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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для СПО-2
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Употребление:
1) для планов и намерений на ближайшее будущее (собираться, намереваться что-то
сделать):
I am going to play football this afternoon.
He is going to buy a bike this summer.
2) ожидание какого-либо события, которое произойдет в ближайшем будущем (есть
какая-то очевидность):
She is going to have a baby.
It is going to rain.
Краткие ответы:
Are you going to call him? Yes, I am/ No, I'm not.
________________________________________________________________________________
Заполните пропуски, используя необходимую форму be going to
(утвердительную, отрицательную, вопросительную) и слова, данные в скобках:
1) I … am going to buy … (buy) a new car next month.
2) When …… (you/ tidy) your bedroom? It's very messy!
3) Bob …… (play) football on Saturday because he hurt his leg.
4) Barry and Jason …… (visit) their grandparents on Sunday.
5) …… (Denise/ appear) in the new TV series?
6) Monica …… (sing) in the concert. She has got a sore throat.
7) I …… (walk) to school today. I'll take the bus.
8) …… (you/ help) me wash the dishes after lunch?
You are going to
play
You're going
to play
You are not
going to play
You aren't
going to play
Are you going
to play?
He is going to
play
He's going to
play
He is not going
to play
He isn't going
to play
Is he going to
play?
She is going to
play
She's going to
play
She is not going
to play
She isn't going
to play
Is she going to
play?
It is going to play
It's going to
play
It is not going
to play
It isn't going to
play
Is it going to
play?
We are going to
play
We're going to
play
We are not
going to play
We aren't
going to play
Are we going to
play?
You are going to
play
You're going
to play
You are not
going to play
You aren't
going to play
Are you going
to play?
They are going
to play
They're going
to play
They are not
going to play
They aren't
going to play
Are they going
to play?
Are you…?
Yes, I am/ we are.
No, I'm not/ we aren't.
Is he/ she/ it…?
Yes, he/ she/ it is.
No, he/ she/ it isn’t.
Are they…?
Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t.
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9) Helen …… (cook) dinner for some friends tomorrow.
10) Ruth …… (come) with us. She's too busy at work.
________________________________________________________________________________
Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
1) глаголы must, can, could, may, might, should – модальные глаголы. Они выражают
обязательство, необходимость, способность, вероятность, отсутствие необходимости,
предложения, просьбы, разрешение, запрет, совет.
Особенности модальных глаголов:
2) у модальных глаголов нет окончания –s, формы -ing, суффикса –ed:
She must study.
3) большая часть модальных глаголов сопровождается «голым» инфинитивом, т.е.
инфинитивом без частички to:
He may be ill.
4) местоположение модального глагола в вопросительных предложениях – перед
подлежащим, а в отрицательных предложениях модальные глаголы сопровождаютcя
частичкой not:
Can I talk to you? He couldn’t (could not) speak.
5) обычно модальные глаголы не имеют времени. Они могут относиться к настоящему
или будущему времени:
You can call now (present). You can call tomorrow (future).
_______________________________________________________________________________
MUST
1) выражает обязательство — необходимость — обязанность, долг:
You must stop when the traffic light is red (Вы должны остановиться перед красным
светом светофора).
2) выражает запрет:
mustn’t / can't = запрещается/ не разрешается что-то делать, против правил/ закона:
You mustn’t/ can't park here (Запрещается, так как это противозаконно).
3) используется только в настоящем или ближайшем будущем времени. Если
необходимо употребление других времен, то берется другой его эквивалент have to:
He had to work late yesterday, so he didn’t go to the party.
______________________________________________________________________________
BE TO
be to – необходимость совершения действия в зависимости от расписания,
договоренности, плана или приказа:
She is to come and help.
present simple = must/ have to
past simple = had to
future simple = must/ will have to
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present simple = am/ is/ are to
past simple = was/ were to
_______________________________________________________________________________
NEEDN'T / DON’T HAVE TO
needn’t/ don’t (doesn’t) need to/ don’t (doesn’t) have to/ = отсутствие необходимости что-
то делать:
The farmer needn’t/ doesn’t need to/ doesn’t have to buy any eggs (нет необходимости
фермеру покупать яйца).
______________________________________________________________________________
1. Заполните пропуски, используя must, mustn’t или needn’t/ don’t have to:
1) A: Shall I help you with your shopping?
B: No, … you needn’t/ don’t have to… I can manage by myself.
2) A: You …… study hard to pass exams.
B: I know. I study every evening.
3) A: You …… play football inside the house.
B: I'm sorry. I'll go outside.
4) A: It is her birthday on Saturday.
B: I know. I …… remember to buy her a present.
5) A: Do you want anything from the supermarket?
B: No, you …… get me anything today, thank you. I'm going out myself later.
6) A: My dog has been ill all week.
B: Oh dear! You …… take him to the vet.
7) A: You …… be late for work tomorrow morning.
B: I know. I'll try to arrive early.
8) A: You …… take these books out of the library.
B: I know. It's forbidden.
9) A: Shall I make an appointment for you at the dentist's?
B: No, you …… I'll do it myself next week.
10) A: Do you want me to wait for you after work?
B: No, you …… wait. I can walk home by myself.
2. Переведите следующие предложения с модальным глаголом be to на русский язык:
1) He is to come here at five o'clock.
2) She was to wear that dress at the party.
3) We are to go to the cinema tomorrow.
4) They were to start on Monday.
5) I am to get there before the others.
6) My friend's daughter was to graduate from university.
7) We were to tell them bad news.
8) I am to wait for her at the railway station.
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9) The bus was to leave at 5 p.m.
10) Who is to take care of the children?
_______________________________________________________________________________
DIDN’T NEED TO
используется для выражения отсутствия необходимости что-то сделать в прошлом
(показывает действие, которое не произошло в прошлом, потому что мы знаем, что в нем не
было необходимости):
They didn’t need to cut any more wood (не было необходимости для них рубить еще
дрова, поэтому они не стали этого делать).
________________________________________________________________________________
Перефразируйте следующие предложения, используя didn’t need to:
1) It wasn’t necessary for him to wash the car. It wasn’t dirty.
… He didn’t need to wash the car… .
2) It wasn’t necessary for them to hurry. They had enough time.
3) It wasn’t necessary for us to take an umbrella. It wasn’t raining.
4) It wasn’t necessary for me to buy any food, because we had plenty at home.
5) It wasn’t necessary for us to turn on the light. It wasn’t dark.
6) It wasn’t necessary for Roger to find a job.
7) It wasn’t necessary for Mark to buy new clothes for the reception.
8) It wasn’t necessary for Alice to bake a cake for the party.
9) It wasn’t necessary for Paula to make the beds.
10) It wasn’t necessary for David to go to college. All the lectures were cancelled.
________________________________________________________________________________
CAN / COULD / MAY/ MIGHT/ SHALL/ WILL/ WOULD
1) модальный глагол can выражает способность в настоящем времени:
He can fly a helicopter.
2) cannot/ can't выражает неспособность что-то делать в настоящем времени:
She can't count to ten.
3) could выражает способность в прошлом:
I could ski very well when I was young.
4) could not/ couldn’t выражает неспособность что-то делать в прошлом:
They couldn’t spell their names at the age of two.
5) Can/ Could/ May/ Might I…? = Do you/ Would you mind if …? Эти структуры
используются для того, чтобы спросить разрешение что-то сделать:
a) (informal): Can I go swimming?
No, you can't.
b) (more formal): Could/ May/ Might I have a look at this report?
Certainly/ Of course/ Why not/ No, I'm afraid you can't/ Yes, you can/ Yes, you may.
6) can/ may выражает разрешение что-то сделать (may – more formal);
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can't/ mustn’t/ may not выражает неразрешение что-то сделать (may not обычно используется
в письменных вывесках и объявлениях):
You can't see Kim tonight, but you can see her tomorrow if you like.
7) Can/ Could/ Shall I …? = Would you like me to …? Эти структуры используются, когда мы
предлагаем что-то сделать:
Can/ Could/ Shall I get you anything from the supermarket?
That would be great.
8) We can/ could…/ Shall/ Can/ Could we…? = Let's…/ How about…? What about…? Why
don’t we…? Эти структуры используются для выражения совместной идеи, предложения
или инструкции:
What shall we do tonight? We can/ could go to the cinema.
Shall/ Can/ Could we go to the market today? I'd (would) rather not.
9) Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you…? Мы используем эти структуры, когда просим кого-то
что-то сделать для нас (would/ could – more polite, чем can/ will):
Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you help me with my French homework, please?
Certainly/ Of course/ I'm sorry, but I can't/ Yes, I'd (would) be happy/ glad to.
10) Can используется только в настоящем времени.
Be able to используется для образования всей остальной временной системы:
I will be able to get a job when I finish school.
present simple: can, am/ is/ are able to
past simple: could, was/ were able to
future simple: will be able to
11) may/ might/ could выражает настоящую или будущую возможность:
Where's Aunt Julia? She may/ might/ could still be at work (Вероятно/ возможно, что она все
еще на работе).
12) May/ Might/ Can/ Could I …? Используются для вежливых просьб (Might I …? – more
formal, чем May I …? и используется не часто):
May/ Can/ Could I have a pen and some paper, please? Here you are.
________________________________________________________________________________
SHOULD
1) используется для выражения совета:
You should be more careful (я советую/ тебе лучше быть осторожнее).
2) must выражает более сильный совет по интенсивности по сравнению с should:
You may not leave your luggage
here
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You should talk to your lawyer (было бы неплохо, если бы ты поговорил с адвокатом).
You must talk to your lawyer (я настоятельно рекомендую тебе поговорить с адвокатом).
______________________________________________________________________________
1. Заполните пропуски, используя shall или will:
1) … Shall … I help you with the washing-up?
2) …… we have pizza for dinner tonight?
3) …… you carry this for me, please?
4) …… we try this new recipe tonight?
5) What …… we buy for Bob's birthday?
6) ……you answer the phone, please?
7) Where …… we sit in the classroom?
8) …… you take the rubbish out for me, please?
9) …… you babysit for me tonight?
10) …… we have a barbecue next weekend?
2. Выберите правильный вариант:
1) You may/ mustn’t run in the corridors. It's dangerous.
2) Can/ should I ask you a question?
3) Will/ shall we go out for lunch today?
4) You must/ shouldn’t stay at home if you are ill.
5) Tommy can't/ couldn’t tell the time when he was a baby.
6) A: Can/ Might I have a biscuit please, Mum?
B: Of course. Help yourself.
7) You might/ needn’t clean the windows. I've already done them.
8) Will/ shall I help you?
9) You needn’t/ mustn’t do the shopping. I'll do it later.
10) A: Might I use your pen?
B: Of course you may/ might.
3. Выберите наиболее подходящий ответ:
1) Will you open the door for me, please?
A Yes, I may B Certainly
2) Could I speak to you for a moment, please?
A Yes, of course B No, you couldn’t
3) Shall I carry the bag for you?
A No, I won't B No, it's okay. I can manage.
4) Could I go to the cinema tonight, please?
A Not at all B Yes, if you like.
5) We could go to the theatre tonight.
A That’s a nice idea B No, we might not.
6) Can I borrow your pen, please?
A Not at all B Of course
7) Can you pick the children up from school for me?
A No, I may not B No problem
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8) Would you please drive me to the airport tomorrow? My car is being serviced.
A I'd be happy to B Yes, I would
9) Can I help you, sir?
A No, you can't B No, thank you. I'm just looking.
10) Could you hold this for me, please?
A Yes, I could B Of course
11) Shall I take you to work tomorrow?
A Yes, please B No, you won't
4. Выберите правильный вариант:
А: Good morning. How can/ must I help you, sir?
B: I'd like to book a room for tonight, please?
A: Certainly sir.
B: How much does a single room cost for one night?
A: 35£, sir. Payable in advance.
B: What! Do I have to/ Could I pay right now?
A: Yes, I am afraid you need/ must pay in advance.
B: Really. Well! Do I have to/ Shall I pay in cash?
A: No, you mustn’t/ needn’t pay in cash. You could/ can't pay by credit if you prefer.
B: This is a bit unusual. I may/ must look in my wallet to see if I have enough cash with me.
A: You couldn’t/ don’t have to hurry, sir. Take your time.
………………………………………………………………..
A: Good morning. Here's the key. Could/ Must I leave my luggage here until twelve o'clock,
please?
B: Of course. May/ Need I ask if you enjoyed your stay?
A: Oh yes. I can/ must write down the phone number, so that I can stay here again.
B: You mustn’t/ don’t need to do that, sir. I have to/ can give you our card.
A: Oh, thank you very much. Goodbye.
B: Goodbye.
5. Заполните пропуски подходящими модальными глаголами,
скажите, что они выражают в каждом предложении:
1) A: … May/ Can/ Could … I borrow your pen, please?
The speaker is asking for permission.
B: No, you ……. I'm using it.
2) A: I'm bored. What shall we do?
B: We …… go for a walk.
A: No, we …… because it's raining.
B: Let's watch a video, then.
3) A: My parents told me I …… go to the party tonight.
B: Never mind, I …… go either. We …… stay at home together, though.
4) A: Sir, …… I speak to you for a moment, please?
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B: Certainly, but later today; I'm busy now.
5) A: Excuse me?
B: Yes?
A: … you tell me where the post office is, please?
B: Certainly. It's on the main road, next to the school.
6) A: Is anyone sitting on that chair?
B: No, you …… take it if you want to.
_______________________________________________________________________________
COULD – WAS ABLE TO
1) was/ were able выражает способность в прошлом: удалось/ получилось у кого-то что-
то сделать в определенной ситуации в прошлом (прошлое однократное действие):
She was able to climb to the top of the mountain.
2) could выражает способность совершать повторяющееся действие в прошлом:
He could run very fast when he was young.
3) c глаголами see, hear, feel, smell, taste, understand, remember, guess предпочтительнее
использовать could, чем was/were able:
They could see the storm coming.
4) для выражения способности в прошлом используется отрицательная форма couldn’t в
обоих случаях (и для однократного и для повторяющегося действия в прошлом):
My little sister couldn’t wash herself when she was two (повторяющееся действие в
прошлом).
Mark tried, but he couldn’t find out what was wrong with the computer (однократное действие
в прошлом).
_______________________________________________________________________________
Выберите правильный вариант:
1) «Todd was a very talented child».
«I know. He …… play the piano well when he was seven».
A couldn’t B could C can
2) «I've just taken a loaf out of the oven».
«Oh that’s why I …… smell fresh bread when I came home».
A was able to B can't C could
3) «How was the test?»
«Easy. All the children …… pass it».
A were able B could C can't
4) The sweaters were cheap so I …… to buy two.
A could B was able to C can
_____________________________________________________________________________
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Времена группы ‟Continuous”
Настоящее продолженное время (Present Continuous Tense)
Образование:
1) с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в простом настоящем времени (am, is, are)
и смыслового глагола с окончанием –ing;
2) отрицательная форма образуется с помощью отрицательной частицы not, которая
ставится после вспомогательного глагола;
3) вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола to be
в соответствующем лице и числе перед подлежащим:
Употребление:
1) для действий, происходящих сейчас, в момент речи:
He is reading a book right now.
2) для временных действий, происходящих вокруг момента речи, в настоящий
период времени, но не в момент речи:
She is practicing for a concert these days (But she is not practicing right now; she's
resting).
3) для запланированных событий на ближайшее будущее:
He is flying to Milan in an hour (запланировано).
Временные показатели:
now, at the moment, at present, these days.
Краткие ответы:
Are you…?
Yes, I am/ we are.
No, I am not/ we aren't.
Is he/ she/ it…?
Yes, he/ she/ it is.
No, he/ she/ it isn’t.
Are they…?
Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t.
Утвердительная форма
Отрицательная форма
Вопросительная
форма
Длинная
Короткая
Длинная
Короткая
I am working
I'm working
I am not working
I'm not working
Am I working?
You are
working
You're working
You are not working
You aren't
working
Are you
working?
He is working
He's working
He is not working
He isn't working
Is he working?
She is
working
She's working
She is not working
She isn't working
Is she working?
It is working
It's working
It is not working
It isn't working
Is it working?
We are
working
We're working
We are not working
We aren't
working
Are we working?
You are
working
You're working
You are not working
You aren't
working
Are you
working?
They are
working
They're
working
They are not
working
They aren't
working
Are they
working?
30
Are you reading? Yes, I am/ No, I am not.
________________________________________________________________________________
1. Заполните пропуски, используя форму Present Continuous:
1) He …… is sitting …… (sit) at the desk.
2) They …… (play) football.
3) She …… (eat) dinner.
4) You …… (read) a book.
5) The dog ……. (sleep).
6) Ann …… (swim).
7) I …… (watch) TV.
8) Tony …… (write) a letter.
9) The birds ……. (sing).
10) Mum …… (make) a cake.
2. Образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы следующих предложений,
как это показано в образце:
1) He is riding a bicycle.
… Is he riding a bicycle?...
… He isn’t riding a bicycle…
2) They are listening to the radio.
3) She is drinking Coke.
4) You are dancing.
5) We are playing basketball.
6) I am running.
7) They are playing in the garden.
8) He is running to catch the bus.
9) She is taking her dog for a walk.
10) We are making a pie.
3. Составьте по подсказкам вопрос, затем дайте краткий утвердительный или
отрицательный ответ. Если краткий ответ отрицательный, исправьте предложения по
подсказкам, данным в скобках:
1) the parents / wear / sports clothes? (No/ smart clothes).
Are the parents wearing sports clothes?
No, they aren’t. They're wearing smart clothes.
2) the four people / have / dinner? (No/ six people).
3) the children / talk? (No/ eat).
4) the girl / drink some juice? (Yes).
5) the boy / eat / some ice-cream? (Yes).
6) the man / wear / a white shirt? (No/ a blue shirt).
7) the woman / prepare / food? (Yes).
8) the grandparents / stand? (No/ sit).
9) the two people / put / the food on the plates? (Yes).
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