Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Professional English for Future Dentists. Учебное пособие для СПО
.pdf
71
mummified remains with metal bands and Catgut (a flexible fiber derived from
animal intestine) assumingly in the process of aligning teeth at the time of death.
Around the first century, a Roman physician and writer named Aulus Cornelius
Celsus created the first written record of an orthodontic treatment concept. He said,
“If a second tooth should happen to grow in children before the first has fallen out,
that which ought to be shed is to be drawn out and the new one daily pushed toward
its place by means of the finger until it arrives at its just proportion.”
TASKS:
A. Read the statements below. Mark them as T (True), F (False), or NS (Not
Stated) based on the information in the text above.
1. Hippocrates and Aristotle were the first people ever to think about straightening
teeth.
2. Wires found on Cleopatra's teeth were meant to improve her smile during her
lifetime.
3. Catgut is a modern synthetic material used in ancient times.
4. Archaeological evidence suggests that some ancient people died while undergoing
a form of dental alignment.
5. Aulus Cornelius Celsus recommended using a special tool to push a new tooth into
place.
6. The text provides examples of orthodontic interest from three major ancient
Mediterranean civilizations: Greek, Egyptian and Roman.
7. Celsus's advice was specifically about treating adult patients.
B. Find in the text the information dealing with:
• the first techniques to improve tooth position
• the first orthodontic treatment concept
Text 2
Mind the pronunciation.
Enlightenment [ɪnˈlaɪtənmənt]
Renaissance [rəˈneɪsəns]
Bandeau [`bændəʊ]
72
Read the text “Middle Ages — Enlightenment ” and do the tasks.
Middle Ages — Enlightenment
Although the Middle Ages produced little progression in dentistry, France led
dental and orthodontic research after the Renaissance. French universities
accommodated students interested in learning dentistry as early as 1580.
French dentist, Pierre Fauchard, is responsible for the invention of the general
concepts of orthodontics used today. He outlines these concepts in his book
titled, The Surgical Dentist, published in 1669. One of his first appliances was a u-
shaped piece of iron called “the Bandeau” placed in the mouth to expand the palate
and make room for more teeth.
In the 18th century, French surgeon and anatomist, Pierre Dionis was the first
to mention the exclusive practice of dentistry as a distinct field. He mentioned
dentists or “operators for the teeth,” could “open or widen the teeth when they are set
too close together.”
During this time, the term “malocclusion” did not exist. They were called
“irregularities” of the teeth, and correcting them was deemed “regulating.”
Between 1728–1793 John Hunter made great steps in the general
understanding of the anatomy of the teeth, palate and jaw bones. His text The Natural
History of the Human Teeth was a scientific guide relaying the principles behind the
relationship between teeth, bite, and jaw structure. His student Joseph Fox classified
malocclusions, gave direct instructions on fixing irregular bites, and practiced the
proper timing of treatment actions.
Many tools, appliances, and machines were designed to broaden possibilities
and enhance results.
TASKS:
A. Match the phrase from the text (1 -5) with its correct historical significance or
description (a — e).
1. "The Bandeau" (a u-shaped piece of iron)
2. "Irregularities" of the teeth
3. The Natural History of the Human Teeth
4. Joseph Fox... "practiced the proper timing of treatment actions."
5. "operators for the teeth"
73
a. The book that established dentistry as a science based on anatomy.
b. This person emphasized the importance of when to perform treatments.
c. An early orthodontic appliance used to create space for teeth.
d. What we call "malocclusion" today was known by this term in the 18th century.
e. The 18th-century term for what we now call dentists.
B. Using the phrases and dates from the text, put these key developments in the
correct chronological order (1 = the earliest, 5 = the latest) (in notebook).
___ John Hunter writes The Natural History of the Human Teeth.
___ French universities begin formal dental education.
___ Joseph Fox classifies malocclusions and emphasizes treatment timing.
___ Pierre Fauchard invents "the Bandeau" and publishes his book.
___ Pierre Dionis defines dentistry as a distinct field.
Text 3
Read the text and do the tasks.
The 20th century
The 20th century brought with it a very important figure in the world of
dentistry. Dr. Edward Angle, also known as the father of modern orthodontics,
brought structure and organization to the specialty of orthodontics. Before the 1830s
there was no dental degree at all. General physicians or even barbers took care of oral
problems. Angle founded the first college, Angle
School of Orthodontia, in 1899. Enrolled students
furthered their education into the field of orthodontics
over 3- 6 weeks. Angle contributed heavily to the
developments in new dental and orthodontic devices
and technology. One of his greatest impacts on the
field was his invention of a classification system
encompassing all the different variations of tooth and
jaw alignment. The Angle Classification system is still
in use today.
74
TASKS:
A. Read the text again. Mark the statements True or False.
1. Dr. Edward Angle is known as the father of modern dentistry in general.
2. Before the 1830s, there were specialized dental universities.
3. Angle's school offered orthodontic education lasting several months.
4. The Angle Classification system is no longer used in modern orthodontics.
5. Angle not only organized the specialty but also contributed to new dental
technology.
B. Match the highlighted words in the text with their meanings below:
1. Common mouth problems include dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal diseases,
tooth loss and oral cancers.
2. Hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and
used to break down food.
3. A thing made for a particular purpose; an invention, especially a mechanical or
electrical one.
4. The profession concerned with the prevention and treatment of oral diseases,
including diseases of the teeth and supporting structures and diseases of the soft
tissues of the mouth.
5. The dental specialty that focuses on the development, prevention and correction of
irregularities of the teeth, bite and jaws.
Text 4
Read the text and do the tasks.
“Braces”
The term “braces” was introduced in 1900 due to the nature
of securing metal bands tightly to teeth and to one another.
In the early 20th century, braces, although more in line
with modern braces than ever, were a far cry from today’s sets. A
band was placed around each individual tooth and connected to a
wire. A huge breakthrough in the 1970s was using dental adhesive
75
to stick brackets to each tooth and attaching an archwire with elastics. This
revolutionized the concept and look of braces.
Before the 1960s materials of all sorts were used including wood, ivory, and
precious metals like gold. Basically, whatever the dentist favored, and the patient
could afford. Once stainless steel became available in the 1970s, it became the
preferred material as it was easier and more affordable to work with. Today,
orthodontic wires are an example of cutting-edge technology used by the public.
The peak of modern advancement in dentistry began in 1990s with the
invention of an entirely new approach to orthodontics. Two Stanford graduates with
no dental background conceived an idea, inspired by a plastic retainer, to use clear
plastic trays to gradually shift teeth into alignment. The “Align” technology became
available in 2000 and has only been improved upon in the last 20 years.
Now through specialized algorithms and an orthodontist’s oversight, teeth can
be moved into alignment more easily, comfortably, and subtly than ever before.
TASKS:
A. Read the text again. Fill in the right column with the Event in orthodontics
according to the Year on the left (in notebook).
Years
Events
1
before the 1960s
2 1900
3 the 1970s
4
the 1990s
5
2000
B. Match the highlighted words and phrases in the text with their meanings
below.
1. very modern and with all the newest developments
2. to be very different from something
3. the highest level or value of something
4. a set of instructions or rules
5. because of something
6. a substance used for sticking things together
7. a suggestion or plan
8. extremely large
9. many different types of something
76
Optional Reading
Genetics and molecular biology in orthodontics
Some of the problems that orthodontists deal with are genetic in origin.
Although most of these are minor, others result from genetic abnormalities in the way
that the head and face develop before birth. In the embryo, the development of facial
structures begins with neural crest cells forming at the site of the brain. These cells
then migrate to form a tissue that differentiates into cells called osteoblasts,
chondroblasts and odontogenetic cells. These then develop to form the hard tissues of
the head and neck — the bones, cartilage and teeth.
Another example of the importance of molecular biology to orthodontics is the
recent discovery that dental pulp (the area of connective tissue at the centre of a
tooth) contains valuable adult stem cells, which can be induced to form other types of
cells. Thus when a tooth is extracted or falls out, the stem cells may be harvested and
stored for future treatment. Stem cells are already being used to treat some cancers,
and additional applications may be on the horizon. For example, researchers are
exploring whether stem cells can be used to grow a natural replacement for a missing
tooth.
Metallurgy and orthodontics
The forces used in orthodontics come from the archwires. At the beginning of
the treatment, the wires need to be quite elastic to start individual teeth moving. Later
on, the wires have to be more rigid to ensure stability while a whole block of teeth is
moved.
Orthodontists can choose wires made from a variety of metallic materials:
● Stainless steel: this is easy to shape and has high rigidity so it provides
stability.
● Nitinol alloys: these nickel-titanium alloys have very high elasticity. They
produce a weak but constant force suitable for the initial alignment phases. However,
they cannot be soldered.
● Shape-memory alloys: these metals have variable elasticity depending on the
temperature. They can be bent for insertion into the mouth; once there, they ‘try’ to
recover their initial shape, exerting a force on the teeth.
77
Orthodontics
Orthodontics is a sub-specialty of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis,
prevention, and treatment of dental and facial abnormalities, such as crooked teeth
and misaligned jaws. It includes the use of a variety of orthodontic tools, such as
braces, retainers, and aligners, to straighten the teeth and address any abnormalities
with the bite. The teeth are moved into the proper locations over time with the help of
these dental appliances by applying a regulated force to them.
Orthodontic treatment, in addition to its aesthetic benefits, results in an
improvement in the patient's oral health as a whole. Teeth that are properly aligned
are simpler to clean and care for. Additionally, the treatment of biting abnormalities
decreases pain and discomfort felt in the jaw.
An orthodontist is a kind of dentist who has received specialized education and
training in the area of orthodontics. They are trained to diagnose and treat a broad
variety of orthodontic issues. They collaborate with patients to design individualized
treatment plans that take into account the patients' unique requirements and
objectives.
The duration of orthodontic treatment ranges from a few months to many
years, depending on the severity of the condition as well as the device that is being
used. It is essential to collaborate with an orthodontist who has the necessary skills
and expertise to provide the highest level of care and guarantee the most satisfactory
outcomes.
In general, orthodontics is an essential discipline of dentistry that significantly
enhances the look, health, and function of a patient's smile. It is reached by the
variety of treatment methods.
Orthodontic therapy, which enhances both the appearance and functioning of
the teeth and jaws, offers a number of advantages for patients. The following are
some of the most important advantages:
Straight teeth: The process of straightening teeth in orthodontics involves
providing a controlled force to the teeth, which over the course of treatment,
gradually pushes the teeth into the desired position. Such force is given to the teeth
by the use of different kinds of equipment, such as braces, aligners, or functional
appliances meant to apply pressure on the teeth.
78
Better bite: Treatment with orthodontics rectifies bite issues such as overbite,
underbite, or crossbite, all of which causes discomfort and suffering in the jaw.
Overbite, which is often referred to as a "deep bite" is a condition when the upper
front teeth overlap the lower front teeth. Underbite is a kind of malocclusion that is
sometimes referred to as a "reverse bite." Such malocclusion occurs when a person's
lower front teeth overlap their upper front teeth. A crossbite is the condition that
occurs when the upper and lower teeth do not come together in the correct manner.
All of these abnormalities with the bite have the potential to make chewing
uncomfortable and lead to other dental issues. Orthodontic therapy addresses bite
difficulties that patients are experiencing by rearranging the teeth and jaws. It is
accomplished by using functional tools, like braces or aligners, to correct the issue.
79
CHAPTER 5. DENTAL HYGIENE
achievement
[ə'ʧi:vmənt]
nutrient
['nju:trɪənt]
moisture
['mɔɪsʧə]
nutrition
[nju:'trɪʃ(ə)n]
diagnosis
['daɪəg'nəusɪs]
essential
[ɪ'senʃ(ə)l]
periodontitis
[ˌperɪəʊdɒn'taɪtɪs]
issue
['ɪʃu:]
gingivitis
[dʒindʒi'vaitis]
exacerbation
[ɪg'zæsə'beɪʃ(ə)n]
hygiene
['haɪʤi:n]
predisposition
['pri:dɪspə'zɪʃ(ə)n]
hygienist
['haɪʤi:nɪst]
plaque
[plæk], also UK:
[plɑːk]
advantage
[əd'vɑ:ntɪʤ]
practice
['præktɪs]
measurement
['meʒəmənt]
dentifrice
['dentɪfrɪs]
abrasion
[ə'breɪʒ(ə)n]
comprehensive
[ˌkɒmprɪˈhɛnsɪv]
Discussion Questions:
• Why do you think oral hygiene is important?
• What are some common practices for taking care of your teeth?
• What might happen if a person doesn’t take care of his/her teeth?
Vocabulary
Ex. 1. Read the following words, pay attention to their pronunciation:
achieve, v.
achievement, n.
syn. reach, v.
/əˈtʃiːv/
/əˈtʃiːvmənt/
to succeed in finishing something
or reaching an aim, especially after
a lot of work or effort
They have achieved great results.
assess, v.
assessment, n.
/əˈses/
/əˈsesmənt/
to make a judgment about the nature
or quality of somebody / something
Quality of life was assessed using a questionnaire.
We are trying to assess how well the system works.
comprehensive, adj.
/ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/
complete and including everything
that is necessary
This is a comprehensive guide to human anatomy.
80
concern, n., v.
/kənˈsɜːn/
- to affect or to involve somebody /
something
- a worried or nervous feeling about
something
Please pay attention because this information concerns all of you.
His health was giving serious cause for concern.
decay n., v.
/dɪˈkeɪ/
to gradually become bad or weak or
be destroyed, often because of
natural causes like bacteria or age
Sugar makes your teeth decay.
embarrass, v.
embarrassing, adj.
embarrassment, n.
/ɪm’bærəs/
/ɪm’bærəsɪŋ/
/ɪm’bærəsmənt/
to make someone feel
ashamed or shy
What has been your most embarrassing moment?
evaluate, v.
evaluation, n.
/ɪˈvæljueɪt/
/ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn/
to form an opinion of the amount,
value or quality of something after
thinking about it carefully
The trial will evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs.
Evaluation is one of the key elements of dental hygiene practice.
fluoride, n.
/’flɔːraɪd/, /ˈflʊəraɪd/
a chemical that helps prevent
tooth decay
Use fluoride toothpaste in order to help keep your teeth healthy
gingivitis, n.
/ˌdʒɪndʒɪˈvaɪtɪs/
an infection of the gums which
causes swelling, pain, and
sometimes bleeding
Tobacco smoking is associated with a higher incidence of gingivitis and tooth loss.
hurt, n., v.
/hɜːt/
to feel pain in a part of your body,
or to injure someone or cause them
pain
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]