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Файл:Английский для студентов-энергетиков. Учебное пособие
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Task 5. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:
1) an inductance
2) a conductor
3) a
varying current
4) an electric
current
5) an electrical
circuit
6) an electrical
network
7) an inductor
a) coils of wire called inductors.
b) is an interconnection of electrical components
(e.g., batteries, resistors, inductors
c) is a network consisting of a closed loop, giving a
return path for the current.
d) is a stream of charged particles, such as electrons,
moving through an electrical conductor or space.
e) in any one coil of the transformer produces
a varying magnetic fluctuation in the transformer's
core, which induces a varying electromotive.
f) is an object or type of material that allows the flow
of charge (electrical current) in one or more directions.
h) is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose
a change in the electric current flowing through it.
Task 6. Complete the sentences using the following words or phrases from the
text in the correct form: value; inductance; current; voltage; core; circuit;
conductor
1. Any … has some definite value of inductance.
2. Elements of a … with definite value of inductance are coils of wire called
inductors.
3. Coils with an air …are used for high-frequency currents.
4. The coil across which the current is applied is called the primary; that in which
…is induced - is called the secondary.
5. Two coils A and B are brought close together and a source of varying… is
applied to coil A.
6. Thus, when a rate of change of one ampere per second in the primary coil will
produce one volt in the secondary coil, the two coils have one henry of mutual….
7. It should be taken into consideration that induction by a varying current results
from the change in current not in the current….
1. The inductance of a conductor shows how well it can provide induced voltage.
2. The greater the number of turns of a coil, the lower is its inductance.
3. An iron core doesn’t increase the value of inductance.
4. The primary and the secondary coils haven’t got mutual inductance.
5. Mutual inductance is measured in volts.
Task 7. Are the sentences True or False?
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6. If a measuring device is connected across the terminals of coil B, it will be found
1) to convert
2) fossil fuels
3) steam turbines
4) combustion engines
5) exposure meter
6) a lead-acid battery
7) the fissioning of
uranium
8) photoelectric cell
9) the rate
10) consumption
a) потребление
b) скорость
c) фотоэлемент
d) расщепление урана
e) свинцово-кислотный аккумулятор
f) экспонометр
g) двигатели внутреннего сгорания
h) паровые турбины
i) ископаемое топливо
j) преобразовывать
that a voltage is induced in this coil (though the two coils do not touch with each
other).
7. The slower the current changes, the higher the induced voltage.
Unit 6
ELECTRIC POWER
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from text F with their
Russian equivalents:
Task 2. Read and translate text F:
«Electric power is generated by converting heat, light, chemical energy, or
mechanical energy into electrical energy. Most electrical energy is produced in large
power stations by the conversion of mechanical energy or heat.
The mechanical energy of falling water is used to drive turbine generators in
hydroelectric stations, and the heat derived by burning coal, oil, or other fossil fuels is
used to operate steam turbines or internal-combustion engines that drive electric
generators. Also, the heat from the fashioning of uranium or plutonium is used to
generate steam for the turbine generator in a nuclear power plant.
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Electricity is generated by conversion of light or chemical energy is used
1) to progress
2) to be cheap
3) to determine
4) to conduct
5) to warm
6) to fire
7) to produce
8) to transform
a) to convert
b) to generate
c) to burn
d) to heat
e) to transmit
f) to express
g) to be inexpensive
h) to improve
mainly for portable power sources. For example, a photoelectric cell converts the
energy from light to electrical energy for operating the exposure meter in a camera,
and a lead-acid battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy for starting an
automobile engine. Electric power produce in large power stations generally is
transmitted by using an alternating current that reverses direction 25, 50, or 60 times
per second. The basic unit for measuring electric power is the watt — the rate at
which work is being done in an electric circuit in which the current is one ampere [9].
Task 3. Answer the questions:
1. How is electric power generated?
2. Most electrical energy is produced in large power stations by the conversion of
mechanical energy or heat, isn’t it?
3. Is the mechanical energy of falling water used to drive turbine generators in
hydroelectric stations?
4. Is heat derived by burning coal, oil, or other fossil fuels used to operate steam
turbines or internal-combustion engines that drive electric generators?
5. Where is the heat from the fashioning of uranium or plutonium used?
6.What is electricity generated by the conversion of light or chemical energy used
for?
7. What is the basic unit for measuring electric power?
8. What is Watt?
Task 4. Find synonyms and antonyms for the following words from the text:
SYNONYMS
23
ANTONYMS
a) short
b) expensive
c) dirty
d) beginning
e) same
f) small
g) dark
h) cold
a) heat
b) light
c) large
d) other
e) starting
f) clean
g) inexpensive
h) long
1) converting heat,
2) chemical energy,
3) mechanical energy or
heat,
4) hydroelectric stations,
5) to drive turbine
generators,
6) burning coal, oil
7) fossil fuels,
8) steam turbines,
9) internal-combustion
engines
10) the fashioning of
uranium
a) расщепление урана,
b) двигатели внутреннего сгорания,
c) паровые турбины,
d) ископаемое топливо,
e) сжигание угля, нефти,
f) приводить в действие
турбогенераторы,
h) гидроэлектростанции,
i) механическая энергия или тепло,
j) химическая энергия,
k) преобразование тепла.
Task 5. Insert the missing words and word combinations into the following
sentences: generator; kilowatt-hours; watt; current; energy; sources; stations
1. Most electrical energy is produced in large power… by the conversion of
mechanical energy or heat.
2. Electricity generated by the conversion of light or chemical energy is used mainly
for portable power….
3. For example, a photoelectric cell converts the …from light to electrical energy for
operating the exposure meter in a camera.
4. Electric power produced in large power stations generally is transmitted by using
an alternating …that reverses direction 25, 50, or 60 times per second.
5. The basic unit for measuring electric power is the …
6. Electric energy consumption normally is given in …
7. The heat from the fashioning of uranium or plutonium is used to generate steam for
the turbine … in a nuclear power plant.
Task 6. Find the equivalents:
24
Task 7. Are the sentences True or False?
1) hydropower
2) renewable
3) greenhouse gas
4) carbon dioxide
5) fossil fuel
6) powered energy
plant
7) dammed water
8) water's outflow
9) a hydraulic turbine
10) pumped storage
hydroelectricity
b) гидротурбина
c) выход воды (поток)
d) плотина
e) энергетические установки
f) ископаемое топливо
g) двуокись углерода
h) парниковый газ
i) возобновляемый
j) гидроэнергетика
1) Electric power is generated by converting heat, light, chemical energy, or
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2) A lead-acid battery converts physical energy to electrical energy for starting an
automobile engine.
3) Watt is the rate at which work is being done in an electric circuit in which the
current is one ampere and the electromotive force is one volt.
4) Ratings for power plants are expressed in kilowatts (1,000 watts) or megawatts
(one million watts).
5) Kilowatt-hours are, the quality of kilowatts used times the number of hours of use.
6) Electricity is clean, but expensive.
7) Since the 1880’s, electricity has had an ever-increasing role in improving the
standard.
Task 8. Read the quote and discuss it (comment on it): Technology is so much
fun but we can drown in our technology. The fog of information can drive out
knowledge (Daniel J. Boorstin).
Part 2
Unit 1
HYDROELECTRICITY
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from text A with their
Russian equivalents:
power through use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most
Task 2. Read and translate text A:
«Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of
25
widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed,
the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the
greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants.
Worldwide, hydroelectricity supplied an estimated 715,000 MWe in 2005. This
was approximately 19% of the world's electricity (up from 16% in 2003), and
accounted for over 63% of electricity from renewable sources.
Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water
driving a water turbine and generator. In this case the energy extracted from the water
depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the
water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential
energy in water is proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for a
hydraulic turbine may be run through a large pipe called a penstock.
Pumped storage hydroelectricity produces electricity to supply high peak
demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low
electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher
reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower
reservoir through a turbine. Pumped storage schemes currently provide the only
commercially important means of large-scale grid energy storage and improve the
daily load factor of the generation system.
Hydroelectric plants with no reservoir capacity are called run-of-the-river
plants. A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of water due to tides;
such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of
reservoirs, can also be dispatch able to generate power during high demand periods.
Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic energy or undammed
sources such as undershot waterwheels. A simple formula for approximating electric
power production at a hydroelectric plant is: P = h*r*g*k, where P is Power in
kilowatts, h - is height in meters, r is flow rate in cubic meters per second, g is
acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2, and k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging
from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher with larger and more modern turbines.
Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In
some installations the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a
year» [7].
26
Task 3. Answer the following questions:
SYNONYMS
output
pipe
amount
rate
efficiency
available
capacity
ANTONYMS
non-renewable
indirect
high
difficult
old
same
low
1. Is hydroelectricity generated by hydropower?
2. Hydroelectricity is the most widely used form of renewable energy, isn’t it?
3. Does hydroelectric power come from the potential energy of dammed water
driving a water turbine and generator?
4. What does the energy extracted from the water depend on?
5. Is the amount of potential energy in water - proportional to the head?
6. Does pumped storage hydroelectricity produce electricity to supply high peak
demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations?
7. How are the Hydroelectric plants with no reservoir capacity called?
Task 4. Find in the text synonyms and antonyms for the following words. The
words are given in the same order as in the text:
энергия; гидроэнергетический комплекс, прямые отходы, значительно более
низкий уровень выработки; парниковый газ диоксид углерода (CO2);
электростанции, работающие на ископаемом топливе; возобновляемые
источники; гидроэлектростанция; потенциальная энергия; запрудная вода;
водяная турбина; отток воды; количество потенциальной энергии.
text in the correct form: flow; production; energy; water; schemes; capacity;
turbine; gas
1. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste,
and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse … carbon dioxide
(CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants.
2. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic …may be run through a large pipe
called a penstock.
Task 5. Find the equivalents in the text:
производство электроэнергии; гравитационная сила; возобновляемая
Task 6. Complete the sentences using the following words or phrases from the
27
3. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation …is used to pump water into
1) smelter
2) distribution grid
3) isolated community
a) турбины спец-назначения
b) центробежные насосы
c) водопровод
the higher reservoir.
4. Pumped storage …currently provide the only commercially important means of
large-scale grid energy storage and improve the daily load factor of the generation
system.
5. A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of …due to tides; such
sources are highly predictable.
6. Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic…or undammed sources
such as undershot waterwheels.
7. Annual electric energy …depends on the available water supply.
8. In some installations the water …rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course
of a year.
Task 7. Read the statements and decide whether you agree or disagree with
them. Say to what extent you agree or disagree and try to give your arguments:
-agree strongly
-agree
-not sure
-disagree
-disagree strongly
1. Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water
driving a water turbine and generator.
3. The amount of potential energy in water is not proportional to the head.
4. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic turbine may be run through a very
small pipe called a penstock.
5. Pumped storage hydroelectricity produces electricity to supply high peak
demands by moving water between reservoirs at the equivalent elevations.
6. At times of high electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump
water into the higher reservoir.
7. Hydroelectric plants with no reservoir capacity are called run-of-the-river plants.
8. A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of water due to tides.
Task 8. Make a plan to retell the text.
Unit 2
INDUSTRIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from text B with their
Russian equivalents:
28
4) a hydro unit
5) extra revenue
6) package
7) water to wire
8) centrifugal pumps
9) purpose-built turbines
d) пакет
e) дополнительный доход
f) гидроагрегат
g) изолированное сообщество
h) распределительная сеть
i) плавильный завод
Task 2. Read and translate text B:
«While many hydroelectric projects supply public electricity networks, some
are created to serve specific industrial enterprises. Dedicated hydroelectric projects
are often built to provide the substantial amounts of electricity needed for aluminium
electrolytic plants. In the Scottish Highlands there are examples at Kinlochleven and
Lochaber, constructed during the early years of the 20th century. New Zealand's
Manapouri Power Station was constructed to supply electricity to the aluminium
smelter at Tiwai Point.
Although large hydroelectric installations generate most of the world's
hydroelectricity, some situations require small hydro plants. These are defined as
plants producing up to 10 megawatts, or projects up to 30 megawatts in North
America. A small hydro plant may be connected to a distribution grid or may provide
power only to an isolated community. Small hydro projects generally do
not require the protracted economic, engineering and environmental studies
associated with large projects, and often can be completed much more quickly. A
small hydro development may be installed along with a project for flood control,
irrigation or other purposes, providing extra revenue for project costs. In areas that
formerly used waterwheels for milling and other purposes, often the site can
be redeveloped for electric power production. Small hydro can be further
divided into mini-hydro, units around 1 MW in size, and micro hydro with units as
large as 100 kW down to a couple of kW rating.
Small hydro schemes are particularly popular in China, which has over 50% of
world small hydro capacity.
Small hydro units in the range 1 MW to about 30 MW are often available from
multiple manufacturers using standardized "water to wire" packages. Micro hydro
projects use a diverse range of equipment; in the smaller sizes industrial centrifugal
pumps can be used as turbines, with comparatively low purchase cost
compared to purpose-built turbines» [7].
Task 3. Answer the following questions:
1. Some hydroelectric are created to serve specific industrial enterprises aren’t
they?
2. Are dedicated hydroelectric projects built to provide the substantial amounts of
electricity needed for aluminium electrolytic plants?
29
3. A small hydro plant may be connected to a distribution grid or may provide
1)The
hydroelectric power
plants
2) grid
3) Micro hydro is
a type of hydroelectric
power
4)Mini Hydro Po
wer
Project
5) Flood
control methods
6)The electric po
wer
industry
7) Hydro
electric schemes
1. …is a scheme which consists of nine hydro-
electric
power stations and sixteen large dams level in a
competition; ranking;
2. …is an industry which covers the generation,
transmission, distribution and sale of electric power to
the general public, factories and plants.
3. ...these control methods are used to reduce or
prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters
4. …is a run of river mini hydro power project
5. is a type of hydroelectric power that
typically
produces from 5 kW to 100 kW of electricity using the
natural flow of water. Installations
6. …is an interconnected network for delivering
electricity from producers to consumers.
7. … are a series of hydroelectric Installations
1. public electricity networks
2. dedicated hydroelectric projects
3. aluminium electrolytic plants
4. hydroelectric installations
5. distribution grid
6. protracted economic engineering and
environmental studies
7. extra revenue
8. project costs
a) стоимость проекта
b) дополнительный доход
c) длительные инженерноэкономические изыскания
d) распределительная сеть
e) гидроэлектростанции
f) алюминиевые электролитические
установки (электролизеры)
g) специальные гидроэлектро-проекты
h) общественные электросети
power only to an isolated community?
4. Do small hydro projects require the protracted economic, engineering and
environmental studies, associated with large projects?
5. Where can the site be redeveloped for electric power production?
6. How can small hydro be divided?
7. What for was New Zealand's Manapouri Power Station constructed?
Task 4. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:
Task 5. Find the equivalents:
Task 6. Fill in the words: equipment; packages; capacity; size; waterwheels;
projects; grid; installations
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