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Файл:Английский для студентов-энергетиков. Учебное пособие
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Unit 7
1) plant-derived materials
2) forest residues
3) solid waste
4) garbage
5) left-over food products
6) algal fuel
a) лесные остатки
b) мусор
c) остатки пищевых продуктов
d) растительные материалы
e) водорослевое топливо
f) твердые отходы
BIOENERGY
Task 1. Match the following English words and phrases from the text F with
their Russian equivalents:
Task 2. Read and translate the text F:
«Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living
organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-derived materials which are
specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either
be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to
various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by
different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and
biochemical methods. Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today;
examples include forest residues – such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps –
yard clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste. In the second sense,
biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other
industrial chemicals, including biofuels. Industrial biomass can be grown from
numerous types of plants.
Plant energy is produced by crops specifically grown for use as fuel that offer
high biomass output per hectare with low input energy. The grain can be used for
liquid transportation fuels while the straw can be burned to produce heat or
electricity. Plant biomass can also be degraded from cellulose to glucose through a
series of chemical treatments, and the resulting sugar can then be used as a firstgeneration biofuel.
91
Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy such as methane
SYNONYMS
- Straight
- warmth
- in general
- sophisticated
- mainly
- raise
ANTONYMS
- seldom
- directly
- the same
- low
- useless
- mixed
gas or transportation fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and
agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas – also called landfill gas or
biogas. Crops, such as corn and sugarcane, can be fermented to produce the
transportation fuel, ethanol. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced
from left-over food products such as vegetable oils and animal fats. Also, biomass to
liquids (BTLs) and cellulosic ethanol are still under research.
There is a great deal of research involving algal fuel or algae-derived biomass
due to the fact that it is a non-food resource and can be produced at rates 5 to 10
times those of other types of land-based agriculture, such as corn and soy. Once
harvested, it can be fermented to produce biofuels such as ethanol, butanol, and
methane, as well as biodiesel and hydrogen.
With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees
and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used
as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to
increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Biomass, biogas and biofuels are burned to produce heat/power and in doing so
harm the environment. Pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SOx), nitrous oxides
(NOx), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from the combustion of biomass;
the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused
each year by air pollution. Biomass combustion is a major contributor» [11].
Task 3. Answer the following questions:
1. What is biomass?
2. How can be biomass used?
3. What is the largest biomass energy source today?
4. How is cellulosic biomass used?
5. Why are biomass, biogas and biofuels burned?
6. How can be ethanol used?
Task 4. Find in the text synonyms and antonyms for the following words.
92
Task 5. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:
1) biomass
2) waste
3) biofuel
4) electricity
5) harvest
6) emission
a) something left after useful substances;
b) a form of energy that can be produced in several ways
and that provides power to devices that create light, heat, etc
c) crops that are cut and collected;
d) the act of sending out gas, heat, leght, etc;
e) organic matter, especially plant matter, that can be
converted to fuel and is therefore regarded as a potential
energy source;
f) a fuel that is made from living things or their waste
Task 6. Read the following descriptions and decide which one is about
a) biomass
b) biodiesel
c) ethanol
1. …… is biological material derived from living, or recently living
organisms.
2. ………. can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form.
3………... can be converted to other usable forms of energy such as methane
gas or transportation fuels.
Task 7. It is said that biomass, biogas and biofuels are burned to produce
heat/power and in doing so harm the environment. Can you explain why it is so.
ABBREVIATIONS LIST
a.c. – alternating current
d.c.- direct current
PT- potential transformers
HVDC – high voltage direct current
CO2 – carbone dioxide
PV – photovoltanic
CPV – concentrated photovoltanics
EIA – environmental impact assessment
CSP – concentrated solar power
93
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК
1. Dictionary of energy. – Elsevier Ltd. – 2006.
2. Мюллер В. К. Новый англо-русский словарь/ В. К. Мюллер. – М.: Рус.
яз.-Медиа, 2005. – 945 с.
3. A. S. Hornby. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. –
OUP, 2007. – 1041 p.
4. Harrison M. Grammar Spectrum 2 / M. Harrison. – Oxford University Press,
2000. – 120 p.
5. M. Swan, C. Walter. How English Works. A grammar practice book. - OUP,
2009. – 358 p.
6. Oxford Essential Dictionary - OUP, 2009. – 488 p.
7. https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/
8. https://www.world-nuclear.org/
9. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/geo
10. www.wikipedia.org
11. https://www.realitytechnologies.com/virtual-reality/
12. www. learningenglish.voanews.com/a/augmented-reality
94
Grammar Revision
Simple
Progress
ive
Perfect
Present
Am
is + V
are
am being
is being + V
are being
have been
+ V
has been
Past
Was
+ V
Were
was being
+ V
were being
had been + V
Future
will be + V
will have been +
V
TENSES (Active Voice)
Appendix 1
PASSIVE VOICE
Appendix 2
95
MODAL VERBS
Appendix 3
96
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Введение….………………………………………………………………..
3
Part 1………………………………………………………………………
4
Unit 1. Electricity and its role in our lives…………………………………
4
Unit 2. Electric field……………………………………….……...............
6
Unit 3. Electric potential….………………………….…….………………
10
Unit 4. Electric charge and types of current……………………………….
15
Unit 5. Inductance and mutual inductance……………………..………….
18
Unit 6. Electric power………………………………….………………….
21
Part 2. ELECTRIC FIELD…..................................................................
24
Unit 1. Hydroelectricity……………………………………………………
24
Unit 2. Industrial hydroelectric plants…………..………………………….
27
Unit 3. Electric potential….………………………….…….………………
30
Unit 4. Electric charge and types of current………………………………..
35
Unit 5. Inductance and mutual inductance……………………..…………..
38
Unit 6. Hydropower………………………………………………………..
41
Unit7. Electric power industry………………………..……………………
45
Part 3. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT…………………………………..
48
Unit 1. Parts of electrical equipment……………………………………….
48
Unit 2. Conductors and insulators ………………………………...............
52
Unit 3. Coupling ………………………………………………….............
56
Unit 4. Rectifier……………………………………………………………
61
Unit 5. Amplifier stages in series…………………………………………..
65
Unit 6. Components of electric circuits……………………………...……
68
Unit 7. Electric motors……………………………………………………
72
Part 4……………………………………………………………………..
74
Unit 1. Sources of energy………………………………………………….
74
Unit 2. Integration into the energy system ………………………………..
77
Unit 3. Renewable energy …………………………………………………
79
Unit 4. Mainstream technologies ………………………………................
82
Unit 5. Solar energy …………………………………………….................
84
Unit 6. Geothermal energy ………………………………………………...
87
Unit 7. Bioenergy ……………………………………………….................
88
Abbreviation list……………………………………...................................
93
Библиографический список………………………...................................
94
Appendices ….…………………………………………………..................
95
97
Учебное издание
Жданова Татьяна Алексеевна
Соловьева Светлана Ростиславовна
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ-ЭНЕРГЕТИКОВ
Учебное пособие
Издается в авторской редакции
Компьютерный набор Т. А. Ждановой, С. Р. Соловьевой
Подписано к изданию 17.01.2023.
Объем данных
ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский государственный
технический университет»
394006 Воронеж, ул. 20-летия Октября, 84
2,1 Мб.
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