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Файл:Английский для студентов-энергетиков. Учебное пособие
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1. Although large hydroelectric …generate most of the world's hydroelectricity,
some situations require small hydro plants.
2. A small hydro plant may be connected to a distribution …or may provide
power only to an isolated community.
3. Small hydro projects generally do not require the protracted economic,
engineering and environmental studies associated with large….
4. In areas that formerly used …for milling and other purposes, often the site can
be redeveloped for electric power production.
5. Small hydro can be further divided into mini-hydro, units around 1 MW in….
6. Small hydro schemes are particularly popular in China, which has over 50% of
world small hydro….
7. Small hydro units in the range 1 MW to about 30 MW are often available from
multiple manufacturers using standardized "water to wire"….
8. Micro hydro projects use a diverse range of ….
Task 7. Read the statements and decide whether you agree or disagree with
them. Say to what extent you agree or disagree and try to give your arguments:
-agree strongly
-agree
-not sure
-disagree
-disagree strongly
1. While many hydroelectric projects supply public electricity networks, some are
created to serve specific industrial enterprises.
2. Dedicated hydroelectric projects are often built to provide the substantial
amounts of electricity needed for aluminium electrolytic plants.
3. Although small hydroelectric installations generate most of the world's
hydroelectricity, some situations require small hydro plants.
4. A small hydro plant may be connected to a distribution grid or may provide
power only to an isolated community.
5. Small hydro projects generally require the protracted economic, engineering
and environmental studies associated with large projects, and often can be completed
much more quickly.
6. A small hydro development may not be installed along with a project for flood
control, irrigation or other purposes, providing extra revenue for project costs.
7. Small hydro schemes are particularly popular in China, which has over 50% of
world small hydro capacity.
Unit 3
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from text C with their
Russian equivalents:
31
1) a dam
2) revenue stream
3) to offset the costs
4) dam operation
5) full generation
6) disruptive
7) aquatic ecosystems
8) to demolish
9) nitigation measures
a) меры по смягчению последствий
b) сносить
c) водная экосистема
d) наносящий ущерб
e) полная выработка
f) эксплуатация плотины
g) для компенсации затрат
h) поток доходов
i) плотина
1) Hydroelectric
projects can be disruptive to
surrounding aquatic ecosystems
both upstream and downstream of
the plant site.
2) Turbine and
power-plant designs that are easier
on aquatic life are an active area of
research.
3) Water leaving a
turbine usually contains very little
suspended sediment, which can
lead to scouring of river beds and
loss of riverbanks.
4) Since turbine
gates are often opened
intermittently, or even daily,
fluctuations in river flow are
observed.
5) For example, in the
Grand
Canyon, the daily
cyclic flow variation caused by
Glen Canyon Dam was found to be
contributing to erosion of sand
bars).
6) Dissolved oxygen
content of the water may change
from pre-construction conditions.
7) In some cases, the
entire river may be diverted leaving
a dry riverbed.
a) В некоторых случаях может быть
отведена вся река, оставляя русло высохшим.
b) Содержание растворенного
кислорода в воде может измениться по
сравнению с условиями, предшествующими
строительству.
c) Например, в Гранд-Каньоне
было
обнаружено, что ежедневные циклические
колебания потока, вызванные плотиной Глен-
Каньон, способствуют эрозии песчаных
отмелей.
d) Поскольку турбинные ворота
часто
открываются с перерывами, или даже
ежедневно, наблюдаются колебания речного
стока.
e) Вода, выходящая из турбины,
обычно содержит очень мало взвешенных
отложений, что может привести к размыву
русел рек и потере берегов.
f) Конструкции турбин и
электростанций, упрощающие жизнь водной
флоры и фауны, являются активной областью
исследований.
g) Гидроэнергетические проекты
могут
нанести ущерб окружающим водным
экосистемам как выше, так и ниже по
течению от территории завода.
Task 2. Match the following English sentences from text with their Russian
translation:
32
Task 3. Read and translate text C.
Advantages
«The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. The
cost of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increases in the cost of
fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and no imports are needed.
Hydroelectric plants also tend to have longer economic lives than fuel-fired
generation, with some plants now in service which were built 50 to 100 years ago.
Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are automated and have few
personnel on site during normal operation.
Where a dam serves multiple purposes, a hydroelectric plant may be added
with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the
costs of dam operation. It has been calculated that the sale of electricity from the
Three Gorges Dam will cover the construction costs after 5 to 8 years of full
generation.
Disadvantages
Environmental damage. Hydroelectric projects can be disruptive to
surrounding aquatic ecosystems both upstream and downstream of the plant site. For
instance, studies have shown that dams along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North
America have reduced salmon populations. Salmon spawn are also harmed on their
migration to sea when they must pass through turbines. In some cases, dams have
been demolishe»d (for example the Marmot Dam demolished in 2007) because of
impact on fish. Turbine and power-plant designs that are easier on aquatic life are an
active area of research. Mitigation measures such as fish ladders may be required at
new projects or as a condition of re-licensing of existing projects.
Generation of hydroelectric power changes the downstream river environment.
Water exiting a turbine usually contains very little suspended sediment, which can
lead to scouring (washing) of river beds and loss of riverbanks. (Since turbine gates
are often opened intermittently, rapid or even daily, fluctuations in river flow are
observed. For example, in the Grand Canyon, the daily cyclic flow variation caused
by Glen Canyon Dam was found to be contributing to erosion of sand bars)
Dissolved oxygen content of the water may change from pre-construction
conditions. Depending on the location, water exiting from turbines is typically much
warmer than the pre-dam water, which can change aquatic fauna populations,
including endangered species, and prevent natural freezing processes from occurring.
33
Some hydroelectric projects also use canals to divert a river at a shallower
1) Offset
2) damage
3) research
4) licensing
5) impact
6) riverbank
7) erosion
8) flow
a) stream
b) destruction
c) shore
d) influence
e) certifying
f) exploration
g) harm
h) compensation
1) to eliminate
2) to increase
3) to build
4) to cover
5) to reduce
6) to freeze
7) to open
8) to include
a) to exclude
b) to close
c) to unfreeze
d) to increase
e) to uncover
f) to destroy
g) to decrease
h) to include
gradient to increase the head of the scheme. In some cases, the entire river may be
diverted leaving a dry riverbed. Examples include the Tekapo and other Rivers» [9].
Task 4. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the major advantage of hydroelectricity?
2. Is the cost of operating a hydroelectric plant immune to increases in the cost of
fossil fuels?
3. Do hydroelectric plants tend to have longer economic lives?
4. Can hydroelectric projects be disruptive to surrounding aquatic ecosystems?
5. Does generation of hydroelectric power change the downstream river
environment?
Since turbine gates are often opened intermittently, fluctuations in river flow are
observed, aren’t they? (What are the examples?)
6. Do some hydroelectric projects use canals to divert a river at a shallower
gradient?
Task 5. Find synonyms for the following words from the text:
SYNONYMS:
Task 6. Find antonyms for the following words from the text:
ANTONYMS:
34
Task 7. Combine the parts of English sentences (from the chart below) to get
1) The cost of operating a
hydroelectric plant is nearly
immune to increases in the cost
of fossil …
2) Salmon spawn are also
harmed on their migration to
sea
3) In some cases, dams
4) Mitigation measures such
as fish
5) Generation of hydroelectric
6) Depending on the location,
water exiting from turbines is
typically much…
7) Some hydroelectric
projects also use canals
a) … to divert a river at a shallower gradient
to increase the head of the scheme.
b)… warmer than the pre-dam water, which
can change aquatic fauna populations,
including endangered species, and prevent
natural freezing processes from occurring.
c) …power changes the downstream river
environment.
d) …ladders may be required at new projects
or as a condition of re-licensing of
existing projects
e) …have been demolished
f) … when they must pass through turbines.
g) …fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and
no imports are needed.
the translation of given statements in Russian:
1. Стоимость эксплуатации гидроэлектростанции почти не зависит от
увеличения стоимости ископаемого топлива, как нефть, природный газ или
уголь поэтому их импорт не требуется.
2. Икра лосося также страдает от миграции в море, когда приходится
проходить через турбины.
3. В некоторых случаях плотины были снесены.
4. Меры по смягчению, такие как рыболовные трапы, могут потребоваться в
новых проектах или в качестве условия повторного лицензирования
существующих проектов.
5. Производство гидроэлектроэнергии меняет окружающую среду в нижнем
течении реки.
6. В зависимости от местоположения вода, выходящая из турбин, обычно
намного теплее, чем вода перед плотиной, что может изменить популяции
водной фауны, включая исчезающие виды, и предотвратить естественные
процессы замерзания.
7. Некоторые гидроэлектростанции также используют каналы для отвода реки
с меньшим уклоном, чтобы увеличить напор схемы.
35
Task 8. Talk about the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Industrial
1) renewable
2) generation
3) Innovative
4) multi-family apartment
buildings
5) to estimate
6) curve
7) heating systems
8) rapidly
9) to reduce
10) carbon
a) инновационный
b) многоквартирные дома
c) оценивать
d) кривая
e) стремительно
f) сокращать
g) поколение
h) возобновляемая
i) отопительные системы
j) углерод
hydroelectric plants.
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from text F with their
Russian equivalents:
Unit 4
POWER GENERATION
Task 2. Read and translate text F
Power generation
«By 2040, renewable energy is projected to equal coal and natural gas
electricity generation. Several jurisdictions, including Denmark, Germany, the state
of South Australia and some US states have achieved high integration of variable
renewables. For example, in 2015 wind power met 42% of electricity demand in
Denmark, 23.2% in Portugal and 15.5% in Uruguay. Interconnectors enable countries
to balance electricity systems by allowing the import and export of renewable energy.
Innovative hybrid systems have emerged between countries and regions.
Heating
Solar water heating makes an important contribution to renewable heat in many
countries, most notably in China, which now has 70% of the global total (180 GWth).
Most of these systems are installed on multi-family apartment buildings and meet a
portion of the hot water needs of an estimated 50–60 million households in China.
Worldwide, total installed solar water heating systems meet a portion of the water
heating needs of over 70 million households. The use of biomass for heating
continues to grow as well. In Sweden, national use of biomass energy has surpassed
that of oil. Direct geothermal for heating is also growing rapidly. The newest addition
to Heating is from Geothermal Heat Pumps which provide both heating and cooling,
and also flatten the electric demand curve and are thus an increasing national priority.
36
Transportation
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates
produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum.
Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources such as trees and grasses is also
being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel
for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase
octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in
Brazil. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually
used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and
hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats
using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.
A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by
direct solar energy. Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert
the sun's energy directly into electric energy. The term "solar vehicle" usually implies
that solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicle's propulsion. Solar power
may be also used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary
functions.
Solar vehicles are not sold as practical day-to-day transportation devices at
present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often
sponsored by government agencies. High-profile examples include Planet Solar and
Solar Impulse. However, indirectly solar-charged vehicles are widespread and solar
boats are available commercially» [9].
Task 3. Answer the following questions:
1. By 2040, renewable energy is projected to equal coal and natural gas electricity
generation, isn’t it?
2. Do interconnectors enable countries to balance electricity systems by allowing the
import and export of renewable energy?
3. Innovative hybrid systems have emerged between countries and regions, haven’t
they?
4. Does solar water heating make an important contribution to renewable or
nonrenewable heat?
5. Where is the newest addition to Heating from?
6. What is Bioethanol?
7. What is a solar vehicle?
8. What do high-profile examples include?
37
Task 4. Find in the text synonyms and antonyms for the following words.
SYNONYMS
- the same
- a number of
- changeable
- export
- supplement
ANTONYMS
- different
- to diminish
- straight
- import
- neither nor
1) jurisdiction
2)Interconnection
3) household
4) heating
5) improve
6) biomass
7) fuel
8) production
9) vehicle
10) common
a) dead plant and animal material suitable for using
as fuel;
usually by being burned;
c) a group of people, often a family, who live together;
d) a machine, usually with wheels and an engine, used
for transporting people or goods, especially on land;
e) connection with other things that are related to each
other;
f) the system that keeps a building warm;
g) the same in a lot of places or for a lot of people;
h) the authority of a court or official organization to
make decisions and judgements;
i)the amount of something that is made or grown by
a country or a company;
j) to (cause something to) get better
Task 5. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:
Task 6. Read the statements and decide whether you agree or disagree with
them. Say to what extent you agree or disagree and try to give your arguments:
-agree strongly
-agree
-not sure
-disagree
-disagree strongly
1. Solar water heating makes an important contribution to renewable heat in Russia.
2. Solar vehicles will be widely used all over the world.
3. There will be a lot of solar boats in Russian rivers.
38
Task 7. Read the following descriptions and decide which one is about
1) flue gas emissions
2) fuel combustion
3) sulfur dioxide
4) nitric oxide
5) carbon monoxide
6) hazards
7) load factor
8) basin
a) котловина
b) коэффициент загрузки
c) опасность
d) окись углерода
e) оксид азота
f) диоксид серы
g) сжатие топлива
h) прогнозируемый коэффициент загрузки
1) solar energy
2) solar heating
3) solar panel
1. …is heat radiation from the sun collected by heat-absorbing panels through
which water is circulated:
2. … is energy derived from the sun in the form of solar radiation.
3…. is a device that changes energy from the sun into electricity.
METHODS OF POWER GENERATION
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from text D with their
Russian equivalents:
Unit 5
Task 2. Read and translate text D.
«Hydroelectricity eliminates the flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion,
including pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, dust,
and mercury in the coal. Hydroelectricity also avoids the hazards of coal mining
and the indirect health effects of coal emissions.
none of the dangers associated with uranium mining, nor nuclear leaks. Unlike
uranium, hydroelectricity is also a renewable energy source.
Compared to nuclear power, hydroelectricity generates no nuclear waste, has
39
Compared to wind farms, hydroelectricity power plants have a more
1) to eliminate;
2) to regulate;
3) to develop;
4) to build;
5) to reduce;
6) to be dangers;
7) to spend;
a) to earn;
b) to be safe;
c) to increase;
d) to destroy;
e) to regress;
f) to break;
g) to include;
predictable load factor. If the project has a storage basin, it can be transmitted to
generate power when needed. Hydroelectric plants can be easily regulated to follow
variations in power demand. Unlike fossil-fuel combustion turbines, construction of a
hydroelectric plant requires a long lead-time for site studies, hydrological studies, and
environmental impact assessment.
Hydrological data up to 50 years or more is usually required to determine the
best sites and operating regimes for a large hydroelectric plant. Unlike plants
operated by fuel, such as fossil or nuclear energy. The number of sites that can be
economically developed for hydroelectric production is limited; in many areas the
most cost effective sites have already been broken.
New hydro sites tend to be far from population centers and require extensive
transmission lines. Hydroelectric generation depends on rainfall in the watershed, and
may be significantly reduced in years of low rainfall or snowmelt. Long-term energy
yield may be affected by climate change. Utilities that primarily use hydroelectric
power may spend additional capital to build extra capacity to guarantee that sufficient
power is available in low water years» [8].
Task 3. Answer the following questions:
1) Does hydroelectricity eliminate the flue gas emissions from fossil fuel
combustion?
2) What does hydroelectricity avoid?
3) Does hydroelectricity generate nuclear waste?
4) Has hydroelectricity dangers leaks?
5) Compared to wind farms, hydroelectricity power plants have a more
predictable load factor, haven’t they?
6) What does construction of a hydroelectric plant require?
7) What does hydroelectric generation depend on?
Task 4. Find synonyms for the following words from the text:
SYNONYMS:
40
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