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Файл:Английский для студентов-энергетиков. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Task 4. Find in the text synonyms and antonyms for the following words.
SYNONYMS
-
manufacturing
- changeable
- extra
- stay
- sort of
- broad
ANTONYMS
- constant
- narrower
- non-
renewable
- manually
- collective
- to use
1) energy
2) nuclear
3) remain
4) to reduce
5) technology
6) domestic
a) to continue in the same state;
b) to bring down to a smaller extent, size, amount, number, etc.;
c) a source of power;
d) the application of knowledge for practical purpose;
e) relating to the home, the household;
f) relating to, or forming a nucleus
1) The incentive to use
2) renewable energy
3) hydropower
4) environmental engineering
5) to meet demand
6) carbon
a) углерод;
b) гидроэнергетика;
c) экологическая инженерия;
d) отвечать требованиям;
e) стимул использовать
f) возобновляемая энергия
Task 5. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:
Task 6. Translate the following word combinations into English:
Возобновляемые источники энергии, ископаемое топливо,
накопитель электрической энергии, энергетическая система, интеллектуальная
сеть, личное подсобное хозяйство, солнечная энергия, литиевая батарея,
выполнимо.
Unit 3
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from text B with their
Russian equivalents:
81
Task 2. Read and translate text B:
«The incentive to use 100% renewable energy for electricity, transport, or even
total primary energy supply globally has been motivated by global warming and other
ecological as well as economic concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a
portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy
demand. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates
anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have
renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply.
Using 100% renewable energy was first suggested in a Science paper published
in 1975 by Danish physicist Bent Sørensen. It was followed by several other
proposals, until in 1998 the first detailed analysis of scenarios with very high shares
of renewables were published. After 2009 publications began to rise steeply, covering
100% scenarios for countries in Europe, America, Australia and other parts of the
world.
In 2011 Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at
Stanford University, and Mark Delucchi published a study on 100% renewable global
energy supply in the journal Energy Policy. They found producing all new energy
with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing
energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the
renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological
or economic". They also found that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system
should be similar to today's energy costs.
Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has
noted that renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources
available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater
amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand."
The most significant barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale
renewable energy and low carbon energy strategies are primarily political and not
technological. According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report, which reviewed
many international studies, the key roadblocks are: climate change denial, the fossil
fuels lobby, political inaction, unsustainable energy consumption, outdated energy
infrastructure, and financial constraints.
82
According to World Bank the "below 2°C" climate scenario requires 3 billion
SYNONYMS
- whole
- transformation
- encircling
- worldwide
- as a whole
ANTONYMS
- partial
- limited
- old
- a lot of
- brief
1) incentive
a) relatively large in amount or quantity;
2) energy
b) the composite or generally prevailing weather
conditions of a region;
3) technological
c) to become greater, as in number, size, strength, or
quality;
4) significant
d) caused by technical advances in production methods;
5) climate
e) something that incites or tends to incite to action or
greater effort, as a reward offered for increased
productivity;
6) increase
f) available power
of tons of metals and minerals by 2050. Supply of mined resources such as zinc,
molybdenum, silver, nickel, copper must increase by up to 500%. A 2018 analysis
estimated required increases in stock of metals required by various sectors from
1000% (wind power) to 87'000% (personal vehicle batteries) » [8].
Task 3. Answer the following questions:
1. How did the incentive to use 100% renewable energy appear?
2. What is the contribution of renewable energy of energy supply?
3. What are the sources of renewable energy?
4. What are the most significant barriers to the widespread implementation of largescale renewable energy?
5. When was a study on 100% renewable global energy supply published?
6. What was said in it?
7. How must supply of mined resources increase?
8. Why do we need renewable energy?
Task 4. Find in the text synonyms and antonyms for the following words.
Task 5. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:
83
Task 6. Read the statement and decide whether you agree or disagree with it.
1) worldwide
2) utility-scale
3) particular
4) annually
5) high-altitude sites
6) offshore
7) current
8) overcome
9) demand
10) land-stationed
a) конкретный
b) высотные объекты
c) современный
d) шкала полезности
e) преодолевать
f) ежегодно
g) всемирный
h) требование
i) размещенные на суше
j) прибрежные
Say to what extent you agree or disagree and try to give your arguments:
We can’t do without renewable energy.
-agree strongly
-agree
-not sure
-disagree
-disagree strongly
Task 7. Read the following descriptions and decide which one is about
a) wind power;
b) solar power;
c) hydropower.
1. …… power derived from wind: used to generate electricity or mechanical
power.
2. ……… heat radiation from the sun converted into electrical power.
3………. producing electricity by the force of fast-moving water such as rivers
or waterfalls.
Task 8. It is said that the most significant barriers to the widespread
implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low carbon energy
strategies are primarily political and not technological.
Can you explain what it means?
Task 9. Talk about the differences between renewable and non-renewable
energy.
Unit 4
MAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from text C with their
Russian equivalents:
84
Task 2. Read and translate text C.
1) worldwide
a) an urgent or pressing requirement;
b) anything or place from which something comes, arises,
or is obtained; origin;
c) any particular extent of space or surface;
d) to take for granted or without proof;
e) almost;
2) range
3) long-term
4) demand
5) increase
6) source
Wind power
«At the end of 2019, worldwide installed wind power capacity was 623 GW.
Air flow can be used to run wind turbines. Modern utility-scale wind turbines
range from around 600 kW to 9 MW of rated power. The power available from the
wind is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power
output increases up to the maximum output for the particular turbine. Areas where
winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high-altitude sites, are
preferred locations for wind farms. Typically, full load hours of wind turbines vary
between 16 and 57 percent annually, but might be higher in particularly favorable
offshore sites.
Wind-generated electricity met nearly 4% of global electricity demand in 2015,
with nearly 63 GW of new wind power capacity installed. Wind energy was the
leading source of new capacity in Europe, the US and Canada, and the second largest
in China. In Denmark, wind energy met more than 40% of its electricity demand
while Ireland, Portugal and Spain each met nearly 20%.
Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be
five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity
demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome. This would require
wind turbines to be installed over large areas, particularly in areas of higher wind
resources, such as offshore. As offshore wind speeds average ~90% greater than that
of land, so offshore resources can contribute substantially more energy than landstationed turbines» [9].
Task 3. Answer the following questions:
1. What can air flow be used for?
2. What are the preferred locations for wind farms?
3. How can full load hours of wind turbines vary?
4. In what countries was wind energy the leading source of new capacity?
5. Where should wind turbines to be installed?
6. Why can offshore resources contribute substantially more energy than landstationed turbines?
Task 4. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:
85
Task 5. Find the equivalents in the text:
1) photovoltaic
2) property
3) technique
4) advantage
5) to encompass
6) to turn into
7) affordable
a) method of performance; way of accomplishing;
b) benefit; gain; profit;
c) to change or convert;
d) believed to be within one's financial means;
e) able to produce electricity from light, or relating to the
process of doing this.;
f) trade or manufacture in general;
7) area
f) extending or spread throughout the world;
g) covering a relatively long period of time;
h) the extent to which or the limits between which variation
is possible;
i) to make greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality;
augment; add to;
j) constituting or comprising the whole; entire; whole.
8) assume
9) nearly
10) total
Основной, всемирный, устанавливать, мощность, доступный,
увеличиваться, выход, конкретный, высотные объекты, предпочтительный,
местонахождение, турбины, ежегодно, основной источник, потребность в
электричестве, долгосрочный, технический потенциал, берегово й,
размещенный на суше.
Task 6. Insert the missing words and word combinations into the following
sentences:
Capacity, land-stationed, turbines, capacity, capacity, demand, believe,
available, install.
1. At the end of 2019, worldwide installed wind power … was 623 GW.
2. Air flow can be used to run wind …. .
3. The power …. from the wind is a function of the cube of the wind speed.
4. Wind-generated electricity met nearly 4% of global electricity … in 2015.
5. Wind energy was the leading source of new … in Europe, the US and Canada.
6. The long-term technical potential of wind energy is … d to be five times total
current global energy production.
7. This would require wind turbines to be … over large areas.
8. Offshore resources can contribute substantially more energy than … turbines
Unit 5
SOLAR ENERGY
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from text D with their
Russian equivalents:
86
8) industry
9) a plant
10) deployment
g) an essential or distinctive attribute or quality of a thing;
h) to include comprehensively;
i) the equipment, including the fixtures, machinery, tools, etc., and
often the buildings, necessary to carry on any industrial
business;
j) the act of moving something or someone into a strategic
position or a position of readiness, or the condition of being in
such a position.
Task 2. Read and translate text D:
«At the end of 2019, global installed solar capacity was 586 GW.
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of
ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, concentrated solar
power (CSP), concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), solar architecture and artificial
photosynthesis. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or
active solar depending on the way they capture, convert, and distribute solar energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing
spaces that naturally circulate air. Active solar technologies encompass solar thermal
energy, using solar collectors for heating, and solar power, converting sunlight into
electricity either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated
solar power (CSP).
A photovoltaic system converts light into electrical direct current (DC) by
taking advantage of the photoelectric effect. Solar PV has turned into a multi-billion,
fast-growing industry, continues to improve its cost-effectiveness, and has the most
potential of any renewable technologies together with CSP. Concentrated solar power
(CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of
sunlight into a small beam. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first
developed in the 1980s. CSP-Stirling has by far the highest efficiency among all solar
energy technologies.
In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of
affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-
87
term benefits. It will increase countries' energy security through reliance on an
SYNONYM
- worldwide
- bright
- warmth
- inactive
- spread
- include all of
ANTONYMS
- beginning
- local
- darkness
- freezing
- narrowly
- exclude
indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance
sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and
keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the
additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning
investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared". Italy has the
largest proportion of solar electricity in the world; in 2015, solar supplied 7.7% of
electricity demand in Italy. In 2017, after another year of rapid growth, solar
generated approximately 2% of global power, or 460 TWh» [11].
Task 3. Answer the following questions:
1. How are solar technologies characterized?
2. How do active and passive solar technologies differ?
3. What materials are used for passive solar techniques?
4. What do active solar technologies use for heating?
5. How does photovoltaic system convert light into electrical direct current?
6. Why are lenses or mirrors and tracking systems used by concentrated solar power?
7. Where is the largest proportion of solar electricity in the world?
Task 4. Find synonyms and antonyms for the following words in the text. The
words are given in the same order as in the text:
Task 5. Find the equivalents in the text:
Лучистый свет, постоянно развивающиеся технологии, солнечный
обогрев, солнечная энергия, искусственный фотосинтез, распределять
солнечную энергию, светорассеивающие свойства, преобразование солнечного
света в электричество, фотовольтаика, быстрорастущая отрасль, доступный,
долгосрочное преимущество, ископаемое топливо, добавленная стоимость,
стремительный рост.
Task 6. Are the sentences True or False?
1. Solar technologies are mostly characterized as either passive solar or active solar.
88
2. Passive solar techniques exclude orienting a building to the Sun.
1) capacity;
2) decay;
3) equal;
4)
geothermal;
5) to melt;
6) core;
7) crust;
8) cooling;
9) low;
10)
important
a) to become liquefied by warmth or heat;
b) the central, innermost, or most essential part of
anything;
c) the outer layer of the earth;
d) moderately cold; neither warm nor cold;
e) the same as;
f) the ability to receive or contain;
g) a gradual falling into an inferior condition,
progressive
decline;
h) of or relating to the internal heat of the earth;
i) of much or great significance or consequence:
j) of small extent upward; not high.
3. Active solar technologies include solar thermal energy.
4. Active solar technologies can use concentrated solar power.
5. Solar PV hasn’t turned into a multi-billion, fast-growing industry.
6. Italy has the smallest proportion of solar electricity in the world.
7. A photovoltaic system produces light from electrical direct current.
Unit 6
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from text E with their
Russian equivalents:
geothermal energy is from thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal
energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal
energy originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive
decay of minerals (in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions).
core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in
the form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates
from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat.
all the way down to Earth's core – 4,000 miles (6,400 km) down. At the core,
temperatures may reach over 9,000 °F (5,000 °C). Heat conducts from the core to
surrounding rock. Extremely high temperature and pressure cause some rock to melt,
which is commonly known as magma. Magma convects upward since it is lighter
Task 2. Read and translate text E:
«At the end of 2019, global geothermal capacity was 14 GW. High temperature
The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the
The heat that is used for geothermal energy can be from deep within the Earth,
89
than the solid rock. This magma then heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up
SYNONYMS
- worldwide
- begin from
- dissimilarity
- extended
- warmth
- achieve
ANTONYMS
- local
- similarity
- periodic
- coldness
- shallow
- up
to 700 °F (371 °C).
Low temperature geothermal refers to the use of the outer crust of the Earth as
a thermal battery to facilitate renewable thermal energy for heating and cooling
buildings, and other refrigeration and industrial uses. In this form of geothermal, a
geothermal heat pump and ground-coupled heat exchanger are used together to move
heat energy into the Earth (for cooling) and out of the Earth (for heating) on a varying
seasonal basis.
Low temperature geothermal (generally referred to as "GHP") is an
increasingly important renewable technology because it both reduces total annual
energy loads associated with heating and cooling, and it also flattens the electric
demand curve eliminating the extreme summer and winter peak electric supply
requirements. Thus low temperature geothermal/GHP is becoming an increasing
national priority with multiple tax credit support and focus as part of the ongoing
movement toward net zero energy» [9].
Task 3. Find in the text synonyms and antonyms for the following words.
a) geothermal energy
b) thermal energy
d) geothermal gradient
1. …… is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its
surface.
2. …… is the energy that determines the temperature of matter.
3 ….. originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive
decay of minerals.
Task 4. Read the following descriptions and decide which one is about
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