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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для СПО-2
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(Irregular Verb) Неправильный глагол
Употребление:
для действия, которое уже совершится к определенному моменту в будущем:
They will have finished their meeting by four o'clock this afternoon.
Временные показатели:
by, by the time, before, until, by then
I will have tidied up by the time you get back.
By the time she finishes work, we will have sent all the invitations.
Краткие ответы:
You will have
finished
You'll have
finished
You will not have
finished
You won't have
finished
Will you have
finished?
They will have
finished
They'll have
finished
They will not
have finished
They won't have
finished
Will they have
finished?
Утвердительная форма
Отрицательная форма
Вопросительная
форма
Длинная
Короткая
Длинная
Короткая
I will have left
I'll have left
I will not have left
I won't have
left
Will I have left?
You will have
left
You'll have
left
You will not have
left
You won't
have left
Will you have
left?
He will have left
He'll have left
He will not have
left
He won't have
left
Will he have
left?
She will have left
She'll have left
She will not have
left
She won't have
left
Will she have
left?
It will have left
It'll have left
It will not have
left
It won't have
left
Will it have
finished?
We will have left
We'll have left
We will not have
left
We won't have
left
Will we have
left?
You will have
left
You'll have
left
You will not have
left
You won't
have left
Will you have
left?
They will have
left
They'll have
left
They will not have
left
They won't
have left
Will they have
left?
by the time, until, before + present simple
Will you…?
Yes, I/ we will.
No, I/ we won't.
Will he/ she/
it…?
Yes, he/ she/ it
will.
No, he/ she/ it won’t.
Will they…?
Yes, they will.
No, they won’t.
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Will you have left? Yes, I will/ No, I won't.
________________________________________________________________________________
1. The people below are all friends. What do they hope they will have done by the time they are
thirty years old? Используя ниже данную информацию про людей, сделайте предложения
по образцу:
1) Alec: travel all over the world.
Alec hopes he will have travelled all over the world by the time he's thirty.
2) Mark: start his own business.
3) Moira: become famous.
4) Kate: make her first collection.
5) Jack: build his own house.
6) Ted: have his first exhibition.
2. Раскройте скобки, используя Future Perfect Tense:
1) A: Come to my house at six o'clock.
B: …… (you/ finish) your homework by then?
2) Before the end of the year they …… (complete) …… redecoration.
3) A: Have you made the preparations for the party?
B: Not yet, but I …… (finish) them by this evening.
4) A: There's a meeting tomorrow at 4 o'clock.
B: I can't go if it is that late. I …… (leave) by then.
5) A: Have you finished decorating your house yet?
B: No, but I …… (finish) by Friday.
6) They …… (build) …… the road by the end of the year.
7) A: Sarah has gone to the cinema to see that film again.
B: I know. After this time, she …… (see) it five times.
8) A: Are you typing another report?
B: Yes. By the time I finish this one, I …… (type) twenty three reports today.
9) A: How is your project coming along? Is it done?
B: Not yet, but I …… (finish) it by the time the holidays are over.
10) By the end of March he …… (live) here for three years.
________________________________________________________________________________
Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
Образование:
1) с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы
причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle);
2) форма Past Participle правильных глаголов совпадает с формой Past Simple, т.е. к
инфинитиву смыслового глагола (без частицы to) прибавляется окончание –(e)d;
3) форму Past Participle неправильных глаголов необходимо заучивать наизусть (см.
табл. неправильных глаголов в колонке Past Participle).
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Present Simple: am/ is/ are + past participle
The office is cleaned twice a week.
The report is written every week.
Present Continuous: am / is / are being + past participle
The office is being cleaned now.
The report is being written at the moment.
Past Simple: was / were + past participle
The office was cleaned last week.
The report was written two days ago.
Past Continuous: was / were being + past participle
The office was being cleaned when the boss arrived.
The report was being written when the phone rang.
Present Perfect Simple: have / has been + past participle
The office has not been cleaned yet.
The report has just been written.
Past Perfect Simple: had been + past participle
The office had been cleaned by two o'clock.
The report had been written by six o’clock.
Future Simple: will be + past participle
The office will be cleaned tomorrow.
The report will be written in a few days.
Употребление:
1) показать, что действие важнее, чем человек, который производит действие:
The missing climber was found yesterday (Действие «was found» — важнее, чем человек/
люди, которые нашли скалолаза).
2) человек или люди представлены в предложениях предлогом by только в случае
необходимости (если они важны и нужны для упоминания):
Australia was discovered by Captain Cook (важно подчеркнуть, что Австралия была
открыта именно Captain Cook).
3) человек/ люди не упоминаются, если:
а) он/ они неизвестны:
Jim's car was stolen last night (Мы не знаем, кто украл машину Джима).
b) он/ они неважны:
Champagne is made in France.
с) он/ они очевидны из контекста:
The bank robbers are being chased (Очевидно, что полиция преследовала грабителей).
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________________________________________________________________________________
1. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в правильную форму страдательного залога:
1) A: These flowers are great.
B: They … were sent … (send) to me yesterday by one of my fans.
2) A: Have you ever appeared on TV?
B: Actually, I …… (recently/ ask) to take part in a show.
3) A: When will I have my car?
B: It …… (deliver) to your house the day after tomorrow.
4) A: So, when did they all tell you about the robbery?
B: I …… (inform) by the police as soon as they found out.
5) A: Why can't we go over the bridge?
B: Because it …… (repair) at the moment.
6) A: Who looks after your baby when you're at work?
B: Well, he …… (look after) by my mother.
7) A: Those pictures are beautiful.
B: They …… (paint) by my father while he was on holiday last summer.
8) A: Who does the washing-up in your house?
B: The dishes …… (wash) by my brother and then they …… (dry) by my sister.
9) A: Why can't I use your car?
B: Because it …… (service) at the moment. You can take Mum's car if you want.
10) A: Did you post the letters?
B: No, they …… (already/ post) by the time I came in.
11) A: What will happen to the criminals?
B: They …… (punish) for their crimes.
12) A: That’s a very pretty tablecloth.
B: It …… (give) to me last year for my birthday.
13) A: Have you moved house yet?
B: Yes. The last boxes …… (just/ move).
14) A: Have you heard about Jack?
B: Yes, he …… (promote) to senior manager.
15) A: Have they delivered my new desk?
B: No, it …… (not/ deliver) yet.
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Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
1. Два типа инфинитива:
the to-infinitive (инфинитив с частицей «to»): I want to go now.
the bare infinitive (инфинитив без частицы «to»): You must go now.
2. Употребление «to-infinitive»:
1) после глаголов: want, agree, help, hope, tell, manage, offer, invite, promise, try, advise,
expect, refuse, seem и т.д.:
She refused to answer my question.
2) после таких глаголов, как know, decide, learn, remember, ask и т.д., если за ними
следует вопросительное слово (who, what, where, how и т.д.):
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I don’t know what to do.
3) со словами too и enough:
He is too young to drive a car.
He isn’t old enough to drive a car.
4) для выражения цели/ причины (почему кто-то делает что-то):
I went to the florist's to buy some flowers.
3. Употребление «bare-infinitive»:
1) после модальных глаголов (can, could, must, needn’t, shall, will, may и т.д.):
He can't read.
2) после глаголов let и make:
My parents don’t let me stay out late.
Mother made me clean my room yesterday.
________________________________________________________________________________
1. Kate went to all these places yesterday. Why did she go there?
Используя подсказки и образец, составьте следующие предложения:
1) train station/ catch/ train
Kate went to the train station to catch the train.
2) baker's/ buy/ bread
3) florist's/ order/ flowers
4) library/ borrow/ books
5) park/ relax
6) swimming pool/ swim
2. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную форму инфинитива:
1) He wanted … to take… (take) photographs.
2) I hope …… (study) Spanish at university.
3) He asked her …… (marry) him.
4) She offered …… (make) some tea.
5) You must …… (pay) the phone bill.
6) He won't …… (move) to England next year.
7) I decided ……. (go) to the cinema.
8) My parents always let me …… (watch) films far into the night on Saturdays.
9) He couldn’t …… (do) the exercises at school yesterday.
10) Dad makes me …… (wash) the car every Sunday.
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‟Too – Enough”
1. Too употребляется перед прилагательными или наречиями и указывает на то, что
чего-то больше, чем достаточно/ необходимо. Too имеет отрицательное значение.
Too + прилагательное/ наречие + to-infinitive:
He was too late to catch the bus.
2. Местоположение enough в предложении – перед существительными, но после
прилагательных или наречий. Enough указывает на достаточное/ необходимое количество
чего-то. Enough имеет положительное значение и сопровождается to-infinitive:
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прилагательное/ наречие + enough + to-infinitive
enough + существительное + to-infinitive:
He is strong enough to climb up a tree.
We've got enough money to eat out.
________________________________________________________________________________
Переделайте предложения, используя too или enough:
1) Don’t wear a T-shirt. It's cold outside.
It's too cold outside to wear a T-shirt.
2) We're not going to the party yet. It's early.
It's ……………………………………….
3) They can buy a luxury yacht. They're rich.
They're…………………………………..
4) I can't see properly. It's dark.
It's ……………………………………….
5) I'll sunbathe today. It is hot.
It's ……………………………………….
6) I can run fast. I'm fit.
I'm ……………………………………….
7) The shelves are strong. You can put the books on.
The shelves are ......………………………………
8) I'll swim in this river. The water is clean.
The water is .……………………………
9) That exercise is difficult. They can't do it.
That exercise is ………………………...
10) I'm going to buy this dress. It's cheap.
This dress is …………………………….
________________________________________________________________________________
Герундий (The -ing form)
1. -ing форма – это форма глагола с суффиксом –ing:
They like skating.
2. Употребление:
1) в качестве существительного:
Painting is his favourite hobby.
2) после таких глаголов, как like, dislike, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, stop, finish, start,
begin, avoid, admit, confess, deny, look forward to, mind, regret, risk, spend, suggest, и
т.д.:
He started writing his poems ten years ago.
Tony avoided answering my question.
3) после предлогов:
I'm tired of going to work by bus every morning.
4) после глагола go, если речь идет о какой-либо деятельности:
They went shopping two days ago.
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3. Запомнить:
like/ love + -ing (нравится заниматься чем-то в общем):
I love travelling.
would like/ would love + to-infinitive (хочется/ хотелось бы что-то сделать):
I would like/ love to travel to Switzerland one day.
________________________________________________________________________________
1. Выберите правильный вариант:
1) We will to help/ help/ helping you with the housework.
2) Mark hasn’t decided where going/ to go/ go for his holidays yet.
3) She came in without to knock/ knock/ knocking on the door.
4) He told her to finish/ finish/ finishing the letter.
5) Mary would like go/ going/ to go to the theatre tonight.
6) They don’t know what do/ doing/ to do with that old washing machine.
7) Diana tried open/ opening/ to open the door but she couldn’t.
8) She managed to find/ finding/ find a job.
9) My parents don’t let me to stay/ stay/ staying out late at night.
10) I hate to live/ live/ living in the city.
2. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в правильную форму infinitive или -ing form:
1) I wanted …… (take) my dog to the park yesterday.
2) Can Stan …… (do) a jigsaw puzzle?
3) I would like …… (go) out tonight.
4) He regrets ……. (spend) so much money last weekend.
5) She is too excited …… (sleep).
6) Juliet enjoys …… (play) the guitar.
7) The dentist advised him …… (stop) eating sweets.
8) Paul left without …… (say) goodbye last night.
9) Fiona hopes …… (buy) a new car soon.
10) You must …… (get up) early in the morning.
11) Would you like …… (watch) television?
12) They go …… (run) every Tuesday evening.
13) They hate ……. (play) cards.
14) Sam started …… (drive) when he was 16 years old.
15) Steve agreed …… (paint) the garden fence.
________________________________________________________________________________
Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
1. В английском языке время глагола в придаточном предложении зависит от времени
глагола в главном предложении:
а) если глагол в главном предложении стоит в одном из настоящих или будущих времен,
глагол придаточного предложения может употребляться в любом необходимом по смыслу
времени:
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he will go on a trip next week.
I know (that) he goes on a trip every month.
he went on a trip last month.
b) если глагол в главном предложении стоит в одном из прошедших времен, то в
придаточном предложении начинает действовать правило согласования времен, при котором
происходит «сдвиг времен»:
he would go on a trip next week.
I knew (that) he went on a trip every month.
he had gone on a trip last month.
1) если действие придаточного предложения произошло одновременно с действием
главного, то глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в Past Indefinite или в Past
Continuous, при этом на русский язык он переводится глаголом в настоящем времени;
2) если действие придаточного предложения произошло ранее действия главного
предложения, то глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в Past Perfect и
переводится на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени.
3) если действие придаточного предложения произойдет позже действия главного
предложения, то глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в одном из времен
Future-in-the-Past;
2. Правило согласования времен не соблюдается:
1) если глагол придаточного предложения выражает общеизвестную истину:
Everybody knew the sun rises in the east.
2) если указано время совершения действия:
He said that Mark Twain died in 1910.
3) в определительных придаточных предложениях, обстоятельственных придаточных
предложениях сравнения и причины. Употребление времен в таких придаточных
предложениях зависит от смысла, который вкладывается говорящим в высказывание:
My sister knew the book I am reading.
John spoke English worse last year than he does now.
I am proud of my brother because he took the first prize at the competition.
4) в газетных информационных статьях:
The President said they will discuss those problems during the next meeting.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Раскройте скобки и выберите подходящее время глагола:
1) She asked me where I (study, studied).
2) He said he (is staying, was staying) at the Ritz Hotel.
3) I asked my sister to tell me what she (has seen, had seen) at the museum.
4) We knew that he (is, was) a very clever man.
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5) I think the weather (will be, would be) fine next week. I hope it (will not change, would
not change) for the worse.
6) I was sure he (posted, had posted) the letter.
7) They said they (will come, would come) to the station to see me off.
8) My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sitting room.
9) He says he (works, worked) at school two years ago.
10) She said she (is, was) very busy.
________________________________________________________________________________
Прямая и косвенная речь (Directed and Reported Speech)
1) прямая речь – точные слова говорящего. В прямой речи используются кавычки:
«I am very tired», Mary said.
2) косвенная речь – точное значение того, что кто-то сказал, но не точные слова.
Кавычки в косвенной речи не используются. Слово that может использоваться и
опускаться после вводного глагола:
Mary said (that) she was very tired.
3) в главном предложении используется глагол say или tell. При переводе предложений
из прямой в косвенную речь изменяются по смыслу личные и местоимения:
Mark said, «I bought a new camera yesterday».
Mark said (that) he had bought a new camera the day before.
‟Say – tell”
Глагол say используется:
1) как в прямой, так и в косвенной речи без предлога to, когда нет адресата:
Richard said, «I need some money». Richard said (that) he needed some money.
2) как в прямой, так и в косвенной речи с предлогом to, когда есть адресат:
Richard said to me, «I need some money». Richard said to me (that) he needed some
money.
3) в выражениях: say good morning/ afternoon/ evening, say something и т.д.:
Глагол tell используется без предлога to:
4) как в прямой, так и в косвенной речи, когда есть адресат:
Tom told me, «I need some money». Tom told me (that) he needed some money.
5) в выражениях: tell the truth, tell a lie, tell a secret, tell a story, tell the time, tell sb one's
name, tell smb the way и т.д.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Заполните пропуски, используя say или tell в нужной временной форме:
«You never listen to me», Ann 1) …………. Jack. «I 2) ………. good morning to you three
times today and you didn’t answer,» she 3) ………. . «To 4) ……….. you the truth, it makes
me really angry. Why don’t you listen to me?» «Oh, hello Ann», 5) ………. Jack. «Did you
just 6) …………. something?»
________________________________________________________________________________
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Если глагол в главном предложении стоит в одном из прошедших времен, в
придаточном предложении начинает действовать правило согласования времен, согласно
которому происходит «сдвиг» времен в соответствии со следующей схемой:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Present Simple
«I want to find a better job», he said.
Present Continuous
«She is feeding the baby», he said.
Present Perfect
«I have bought a new dress», she said.
Present Perfect Continuous
«We have been studying for two hours», they
said.
Past Simple
«Jack left the country», they said.
Past Continuous
«I was planning to call you later», she said.
Future (will)
«I will send you a letter», he said.
Past Simple
He said (that) he wanted to find a better job.
Past Continuous
He said (that) she was feeding the baby.
Past Perfect
She said (that) she had bought a new dress.
Past Perfect Continuous
They said (that) they had been studying for
two hours.
Past Perfect
They said (that) Jack had left the country.
Past Continuous/ Past Perfect Continuous
She said (that) she was planning/ had been
planning to call me later.
Future-in-the-Past
He said (that) he would send me a letter.
При трансформации предложений из прямой речи в косвенную изменяются наречия
места, времени и указательные местоимения:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
now
today, tonight
yesterday
tomorrow
this week
these days
last week
next week
two days ago
here
come
then, at that time, immediately
that day, that night
the day before, the previous day
the next day, the following day
that week
those days
the week before, the previous week
the week after, the following week
two days before
there
go
________________________________________________________________________________
Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи:
1) He said, «I am going to the supermarket».
2) «I'll go to the station tomorrow», Mark said.
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