3. We have no intention of doing it.

4. The goods are worth buying.

5. The lorry is used for transporting goods.

11. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму (инфинитив или герундий) и подчеркните его.

1. He recommends (discuss) this issue today.

2. She advised Tom (leave) the company.

3. On hearing the news I couldn’t help (laugh).

4. I need (do) some shopping on my way home from work.

5. She mentioned (see) Ann the other day.

12 . Discussion. Imagine you are attending a job interview. Answer the following questions.

1. Where do you see yourself in ten years’ time?

2. What are your strengths and weaknesses?

3. How do you cope with stress?

B. PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT

OF THE PROFESSIONAL SPHERE

UNIT 4. NEW TRENDS

1. Discuss the following quotation.

The society based on production is only productive, not creative.

Albert Camus

2. Read and translate the text.

ENTERING A NEW ERA

For many decades large corporations have been owned by their stockholders and run by managers who organize and oversee workers to meet the financial and operational goals of the business. In recent years, however, organizations have entered a new era characterized by rapid, dramatic, and turbulent changes. The accelerated pace of change has transformed how work is performed by employees in diverse organizations. Constant change has truly become an inherent and integral part of organizational life.

These days’ companies focus on yet another key group that must support the business if it is to succeed: the customer. A rapidly growing global economy

means that there is no limit to businesses’ competition for customers. In many

industries products and services are similar from manufacturer to manufacturer,

and prices do not differ enough to boost the consumption of one manufacturer’s

product over another’s. Customer service has grown to be one of the key ways in

which a business can differentiate itself from its competitors.

Customer service is the term for building a relationship with customers and making this relationship a high priority for the business. In order to develop a strong customer focus, businesses often conduct market research to find out what their customers want and need. Once they determine customer priorities, these are integrated into the company mission, communicated to all managers and employees, and reinforced on a regular basis.

Many hospitals, airlines, retailers, manufacturers, and other organizations have developed business practices that enhance the purchase, use, and ownership of the products the business develops. Customer-service strategies may include lowering prices on products at certain times of the year, offering free bonus products, extending unlimited or unconditional guarantees on products, and providing free shipping. In the first years of the twenty-first century Dell Computers, one of the top manufacturers and direct suppliers of personal computers in the world, opened stores in shopping malls throughout the United States. These stores gave customers the chance to ask questions about their computers or to have them serviced in person without having to telephone the company or use its website.

3. Put the words in the correct order to make questions and answer them.

1. What/ experience / organizations/ nowadays/ do/ have?

2. Who/ companies / these days / supports?

3. How/ define / you /customer/ can / service ?

4. Why/ businesses / market / do / conduct / research?

5. What / strategies/ do /focus on / customer-service ?

4. Find equivalents in the text:

1. достичь цели;

2. вступить в новую эру;

3. обслуживание клиентов;

4. проводить исследование рынка;

5. снижать цены на товары.

5. Match words with definitions.

1. perform

a. to achieve something that you have been aiming for

2. oversee

b. something that you buy

3. purchase

c. to do an action or a piece of work

4. competition

d. a situation in which someone is trying to be better than someone else

5. succeed

e. to organize a job to make certain that it is being done correctly

6. Fill in the gaps with the words in the box and translate the sentences. You don’t need all words.

owns, guarantee, consumption, priority , competitor, supplier

1. Banks normally give _____ to large businesses.

2. We need to cut down on fuel _____ by having fewer cars on the road.

3. She _____ some property in Cardiff.

4. There is no _____ that the discussions will lead to a deal.

5. They are the world’s largest ____ of baby foods.

7. Match parts of sentences.

1. One clear result of

globalization is

a. between a consumer making a purchase and a

representative of the company that is selling it.

2. Companies can reduce

operating costs

b. it has had on specific nations’ industries.

3. Customer service is the

direct one-on-one interaction

c. that an economic downturn in one country

can create a domino effect through its trade partners.

4. Governments now focus

d. by manufacturing abroad.

5. Critics of globalization will

point to the negative impact

e. on removing barriers to trade and promoting

international commerce.

8. Translate the following noun combinations.

1. customer focus;

2. customer-service strategy;

3. focus group;

4. company mission;

5. free bonus products.

9. Write a summary of the text using not more than 70 words. The phrases given below can help you. You don’t have to use all of them.

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