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Файл:Professional English for Future Dentists. Учебное пособие для СПО
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a) postoperative issue b) birth malformation c) traumatic injury d) supernumerary
tooth
3. Nerve damage is a risk during wisdom tooth extraction.
a) bone atrophy b) sensory injury c) cyst formation d) osseointegration failure
4. Osseointegration ensures implant stability after bone grafting.
a) rapid healing b) bone-implant fusion c) tissue rejection d) prosthetic failure
5. Jaw fractures require prompt reduction and fixation.
a) cysts b) bone breaks c) supernumerary teeth d) impacted molars
6. Histopathological analysis guides oncology referral.
a) visual exam b) microscopic tissue study c) X-ray imaging d) blood testing
7. Supernumerary teeth complicate orthodontic treatment.
a) malformed teeth b) extra teeth c) impacted canines d) fractured incisors
8. Bone grafting treats jawbone atrophy.
a) hyperplasia b) bone addition c) nerve repair d) cyst drainage
E. Comprehension questions.
1. What does oral surgery deal with besides tooth extractions?
2. What conditions require corrective surgeries?
3. What is emergency management of dental trauma for minimizing long-term
damage?
4. Why is implant surgery considered to be expensive?
5. What is the process of osseointegration in dental implants?
6. What are the common risks to be minimized during tooth extraction?
Ex. 7. Read the text and do the tasks below.
Tooth Extraction
There are several reasons for extracting a tooth. These include:
• Severe Tooth Damage/Trauma: some teeth have such extensive decay and
damage (broken or cracked) that repair is not possible. For example, teeth affected by
advanced gum (periodontal) disease may need to be pulled. As gum disease worsens,
the tooth — supported by less surrounding bone — often loosens to such an extent
that tooth extraction is the only solution.
• Malpositioned/Nonfunctioning Teeth: To avoid possible complications that
may result in an eventual, negative impact on oral health, a dentist may recommend
removing teeth that are malaligned and/or essentially useless.
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• Orthodontic Treatment: Orthodontic treatment, such as braces, may require
tooth extraction to make needed space for improved teeth alignment.
• Extra Teeth: some supernumerary teeth, extra teeth, may block other teeth
from erupting.
The tooth extraction process begins with a thorough examination and review of
the patient’s medical history. X-rays are typically taken to assess the tooth’s position
and surrounding bone structure. The dentist administers local anesthesia to numb the
extraction site and surrounding tissues.
Simple Extractions are performed on teeth that are visible in the mouth.
A dentist will grasp the tooth with
specialized pliers called extraction forceps
and move them back and forth to loosen the
tooth before removing it.
Sometimes, a surgical cutting instrument called a
luxator — which fits between the tooth and the gum — is
used to the periodontal ligament, which holds the tooth in
the alveolus. A dental luxator loosens teeth for extraction by
cutting the periodontal ligament atraumatically.
Dentists also use elevators, which are levers that look
similar to small screwdrivers. An elevator is wedged
between the tooth and the surrounding bone. The elevator
places pressure on the tooth, which helps expand the tooth's
socket and separate its ligament.
After extraction the dentist places gauze over the extraction site to control
bleeding and promote clot formation. Post-operative instructions are provided to
guide proper healing and prevent complications.
Surgical Extractions involve teeth that cannot easily be seen or reached in the
mouth, either because they have broken off at the gum line or they have not fully
erupted.
Performed by dentists or oral surgeons, surgical extractions require some type
of surgical procedure, such as bone removal, removing and/or folding back all or part
of the gum tissue to expose the tooth.
Sometimes a tooth is so firmly anchored in its socket that a dentist must cut the
tooth into pieces in order to remove each portion individually (tooth sectioning). The
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dentist may need to place stitches and/or add bone (natural or synthetic) in the
extraction site after the procedure. Some stitches are absorbable and will disintegrate
on their own; others require removal by a dentist, usually about a week after the
extraction. Surgical extractions can be done with local anesthesia. Patients with
special medical conditions and young children may receive general anesthesia.
TASKS:
A. Match the terms from the text to their definitions. Write the correct letter
next to each number (in notebook).
1. Tooth extraction
2. Periodontal disease
3. Malpositioned teeth
4. Supernumerary teeth
5. Extraction forceps
6. Luxator
7. Braces
8. Elevators
9. Taking X-ray
10. Tooth sectioning
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a. Teeth that are wrongly positioned or useless
b. Extra teeth that block others from erupting
c. Gum disease that loosens teeth
d. Pliers used to grasp and loosen a tooth
e. Cutting the tooth into pieces for removal
f. Levers like small screwdrivers to expand the socket
g. Removing a tooth from its socket
h. Instrument to cut the ligament between tooth and gum (periodontal ligament)
i. Taking images of the teeth, bones, and surrounding mouth tissues
j. Orthodontic devices used to straighten and align teeth
B. Decide if each statement is true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones with
information from the text.
1. Advanced gum disease can make teeth too loose to save.
2. Orthodontic treatment never requires tooth extraction.
3. Tooth extractions are always done under local anesthesia.
4. Surgical extractions may involve cutting the tooth into pieces.
5. All stitches after extraction need to be removed by a dentist.
C. Complete the sentences using words from the text. Translate the sentences.
Write down into your notebook.
1. Teeth with __________ damage from decay or trauma may need to be extracted
if repair isn't possible.
2. __________ teeth are extra ones that can prevent normal teeth from erupting.
3. In simple extractions, the dentist uses __________ to grasp and rock the tooth
loose.
4. Surgical extractions often require __________ back the gum tissue or removing
bone.
5. Some patients receive __________ anesthesia if they have special medical
conditions.
D. Comprehension questions.
1. What are the common reasons for tooth extraction?
2. What is the difference between simple extractions and surgical extractions?
3. Why are X-rays taken before tooth extraction?
4. What are the steps a dentist takes during a simple extraction?
5. Why might a dentist use elevators or a luxator?
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6. What kind of procedures might surgical extraction require?
7. What kind of anesthesia is used in surgical extractions?
E. Translate the sentences using the words from the text.
1. Удаления зубов часто категоризируются как «простые» и «хирургические».
2. Простые удаления выполняются на зубах, корни которых хорошо
визуализированы и могут быть зафиксированы щипцами.
3. Перед тем, как удалять зуб, стоматолог должен сделать рентгеновский
снимок, чтобы выяснить топографию корней зуба.
4. Обычно, удаление проводится под местным обезболиванием с применением
анестетиков.
5. Используя щипцы, стоматолог захватывает зуб и осторожно покачивает его
в стороны.
6. Люксаторы используются для разрезания периодонтальной связки и
расширения окружающей кости. Использование люксатора обеспечивает
подвижность всего зуба или апикальной части корня зуба.
7. Элеватор закрепляется между зубом и альвеолярной костью.
8. Процедура считается сложной, если во время операции стоматологу
приходится удалять часть твердых и мягких тканей, делить зуб на секции.
9. Если процедура удаления была сложной, то врач может наложить шов на
значительно повреждённую десну.
10. В большинстве случаев на десну швы накладываются при помощи
растворяющихся нитей.
11. Наиболее частыми причинами удаления зубов являются: значительные
кариозные разрушения, периодонтит, механические травмы зуба, атипичное
положение зуба, а также сверхкомплектные и ретенированные зубы,
вызывающие боль или воспалительные процессы.
Ex. 8. Read the text. Mind the information about tooth extraction complications.
Translate the last two passages in writing. Do the additional tasks below.
A tooth extraction is a routine dental procedure. In the majority of the
procedures no complications are expected during or after the tooth extraction. But
difficulties with extractions are unpredictable and sometimes complications do occur.
Potential tooth extraction complications during the procedure include:
• Damage to nearby teeth. The adjacent teeth or dental restorations (e.g.,
crowns, bridges, implants) next to the extracted tooth may occasionally be damaged
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during the procedure. Nearby teeth may become fractured, chipped or loosened
during the extraction of a tooth or teeth, sometimes requiring more dental work.
• Fracture of the tooth. The tooth may fracture during the extraction process,
complicating the procedure and requiring more time and effort to complete the
extraction. Tooth sectioning may be needed.
• Incomplete extraction. A small part of the tooth root may be left in the
jawbone. Although it may increase the risk of infection, sometimes the dentist will
prefer to not try to extract it because its removal may be too risky e.g. if it is very
close to a nerve.
• Damage to the sinus. The extraction of a molar from the upper jaw may
damage the sinus cavities above it, by creating a hole that might become a source of
sinus infections. Healing depends on the perforation size and prompt management.
The patient should avoid nose-blowing, smoking, or forceful rinsing to protect the
site. Corrective surgery is typically required for larger defects or when conservative
measures fail.
• Nerve damage. A mistake during an extraction of a tooth from the lower jaw
may damage the inferior alveolar nerve. Numbness in the lower lip and chin are
common symptoms of a damaged nerve. The nerve will heal in a few weeks up to
some months depending on the extend of the damage. In rare cases, the nerve is
unable to heal completely, leaving the patient with a permanent numbness.
• Jaw fracture. Patients with a weak jawbone structure (e.g. older women
with osteoporosis) may have a risk of jaw fracture. Even if the actual tooth extraction
procedure is performed smoothly without any problems, there are cases of
complications during the healing process.
Possible tooth extraction complications after the operation include:
• Dry socket. A dry socket following a tooth extraction is a common
complication in about 5% of people who have a tooth extracted. The condition occurs
when a blood clot does not form normally in the tooth socket or the blood clot is
washed out or dissolved prematurely. In a dry socket situation, the underlying bone
and nerves are exposed to air and food, causing intense pain and sometimes bad odor
or taste. A dry socket needs to be treated with a medicated dressing to stop the pain
and help healing.
• Infection. The wound of the tooth extraction can be a doorway for bacteria
causing an infection, particularly in patients with a weakened immune system. If a
patient has a high risk of infection the dentist will generally prescribe antibiotics
before and after the extraction.
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TASKS:
A. Find the words and word-combinations in the text which can be defined in
the following way:
1. repair of broken, decayed or missing teeth so they work and look normal
again
2. cutting a tooth into smaller pieces to make it easier to remove
3. part of a tooth — like a root tip or fragment — which stays in the jaw after
removal
4. inflammation in the air-filled spaces around the nose, cheeks, eyes, and forehead
5. an operation to fix or improve a body part damaged by injury, disease, birth defects
6. injury to facial nerves
7. a common side effect from local anesthesia or nerve irritation
8. a condition where bones become weak, brittle and porous
9. natural stages where the body repairs tissue, bone and nerves over days to months
10. a jelly-like plug of blood cells and proteins to prevent bleeding and guard raw
bone and nerves
11. a soothing paste or gauze pack dentists place in an extraction socket, especially
for dry socket, to ease pain and aid healing
12. an injury to gum or bone tissue
13. an unprotected opening in the mouth, like a tooth extraction socket without its
blood clot, that lets germs from saliva, food, or air easily enter and infect bone or
nerves
14. a condition when body's natural defenses against germs are low, making
infections or slow healing more likely
15. medicines that kill or stop the growth of bacteria to fight infections
B. Match words to form word-combinations as they appear in the text. Write
down into your notebook.
tooth, extraction, dressing, numbness, damage, sectioning, procedure,
surgery, symptoms, process, fracture, pain
dental ………...
extracted ……..
tooth ………….
incomplete …….
corrective ……..
nerve ………….
common ……..
permanent ……
jaw ……………
healing ………
intense ……….
medical ………
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C. Complete the sentences using the information given in the text. Write down
into your notebook.
1. During tooth extraction nearby teeth may be ….. .
2. Tooth sectioning may be needed when …. .
3. Incomplete extraction may cause ….. .
4. The removal of small tooth fragment may be risky if ….. .
5. Maxillary sinus perforation may be caused by ….. .
6. Corrective surgery becomes necessary if small perforations don't …… .
7. Nerve damage during tooth extraction may result in ….. .
8. Osteoporosis increases the risk of ….. due to ….. .
9. The common symptoms of dry socket are ….. .
10. Dentists may prescribe antibiotics after tooth extraction to ….. .
Task for self-study:
a) read the text and mind the highlighted terms describing surgical procedures;
find out the equivalents to these terms in Russian;
b) condense the information and define each highlighted term just in one
sentence;
c) chose one surgical procedure to speak about, find out some more information
to make up presentation.
Periodontal Gum Surgery
Gum surgery, or periodontal disease surgery, involves a group of several
surgical dental treatments generally performed by a periodontist to treat conditions
affecting the gums, the connective tissues or/and the bone tissues that support teeth in
place. In most cases gum surgery is related to periodontal disease treatment.
There are several different types of gum surgery procedures, including:
Gingivectomy is usually the first step in the surgical treatment of periodontal
disease. It is a procedure that aims in the surgical removal of infected or diseased
gum tissue to allow healthy gum tissue to reattach firmly on teeth. Gingivectomy may
also be needed to remove excessive gum tissue in cases of gingival hyperplasia.
Gingivoplasty is a procedure performed for esthetic reasons following a
gingivectomy, in order to give gum tissue around teeth a more natural appearance and
contour. Gingivoplasty reshapes areas of the gums that may look thick and
malformed after a gingival curettage or a soft-tissue graft.
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Periodontal flap surgery / pocket depth reduction is the most important gum
surgery treatment to cure moderate to severe periodontal disease. Flap surgery aims
to reduce the depth of periodontal pockets that trap harmful dental plaque bacteria, to
remove dental tartar, eliminate infection and allow gums to heal. Reducing the pocket
depth also increases the patient’s ability to remove bacterial plaque with regular oral
hygiene and prevent recurrence of gum disease.
Osseous (bone) surgery is sometimes performed in conjunction with a pocket
depth reduction procedure. Osseous Surgery is used to correct deformities of the bone
around teeth that could provide areas where bacteria could accumulate and grow, by
smoothing shallow craters and irregular surfaces of damaged bone due to bone
loss — caused by periodontal disease.
Crown lengthening is done to expose more tooth structure above the gum line
by removing gum and, sometimes, bone tissue. The procedure is usually used for
functional reasons, to allow the restoration of a tooth that has decayed/broken close
or below the gum line. Lately, crown lengthening is also used widely for cosmetic
reasons, to correct a condition called ‘gummy smile’. In this case the procedure is
also known as ‘gum contouring’.
Gum graft (soft-tissue graft) is a gum surgery procedure to reinforce or/and
replace gingival tissue in patients with severe gum recession. Gum grafts are used to
cover exposed teeth roots, reduce root sensitivity and prevent root cavities and further
gum recession. The procedure is also known as ‘root coverage’. Gum graft surgery
can help to improve appearance of teeth that look abnormally long.
Periodontal bone graft is a surgical treatment to replace bone lost due to
periodontal disease using patient’s own bone, donated or synthetic bone graft, in
order to improve stability of affected teeth. Bone grafts are also widely used to
provide enough bone tissue for the placement of dental implants to replace lost teeth.
Guided tissue regeneration is a new technique performed in conjunction with
a gum or/and bone graft that makes use of a barrier membrane which is placed
between the gum and bone. The purpose of the membrane is to allow and enhance the
regeneration of new bone. Tissue stimulating proteins may also be used to accelerate
the bone and gum tissue regeneration.
For a successful outcome of a periodontal gum surgery procedure, the patient
must follow carefully the post-operative surgery instructions given by the dentist.
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CHAPTER 4. DENTAL ORTHOPAEDICS
Mind the pronunciation.
Horizontal [ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntəl]
Vertical [ˈvɜːtɪkəl]
Maxillary [mækˈsɪləri]
Mandibular [mænˈdɪbjələ]
Supernumerary [ˌsuː.pəˈnjuː.mərəri]
Anterior [ ænˈtɪəriə]
Posterior [pɒsˈtɪəriə]
Protruding [prəˈtruːdiŋ]
Excessive [ ɪkˈsesɪv]
Occlusal [əˈkluːsəl]
Terminal [ˈtɜː.mɪnəl]
Missing [ˈmɪsɪŋ]
Malpositioned [ˌmælpəˈzɪʃənəd]
Congenital [kənˈdʒenɪtəl]
Vocabulary
Align [əˈlaɪn], v.— выравнивать зубы
alignment, n. — выравнивание прикуса
The “Align” technology became available in 2000.
Appearance [əˈpɪərəns], n. — внешний вид, эстетика, внешность
Orthodontic therapy enhances both the appearance and functioning of the teeth and
jaws.
Bite [baɪt], n. — прикус
open bite — открытый прикус
crossbite — перекрёстный прикус
overjet — горизонтальное выступление верхних зубов, сагиттальная щель,
дистальный прикус
underjet — выступление нижних резцов по отношению к верхним
This dental specialty focuses on the development, prevention and correction of
irregularities of the teeth, bite and jaws.
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