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51
3) His mother said to me, «He hasn’t finished his homework yet».
4) «I can't find my glasses», my grandmother said.
5) My friend said, «We bought a car last week».
6) «We don’t want to watch a film tonight», the children said.
7) My neighbor said, «They have already been talking on the phone for an hour».
8) «They have gone out for the evening», Tony said to me.
9) Tom said, «The meal is tasty».
10) «I received a parcel this morning», my brother said to me.
11) Mary and Bob said, «We are taking our dog for a walk».
12) «I have lost my keys», he said.
13) The teacher said to the students, «We will discuss this subject tomorrow».
14) «They have been washing their dog for an hour», my mother said.
15) He said, «I was watching TV while she was cooking».
________________________________________________________________________________
Вопросы в косвенной речи:
1. Общий вопрос в косвенной речи обычно вводится глаголами ask, want to know, inquire,
wonder. При этом глагол употребляется в утвердительной форме, знак вопроса опускается, а
местоимения, временные показатели и время глагола меняется также, как и в утвердительных
предложениях, т.е. при необходимости начинает действовать правило согласования времен:
He said to me, «Do you speak English well?» – He asked me if I spoke English well.
He said to me, «Did you come here at two o'clock?» – He wondered if I had come there at two
o'clock.
2. Общий вопрос в косвенной речи вводится союзами if или whether, после которых
cледует прямой порядок слов:
«Have you seen the man before?» he asked me.
He asked me if/ whether I had seen the man before.
3. Специальный вопрос в косвенной речи вводится тем же вопросительным словом, что и
прямой речи. Порядок слов становится прямым, изменяются по смыслу местоимения, наречия
места и времени, при необходимости начинает действовать правило согласования времен.
Специальный вопрос в косвенной речи вводится теми же глаголами, что и общий вопрос:
She asked me, «What do you want to know?» – She asked me what I wanted to know.
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Передайте следующие вопросы в косвенной речи:
1) «Who called you today?» he asked.
2) «How old are you?» they asked me.
3) «Who broke my vase?» I asked.
4) My colleague asked, «What time are you going home today?»
5) «What have you done today?» my grandmother asked.
6) «Where is your book?» the teacher asked.
7) «How old will you be on your next birthday?» he asked me.
8) She asked, «Where have you been?»
9) «Who is there?» we asked.
52
10) Mark asked, «Did you go to work yesterday?»
2. Yesterday, Ann met a couple who were on holiday in London. They were looking at a map.
She asked them some questions. Передайте вопросы в косвенной речи:
1) «Are you lost?»
Ann asked them if/ whether they were lost ...
2) «Can you speak English?»
…………………………………………………
3) «Where are you from?»
…………………………………………………
4) «Is your hotel near here?»
…………………………………………………
5) «Where do you want to go?»
…………………………………………………
6) «Were you looking for Big Ben?»
…………………………………………………
7) «Have you been to the British Museum?»
…………………………………………………
8) «Have you visited Buckingham Palace?»
…………………………………………………
9) «Do you like London?»
…………………………………………………
________________________________________________________________________________
Повелительное наклонение, просьбы, предложения в косвенной речи:
изменяются по смыслу личные и притяжательные местоимения, наречия места и
времени, указательные местоимения.
1. Повелительное наклонение побудительных предложений в косвенной речи
вводится глаголами order или tell и утвердительным или отрицательным инфинитивом: order/
tell + somebody + (not) to-infinitive:
He said to me, «Give me your money!» ― He ordered me to give him my money.
They said to me, «Don’t go there!» ― They ordered me not to go there.
«Pay the bills!» Mother said to me. – Mother told me to pay the bills.
«Don’t look down!» she said to us. – She told us not to look down.
2. Просьбы в косвенной речи вводятся глаголами ask или beg и утвердительным или
отрицательным инфинитивом: ask/ beg + somebody + (not) to-infinitive:
«Help me, please», she said to him. – She asked him to help her.
«Please, don’t touch the wet paint», Dad said to us. – Dad asked us not to touch the paint.
He said to them, «Please, please, talk to me». – He begged them to talk to him.
53
«Please, please, don’t call the police», we said to him. – We begged him not to call the police.
3. Для перевода предложений в косвенную речь используется глагол suggest и –ing
форма смыслового глагола: suggest + глагол + -ing:
«Let's play the game», my friend said to us.
«We can/ could play the game», my friend said to us. My friend suggested
«Shall we play the game?» my friend said to us. playing a game.
«How about playing the game?» my friend said to us.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи:
1) The teacher said to the student, «Open the window, please».
2) She said to them, «Don’t stay out late tonight».
3) They said, «Shall we go for a walk?»
4) Mother said, «How about going for a picnic?»
5) She said to him, «Please, please, don’t leave me!»
6) The assistant said to me, «Wait here, please».
7) He said, «Let's eat now».
8) «Please help me with this work, Henry», said Robert.
9) «Promise to come and see me», said Jane to Alice.
10) «How about seeing my friend tomorrow?» said Kate.
11) The doctor said to the patient, «Don’t go for a walk today».
12) She said to Nick, «Please, please, tell me all you know about it».
13) «Bring me a cup of black coffee», she said to the waiter.
14) «We can go to Finland for the winter holidays», said Kate.
15) «Put the gun down», the policeman said to him.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Условные предложения (Conditionals)
I тип условных предложений:
1. выражают реальные, осуществимые условия/ ситуации или общеизвестные факты,
обычно относящиеся к настоящему или будущему времени:
If the computers work today, we will send our e-mail.
If Sam studies hard, he will pass his exams.
Water turns into ice if the temperature falls below 0º.
If you have a toothache, go to the dentist.
if – предложение
главное предложение
if + present simple
→ future simple
→ present simple
→ imperative (повелительное наклонение)
→ can/ must/ may и т.д. + bare infinitive
(инфинитив без частицы «to»)
54
If you go to London, you can see Big Ben.
2. если if-предложение находится перед главным предложением, то они отделяются друг
от друга запятыми. Если главное предложение находится перед if-предложением, запятая не
ставится:
If Dennis doesn't write soon, I will be very upset.
I will be very upset if Dennis doesn’t write soon.
________________________________________________________________________________
Раскройте скобки, используя I тип условных предложений:
1) — I want to cook something special tonight.
— Great, if I ………. (finish) work early, I ………. (give) you a hand.
2) Please ………. (call) me if you ………. (need) any help.
3) — I must go to the bank.
— If you ………. (leave) now, you ………. (get) there before it closes.
4) If Mark ………. (do) lots of exercises, he ……… (be) fit and healthy.
5) — Could I have a chocolate biscuit, please?
— Yes, if you ………. (look) in the cupboard, you ………. (find) some cakes as well.
6) If you ………. (have) a toothache, ………. (go) to the dentist.
7) — I can't do everything myself !
— Well, if you .......... (wash) the dishes, I ………. (cook) the meal.
8) If you ………. (go) to Egypt, you ………. (can/ see) the Pyramids.
9) — Are you going on holiday this year?
— Yes, I .......... (go) to Italy for three weeks if I ……….. (have) some time off work.
10) I ………. (help) you with the shopping later if I ………. (have) time.
11) — I'd like a cup of tea.
— Well, if you ………. (hold) the baby for five minutes, I ……….. (make) it for you.
12) You ………. (not understand) the rule if you ………. (not listen) to the teacher.
13) ………. you ………. (come) if you ………. (be) free?
14) We ………. (play) chess together with my father, if he ………. (come back) early.
15) ………. you ………. (visit) the Tretyakov Art Gallery if you ………. (live) in Moscow?
________________________________________________________________________________
II тип условных предложений:
1. выражают нереальные, маловероятные, воображаемые условия/ ситуации, относящиеся
к настоящему или будущему времени:
If you went to work by helicopter, how long would it take?
if – предложение
главное предложение
if + past simple
→ would/ could/ might + bare Infinitive
(без частицы «to»)
55
If I had the time, I would take up a sport (Но у меня нет времени, поэтому маловероятно,
что я займусь спортом).
2. Используется were вместо was для всех лиц и чисел:
If Peter were here, he would tell us what to do.
3. Конструкция If I were you используется, когда мы хотим дать совет:
If I were you, I'd (would) talk to him about my problem.
_______________________________________________________________________________
1. Используя подсказки из списка, скажите,
что бы вы сделали в нижеприведенных ситуациях:
stay in bed, light some candles, call the police, complain to the manager, order a pizza, go to
hospital
1) You see someone robbing the bank.
If I saw someone robbing the bank, I would call the police.
2) You fall over and break your arm.
3) You catch a bad cold.
4) You burn your dinner.
5) A shop assistant is rude to you.
2. Раскройте скобки, используя II тип условных предложений:
1) Mike ………. (lend) me some money if I ………. (ask) him.
2) If he ………. (have) a car, he ………. (go) for a drive in the country.
3) Linda ………. (post) the letters if she ………. (have) some stamps.
4) If I ………. (be) you, I ………. (study) for the exams.
5) If Margaret ………. (win) the lottery, she ………. (buy) a yacht.
6) Ben ………. (buy) some new clothes if he ………. (have) enough money.
7) If I ………. (be) rich, I ………. (never/ work) again.
8) If watches ………. (not/ cost) so much, they ………. (buy) one.
9) Sam ………. (open) the lock if he ………. (have) the key.
10) If she ………. (get) good grades, she ………. (go) to university.
______________________________________________________________________________
III тип условных предложений:
1. выражают условия, не реализованные в прошлом, а поэтому совершенно
невыполнимые:
If Jack hadn't missed the bus, he wouldn’t have been late for work yesterday (Jack missed
the bus yesterday, so he was late for work).
if – предложение
главное предложение
if + past perfect
→ would/ could/ might + have + past participle
56
If she had called earlier, I would have told her about the meeting (She didn’t call earlier, so I didn’t
tell her about the meeting).
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Прочитайте историю, данную ниже, и составьте предложения с использованием
III типа условных предложений по образцу:
Ben offered to help his neighbor fix the roof so he climbed up the ladder. He fell off the ladder
and broke his leg. He went to hospital. He met Linda there. They fell in love and got married
six months later.
1) If Ben hadn’t offered to help his neighbor fix the roof, he wouldn’t have climbed up
the ladder.
2) If he hadn’t climbed up the ladder, ………………………………….
3) ……………………………………………….…………………………...
4) ……………………………………………………………………………
5) ……………………………………………………………………………
6) ……………………………………………………………………………
7) ……………………………………………………………………………
2. Раскройте скобки, используя III тип условных предложений:
1) If she ………. (remember) earlier, we ……….. (send) our boss a birthday card.
2) If Richard ………. (do) his homework, his teacher ………. (not/ shout) at him.
3) — I have failed my exam today.
— Well, if you ………. (study) harder, you ………. (not/ fail).
4) — I'm sorry.
— What for?
— If I ………. (not/ leave) the door open, the puppy ………. (not/ escape).
5) Jason ……….. (not/ break) his arm if he ……….. (be) more careful.
6) If I ………. (not/ leave) the map at home, I ………. (not/ lose) my way.
7) — I dropped a plate and cut my finger.
— If you ………. (be) careful, you ……….. (not/ cut) yourself.
8) If Sam ………. (attend) the meeting, he ………. (sign) the contract.
________________________________________________________________________________
57
Irregular Verbs
Infinitive
Past Tense
Past
Participle
Перевод
arise
[ə'raiz]
arose
[ə'rəuz]
arisen
[ə'riz(ə)n]
возникать, появляться
awake
[ə'weik]
awoke
[ə'wəuk]
awoken
[ə'wəukən]
будить, просыпаться
be
[bi:]
was,
were
[wɔz],
[wə:]
been
[bi:n]
быть
bear
[bɛə]
bore
[bɔ:]
born
[bɔ:n] рождать, приносить
beat
[bɪ:t]
beat
[bɪ:t]
beaten
['bɪ:tn]
бить
become
[bɪ'kʌm]
became
[bɪ'keɪm]
become
[bɪ'kʌm]
становиться
begin
[bɪ'gɪ n]
began
[bɪ'gæn]
begun
[bɪ'gʌn]
начинать(ся)
bend
[bend]
bent
[bent]
bent
[bent]
гнуть, сгибать
bind
[baɪ nd]
bound
[baund]
bound
[baund]
связывать
bite
[baɪt]
bit
[bɪt]
bitten
['bɪtn]
кусать(ся)
bleed
[bli:d]
bled
[bled]
bled
[bled]
кровоточить
blow
[bləu]
blew
[blu:]
blown
[bləun]
дуть
break
[breɪk]
broke
[brəuk]
broken
['brəukən]
ломать(ся)
breed
[bri:d]
bred
[bred]
bred
[bred]
воспитывать
bring
[brɪŋ]
brought
[brɔ:t]
brought
[brɔ:t]
приносить
build
[bɪld]
built
[bɪlt]
built
[bɪlt]
строить
burn
[bə:rn]
burnt
[bə:nt]
burnt
[bə:nt]
гореть, жечь
burst
[bə:st]
burst
[bə:st]
burst
[bə:st]
разразиться, взрывать(ся)
buy
[baɪ]
bought
[bɔ:t]
bought
[bɔ:t]
покупать
can
cast
[kæn]
[kɑ:st]
could
cast
[kud]
[kɑ:st]
(been
able to)
cast
[bɪ:n
eɪbl tə]
[kɑ:st]
мочь, уметь
кинуть, лить (металл)
catch
[kætʃ]
caught
[kɔ:t]
caught
[kɔ:t]
ловить, схватывать
choose
[tʃu:z]
chose
[tʃəuz]
chosen
['tʃəuz(ə)n]
выбирать, подбирать
come
[kʌm]
came
[keɪm]
come
[kʌm]
приходить
58
Infinitive
Past Tense
Past
Participle
Перевод
cost
[kɔst]
cost
[kɔst]
cost
[kɔst]
стоить
cut
[kʌt]
cut
[kʌt]
cut
[kʌt]
резать
dig
[dɪg]
dug
[dʌg]
dug
[dʌg]
рыть, копать
do
[du:]
did
[dɪd]
done
[dʌn]
делать
draw
[drɔ:]
drew
[dru:]
drawn
[drɔ:n]
рисовать, тащить
dream
[dri:m]
dreamt,
dreamed
[dremt]
[drɪ:md]
dreamt,
dreamed
[dremt]
[drɪ:md]
мечтать, сниться
drink
[drɪŋk]
drank
[dræŋk]
drunk
[drʌŋk]
пить
drive
[draɪv]
drove
[drəuv]
driven
['drɪvən]
водить
eat
[ɪ:t]
ate
[eɪt, et]
eaten
['ɪ:tn]
есть, кушать
fall
[fɔ:l]
fell
[fel]
fallen
['fɔ:lən]
падать
feed
[fɪ:d]
fed
[fed]
fed
[fed]
кормить
feel
[fɪ:l]
felt
[felt]
felt
[felt]
чувствовать
fight
[faɪt]
fought
[fɔ:t]
fought
[fɔ:t]
бороться
find
[faɪ nd]
found
[faʊnd]
found
[faund]
находить
fit
[fit]
fit
[fit]
fit
[fit]
подходить по размеру
fly
[flaɪ]
flew
[flu:]
flown
[fləun]
летать
forbid
forget
[fə'bɪ:d]
[fə'get]
forbade
forgot
[fə'beɪd]
[fə'gɒt]
forbidden
forgotten
[fə'bɪd(ə)n]
[fə'gɒt(ə)n]
запрещать
забывать
forgive
[fə'gɪv]
forgave
[fə'geɪv]
forgiven
[fə'gɪvən]
прощать
freeze
[frɪ:z]
froze
[frəuz]
frozen
['frəuzən]
замерзать
get
[get]
got
[gɔt]
got
[gɔt]
получать
give
[gɪv]
gave
[geɪv]
given
['gɪvən]
давать
go
[gəu]
went
[went]
gone
[gɔn]
идти, ходить
grow
[grəu]
grew
[gru:]
grown
[grəun]
расти
59
Infinitive
Past Tense
Past
Participle
Перевод
hang
[hæŋ]
hung
[hʌŋ]
hung
[hʌŋ]
висеть, развешивать
have
[hæv]
had
[hæd]
had
[hæd]
иметь
hear
[hɪə(r)]
heard
[hə:d]
heard
[hə:d]
слышать
hide
[haɪd]
hid
[hɪd]
hidden
[hɪdn]
прятать
hit
[hɪt]
hit
[hɪt]
hit
[hɪt]
попадать в цель
hold
[həuld]
held
[held]
held
[held]
держать
hurt
[hə:t]
hurt
[hə:t]
hurt
[hə:t]
ранить, ушибить
keep
[kɪ:p]
kept
[kept]
kept
[kept]
держать, сохранять
kneel
[nɪ:l]
knelt
[nelt]
knelt
[nelt]
становиться на колени
knit
[nɪt]
knit,
knitted
[nɪt]
['nɪtɪd]
knit,
knitted
[nɪt]
['nɪtɪd]
вязать (спицами)
know
[nəu]
knew
[nju:]
known
[nəun]
знать
lay
[leɪ]
laid
[leɪd]
laid
[leɪd]
класть, положить
lead
[lɪ:d]
led
[led]
led
[led]
вести, возглавлять
lean
[lɪ:n]
leant
[lent]
leant
[lent]
наклоняться
learn
[lə:n]
learnt
[lə:nt]
learnt
[lə:nt]
учить
leave
[lɪ:v]
left
[left]
left
[left]
оставлять, покидать
lend
[lend]
lent
[lent]
lent
[lent]
занимать, одалживать
let
[let]
let
[let]
let
[let]
позволять
lie
[laɪ]
lay
[leɪ]
lain
[leɪn]
лежать
light
[lait]
lit
[lit]
lit
[lit]
освещать, зажигать
lose
[lu:z]
lost
[lɔst]
lost
[lɔst]
терять
make
[meɪk]
made
[meɪd]
made
[meɪd]
делать
mean
[mɪ:n]
meant
[ment]
meant
[ment]
значить
meet
[mɪ:t]
met
[met]
met
[met]
встречать
60
Infinitive
Past Tense
Past
Participle
Перевод
mistake
[mɪs'teɪk]
mistook
[mɪs'tuk]
mistaken
[mɪs'teɪk(ə)n]
ошибаться
pay
[peɪ]
paid
[peɪd]
paid
[peɪd]
платить
put
[pʊt]
put
[pʊt]
put
[pʊt]
класть, ставить
read
[rɪ:d]
read
[red]
read
[red]
читать
ride
[raɪd]
rode
[rəud]
ridden
['rɪdn]
ехать верхом
ring
[rɪŋ]
rang
[ræŋ]
rung
[rʌŋ]
звонить, звенеть
rise
[raɪz]
rose
[rəuz]
risen
['rɪzən]
подниматься
run
[rʌn]
ran
[ræn]
run
[rʌn]
бежать
say
[seɪ]
said
[sed]
said
[sed]
говорить
see
[sɪ:]
saw
[sɔ:]
seen
[sɪ:n]
видеть
seek
[sɪ:k]
sought
[sɔ:t]
sought
[sɔ:t]
искать
sell
[sel]
sold
[səuld]
sold
[sould]
продавать
send
[send]
sent
[sent]
sent
[sent]
посылать
set
sew
[set]
[səu]
set
sewed
[set]
[səud]
set
sewn
[set]
[səun]
класть, ставить
шить
shake
[ʃeɪk]
shook
[ʃʊk]
shaken
['ʃeɪkən]
трясти
shine
[ʃaɪ n]
shone
[ʃəun]
[ʃɒn]
shone
[ʃəun, ʃɒn]
светить, сиять, блестеть
shoot
[ʃu:t]
shot
[ʃɒt]
shot
[ʃɒt]
стрелять
show
[ʃəu]
showed
[ʃəud]
shown
[ʃəun]
показывать
shrink
[ʃriŋk]
shrank
[ʃræŋk]
shrunk
[ʃrʌŋk]
садиться (о материале),
уменьшать(ся), сокращать(ся)
shut
[ʃʌt]
shut
[ʃʌt]
shut
[ʃʌt]
закрывать
sing
[sɪŋ]
sang
[sæŋ]
sung
[sʌŋ]
петь
sink
[sɪŋk]
sank
[sæŋk]
sunk
[sʌŋk]
тонуть
sit
[sɪt]
sat
[sæt]
sat
[sæt]
сидеть
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