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ɋ. ɇ. Ƚɚɦɚɸɧɨɜ, Ȼ. Ɏ. Ɂɸɡɢɧ
ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɃ ɆȿɇȿȾɀɆȿɇɌ ȼ ȺɉɄ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ»
2025
ɍȾɄ 001.895:338.436.33
ȻȻɄ 65.32
Ƚ18
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɪɟɤɬɨɪ
ɎȽȻɈɍ ȾɉɈ «ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ»
Ɇɨɠɚɟɜ ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ ȿɜɝɟɧɶɟɜɢɱ;
ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ, ɩɨɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɊɎ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɍɇɂɉɐ «Ⱥɝɪɨɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤ»
Ɏɚɪɢɧɸɤ ɘɪɢɣ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɨɜɢɱ
Ƚɚɦɚɸɧɨɜ, ɋ. ɇ.
Ƚ18 ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜ ȺɉɄ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ɋ. ɇ. Ƚɚɦɚɸ-
ɧɨɜ, Ȼ. Ɏ. Ɂɸɡɢɧ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, 2025. – 180 ɫ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-2513-1
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ (ȺɉɄ) Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɚɝɪɨɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ, ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ȺɉɄ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ. Ȼɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɫɤɨ-ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ ɚɝɪɨɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɜɫɟɦ,
ɤɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɉɟɱɚɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-2513-1 © Ƚɚɦɚɸɧɨɜ ɋ. ɇ., Ɂɸɡɢɧ Ȼ. Ɏ., 2025
© ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2025
© Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2025
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɍȾɄ 001.895:338.436.33
ȻȻɄ 65.32
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ...................................................................................................................... 4
1. ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɃ ɆȿɇȿȾɀɆȿɇɌ ȼ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɈɆ
ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂɂ ....................................................................................................... 8
1.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ .................................................................................... 8
1.2. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ .................................................... 14
1.3. Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ................................................................................................ 21
1.4. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ .......... 25
2. ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɈȿ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ ȻɂɁɇȿɋȺ .................................................... 33
2.1. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ .............................................................. 35
2.2. ȼɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ .................................................. 42
2.3. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ .............................................................. 47
2.4. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ .......................................................................................................... 54
3. ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɊȺɁɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ɇɈȼɈɃ ɉɊɈȾɍɄɐɂɂ .............................. 61
3.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ.................................. 61
3.2. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ .................................................. 66
3.3. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɞɟɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ............................................................ 72
3.4. Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ......................................................... 82
4. ɋɉȿɐɂɎɂɄȺ ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɈȼ
ȼ ȺȽɊɈȻɂɁɇȿɋȿ ......................................................................................................... 91
4.1. ɉɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȺɉɄ .................................................... 92
4.2. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɝɪɨɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ .......................................... 98
4.3. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ȺɉɄ .................................................................................................. 104
4.4. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɚɝɪɨɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ ........................................................................................... 109
5. ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɉȿɊɋɈɇȺɅɈɆ ȼ ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ
ȺȽɊɈɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂəɏ ........................................................................................... 117
5.1. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ...................................................... 117
5.2. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ............................................................................... 123
5.3. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ........................ 132
5.4. ɇɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ...................................................................... 138
6. ɄɈɇɐȿɉɐɂɂ ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə
ȺȽɊɈɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂɃ .............................................................................................. 143
6.1. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ .............. 144
6.2. ɇɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ȺɉɄ ................................ 151
6.3. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ........................................................................................................ 158
6.4. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ............................................................................................... 166
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɇɈɃ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ .............................................. 174
3
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟ-
ɥɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ
ɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ,
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ. ɗɬɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɸ.
Ⱥɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ (ȺɉɄ) ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ
ɥɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ (ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɢɞɟɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ.
Ɉɧɚ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ: ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ; ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ; ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ; ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ; ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ.
ɉɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɟɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ
ɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɢɡɦɚ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɞɟɥɚ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ – ɬɚɤɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɪɦɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ, ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɢɧɧɨ-
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɂɡɦɟ-
ɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɧɹ-
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚ-
4
ɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ,
ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɞɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ
ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ, ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɢɤɬɭɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ – ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ⱥ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ
ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɢɧɨɤ ɢ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɝɪɨɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɨɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɟ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ.
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɦɵɫɥɢɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ. ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɥɨɯɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ-
5
ɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɞɪɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɪɹɞɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɪɟɞɟɥɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɧɨɜɵɯ, ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ
ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɵɯ, ɫɢɥ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ȺɉɄ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ.
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ȺɉɄ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ
ɫɟɥɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɢɣ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɦ
ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ – ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ, ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɤ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ, ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ, ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɞɪɵ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɵɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɭɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɢɧɧɨ-
ɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ.
6
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
ɂɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɧɵɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ – ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɭɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɥɚɧ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ
ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɱɟɧɨɦɭ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ
ɤɪɭɝɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ, ɢ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɢɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɫɨɱɬɟɬ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɞɚɬɶ
ɫɜɨɢ ɨɬɤɥɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɺ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɚ sng61@mail.ru.
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1. ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɃ ɆȿɇȿȾɀɆȿɇɌ
ȼ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɈɆ ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂɂ
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɜɬɪɚɲɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɛɵɥ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɧɟ ɯɭɠɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ,
ɧɭɠɧɵ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ.
ȼɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ
ɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. Ⱦɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ
ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ, ɢ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɭɤɭ, ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜɚ
ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɢ ɞɨ ɟɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ
ɟɫɬɶ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ.
Ɉɧɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ.
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ
ɤɥɚɦɭ ɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ. Ⱦɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. Ɋɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɬɨɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ.
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛ-
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɗɬɨ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɪɟ-
ɧɨ-
1.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ
ɉɨɞ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɧɨɟ (ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɟ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ,
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ, ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ.
-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ-
8
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
– ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ;
– ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
– ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
– ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
– ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ;
– ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɟɣ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɚ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɟɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ
ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɫɛɵɬɚ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ,
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɜɵɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ȺɉɄ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɚɸɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɧɚɣɬɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ ɦɢɧɢ-ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɧɢ-ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɨɜ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɧɚɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɜ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɯɨɡɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ
ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɬɜɚ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ, ɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ) ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ. ɗɬɢ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɭ, ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɡɟɪɧɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɬɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ʉɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜ ȺɉɄ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢ-
ɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɤɚɤ
9
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ.
ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɪɦ, ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɟɺ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ, ɱɟɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɢ
ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɢɞɟɹɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɢ-
ɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ, «ɧɚ
ɨɳɭɩɶ», ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ,
ɟɳɟ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ.
ɉɨɞ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ:
– ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
– ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɯɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ;
– ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ;
– ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ;
– ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ;
– ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɛɵɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ), ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɣ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɨɜɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɢɧɢɣ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ – ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɢɧɢɣ ɮɢɪɦɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ
. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ
ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ
ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɵ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
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