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Файл:Professional English for Future Dentists. Учебное пособие для СПО
.pdf
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It hurts if I move my neck.
Tell me where it hurts.
No one was seriously hurt in the accident.
intervene, v.
intervention, n.
/ˌɪntəˈviːn/
/ˌɪntəˈvenʃn/
- to become involved in a situation
in order to improve or help it
- action taken to improve a medical
condition or illness
Most patients make a recovery without further intervention.
He needs surgical intervention.
implement, v.
implementation, n.
/ˈɪmplɪment/
/ˌɪmplɪmenˈteɪʃn/
to put a plan into action
Implementation stage comes after careful planning.
issue, n.
/ˈɪʃuː/
a subject or problem that people are
thinking and talking about
They discussed a number of important medical issues.
measure, v., n.
measurement, n.
/ˈmeʒə(r)/
/ˈmeʒəmənt/
- a way or a method for dealing with
a situation
- to discover the exact size or
amount of something
What measures can we take to avoid complications?
He measured his blood pressure.
The test is based on the measurement of body parameters.
participate, v.
participation, n.
participant, n.
/pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt/
/pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/
to take part in or become involved
in an activity
15 patients participated in the study.
We encourage active patient participation in rehabilitation process.
periodontitis, n.
/ˌperiədɒnˈtaɪtɪs/
a condition in which the area around
the teeth becomes painful and
swollen, which may make the teeth
fall out
Gingivitis and periodontitis are major causes of tooth loss in adults.
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plaque, n.
/plæk/, /plɑːk/
a substance that grows on your teeth
if you do not brush them regularly
Remove plaque by brushing your teeth regularly
predispose, v.
predisposing, adj.
predisposition, n.
/ˌpriːdɪˈspəʊz/
/ˌpriːdɪspəˈzɪʃn/
to influence or make it likely to
have a particular illness or condition
Stress can predispose people to heart attacks.
It is important to evaluate predisposing conditions and risk factors that may affect
dental hygiene care.
sore, adj.
syn. tender, adj.
/sɔː(r)/
/ˈtendə(r)/
painful and uncomfortable because
of injury, infection, or too much use
He has a sore throat.
The back of my neck feels very tender.
swell (swelled /
swollen), v.
/swel/
/ˈswəʊlən/
to become larger and rounder than
usual; to (cause to) increase
in size or amount.
It was obvious she had broken her toe, because it immediately started to swell.
A red, swollen eye often signals an eye infection developing.
Ex. 2. Memorize the verbs to be used:
brush
contribute
consume
break down
floss
prevent
involve
identify
observe
affect
promote
encourage
protect
support
recognize
determine
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Ex. 3. Read and translate the following word combinations:
brush and floss your teeth
protect your teeth
fluoride toothpaste
tooth decay
mouthrinse
prevent discomfort
support your teeth
dental issues
contribute to a better quality of life
break down sugar into acids
Ex. 4. Read and translate the following sentences:
1. Brushing and flossing your teeth can protect you from decay by using fluoride
toothpaste.
2. Good oral hygiene contributes to a better quality of life.
3. Oral hygiene helps prevent discomfort associated with dental issues and allows
individuals to eat, speak and socialize without embarrassment.
4. Taking care of your teeth helps prevent plaque, which is a clear film of bacteria
that sticks to your teeth.
5. If you don’t take care of your teeth, cavities and unhealthy gums will produce bad
breath and other health problems.
Ex. 5. Match the words with their definitions:
1. Oral hygiene
2. Dental health
3. Gingivitis
4. Periodontitis
5. Plaque
a) The overall condition of your teeth and gums
b) An infection of the gums which causes swelling, pain, and sometimes bleeding
c) A substance that grows on your teeth if you do not brush them regularly
d) The practice of keeping the mouth clean to prevent disease
e) A condition in which the area around the teeth becomes painful and swollen, which
may make the teeth fall out
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Ex. 6. Read and translate:
When you get your picture taken, everyone says “Say cheese! Smile!” So you
do — you open your mouth and show your teeth. When you see the picture, you see a
happy person looking back at you. The healthier your teeth are, the happier you look.
Why is that? It’s because your teeth are important in many ways. If you take care of
them, they’ll help take care of you. Strong, healthy teeth help you chew the right
foods and stay healthy. They help you speak clearly. And yes, they help you look
your best.
How does taking care of your teeth help with all those things? Taking care of
your teeth helps prevent plaque, which is a film of bacteria that sticks to your teeth.
After you eat, bacteria consume the sugar left on your teeth. The bacteria break it
down into acids that eat away tooth enamel, causing holes called cavities. Plaque also
causes gingivitis which is gum disease that can make you gums red, swollen and sore.
Gum disease begins when plaque builds up along and under the gum line. This plaque
causes infections that hurt the gum and bone that hold teeth in place. Sometimes gum
disease makes your gums tender and more likely to bleed. A more severe form of
gum disease, called periodontitis, needs to be treated by a dentist. If not treated, this
infection can destroy the bones, gums and other tissues that support your teeth.
If you don’t take care of your teeth, cavities and unhealthy gums will produce
bad breath and other health problems. Eating meals may become difficult.
Brushing and flossing your teeth can protect you from decay by using fluoride
toothpaste. If you are at a higher risk for tooth decay (for example, if you have a dry
mouth because of medicines you take), you might need more fluoride. Your dentist or
dental hygienist may give you a fluoride treatment during an office visit, or the
dentist may tell you to use a fluoride gel at home. Good oral hygiene contributes to a
better quality of life. It helps prevent discomfort associated with dental issues and
allows individuals to eat, speak and socialize without embarrassment.
Ex. 7. Decide if the following statements are True or False:
a. It’s important to discuss oral hygiene without judging others.
b. Periodontitis is a clear film of bacteria that sticks to your teeth.
c. Sugar eats away the tooth enamel, causing holes called cavities.
d. Gingivitis causes plaque.
e. Fluoride toothpaste can protect your teeth from decay.
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Ex. 8. Answer the questions:
1. Why is it important to take care of your teeth?
2. What are the causes and consequences of gum disease?
3. What may happen if you don’t take care of your teeth?
4. What may help prevent tooth decay?
5. What is the role of oral hygiene?
Ex. 9. Fill in the blanks using the text and vocabulary above. Copy the sentences
into your notebook:
1. The bacteria ___________ sugar into acids that eat away the tooth enamel.
2. Sometimes gum disease makes your gums _________ and more likely to bleed.
3. Periodontitis can destroy the bones, gums and other tissues that ________your
teeth.
4. Oral hygiene helps prevent discomfort associated with dental ________.
5. Good oral hygiene allows individuals to eat, speak and socialize without _______.
Ex. 10. Make up and translate all possible collocations in writing:
Issue — проблема, вопрос, пункт, тема, предмет, издание (газеты или
журнала)
Adjectives: a key / major / environmental / ethical /
personal / central / critical / important / serious /
controversial / complex / current /
Verbs: to explore / debate / examine / address / deal
with / decide / resolve / highlight / identify / avoid /
issue
Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences:
1. Obesity is a major issue in modern healthcare.
2. We should pay more attention to environmental issues.
3. Doctors must address the issue of antibiotic resistance quickly.
4. The report will highlight the issue of oral hygiene.
5. This therapy can resolve the issue of chronic pain.
6. High blood pressure is a major issue for heart patients.
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7. Treating rare genetic disorders is a complex issue.
8. The current issue is rising number of cases of flu in the community.
9. Scientists are exploring the issue of long-term COVID effects.
10. This study highlights the issue of antibiotic resistance.
11. Doctor consultation helped resolve the issue of sleep disorders.
12. The results of their findings are published in the current issue of this journal.
Ex. 12. Study the example with double comparatives:
The healthier your teeth are, the happier you look.
The-comparative + Subject + Verb
,
The-comparative + Subject + Verb.
Here are some more examples:
THE MORE ... THE MORE
• The more you study, the more you learn.
• The more we work, the more we earn.
• The more ideas you have, the more projects you will develop.
THE MORE ... THE LESS
• The more I read, the less I remember.
• The more we spend, the less we save.
• The more I worry, the less I sleep.
THE LESS ... THE MORE
• The less I concentrate, the more I forget.
• The less we worry, the more relaxed we become.
• The less you exercise, the more weight you put on.
ADJECTIVES:
• The older we grow, the wiser we become.
• The higher you climb, the colder it gets.
• The younger you begin to learn a language, the easier it is.
• The earlier you leave, the better it is.
• The stronger the wind blows, the colder we feel.
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Translate from Russian into English in writing:
1. Чем быстрее ты начнешь лечение, тем скорее выздоровеешь.
2. Чем регулярнее занимаешься спортом, тем сильнее становятся мышцы.
3. Чем тщательнее соблюдается гигиена полости рта, тем реже возникают
заболевания зубов и десен.
4. Чем качественнее питание, тем лучше здоровье.
5. Чем точнее врач поставил диагноз, тем эффективнее будет лечение.
6. Чем чаще человек проходит профилактические осмотры, тем раньше
выявляются заболевания.
7. Чем ниже иммунитет, тем выше вероятность осложнений.
8. Чем качественнее сон, тем сильнее иммунитет.
Prevent Gum Diseases
To prevent gum disease follow these guidelines:
• Brush your teeth twice a day
• Floss once a day
• Visit your dentist regularly for a checkup and cleaning
• Follow a well balanced diet
• Quit smoking, Smoking increases your risk for gum disease
Discussion Questions:
• What does a dental hygienist do?
• What are some common oral health problems?
• Can you name any factors that might affect dental health?
Ex. 13. Give English equivalents for the following words:
1) измерять
9) предрасполагать
2) предотвращать, предупреждать
10) всесторонний, комплексный, полный
3) вмешательство
11) поражать, влиять, воздействовать
4) оценка, экспертиза
12) участник
5) наблюдать
13) больной, болезненный
6) выполнять, реализовывать
14) опухший, отёчный
7) вопрос, проблема
15) призывать, рекомендовать, поощрять
8) определить, установить
16) озабоченность, обеспокоенность
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Ex. 14. Give Russian equivalents for the following words, classify them into two
categories Verbs and Nouns. Copy the categories into your notebook.
1) promote
9) involve
2) assessment
10) identify
3) outcome
11) deviation
4) determination
12) observation
5) measurement
13) concern
6) initiate
14) evaluation
7) encourage
15) recognize
8) questionnaire
16) condition
Ex. 15. Read and translate the following word combinations:
promote wellness
identify client’s needs and concerns
prevent and control oral disease
oral health problems
encourage active client participation
updated diagnostic radiographs
systematic process of care
evaluate predisposing conditions
comprehensive and systematic analysis
client management
potential treatment outcomes
recognize deviations
assess by criteria and standards
achieve goals
Ex. 16. Read and translate:
Basic Concepts of Oral Hygiene
Dental hygiene actions are interventions that a dental hygienist initiates to
promote wellness, prevent and control oral disease, and encourage active client
participation.
Dental hygiene practice is based on a systematic process of care that involves 5
key elements: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
Assessment is comprehensive and systematic collection, analysis, and
permanent documentation of data to identify client’s needs and oral health problems.
It is the first phase of dental hygiene process of care. Assessment is based on data
collection, which includes comprehensive personal, health, and dental histories;
pharmacologic history; identification of client’s chief concerns; clinical examination;
analysis of updated diagnostic radiographs; microbiologic or other tests, etc. Data are
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usually collected by interview, questionnaire, observation, measurement, and
examination.
Special attention must be given to health history evaluation, which is taken to
identify and evaluate predisposing conditions and risk factors that may affect dental
hygiene care, client management, and potential treatment outcomes. Such conditions
and factors include, but are not limited to, allergy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
osteoporosis, cardiac and pulmonary problems, pregnancy, tobacco use, substance
abuse, medications.
Diagnosis is the second phase of dental hygiene process which includes
interpretation, synthesizing and analyzing of data collected during the assessment
phase. Diagnosis is necessary to identify significant findings, recognize deviations
from normal, describe abnormalities, and analyze significance of these abnormalities.
Planning is the third key element of dental hygiene process which is based on
identification of current and potential dental hygiene care needs, determination of
interventions and outcomes to meet these needs.
Implementation includes preventive and therapeutic procedures identified
during the stage of planning.
Evaluation is measurement of extent to which client has achieved specified
goals in care plan and determination of success of all interventions. Quality of dental
hygiene care is assessed by criteria and standards.
Ex. 17. Answer the questions:
1. What are the 5 key elements of the dental hygiene practice?
2. What does the assessment phase involve? Give 3–4 examples of data collection
methods.
3. Why is health history evaluation important in dental hygiene care? Name
3 predisposing conditions or risk factors mentioned in the text.
4. What is the difference between assessment and diagnosis?
5. What is the difference between assessment and evaluation?
Ex. 18. Match the words from the box with their definitions:
assessment diagnosis planning implementation evaluation
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Definitions:
a) the process of collecting, analyzing, and documenting data to identify a client’s
needs and oral health problems;
b) the process of interpreting and analyzing data to identify significant findings and
abnormalities;
c) the process of establishing goals and determining interventions to meet a client’s
needs;
d) the process of delivering preventive and therapeutic procedures;
e) the process of measuring how well a client has achieved the goals in the care plan.
Ex. 19. Match the verbs in Column A with the nouns / phrases in Column B to
form correct collocations. Make up your own sentences in writing:
Column A (Verbs)
Column B (Nouns / Phrases)
promote
data
client participation
predisposing conditions
identify
wellness
client’s needs
oral health problems
initiate
interventions
comprehensive health history
microbiologic or other tests
collect
potential treatment outcomes
by interview or observation
dental hygiene actions
Ex. 20. Additional reading:
Tips for Dental Hygienists Working with Children
When a child visits your practice, your priority is to create a good first dental
experience. The child is more important than his or her teeth. Use the ideas from
this fact sheet as you interact with children to help them feel comfortable.
• Make the reception area a friendly, colorful place. Include toys, games, and
videos.
• Each staff member should greet the child by name in a friendly and
welcoming manner. Bend down or squat so that you are at the level of the child’s
head and listen to what he or she has to say.
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