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Файл:Professional English for Future Dentists. Учебное пособие для СПО
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9. What is the power device that holds and operates a bur?
A) The evacuator.
B) The shank.
C) The handpiece.
D) The operatory light.
10. Why is proper maintenance of dental handpieces critical?
A) They are inexpensive and easily replaced.
B) They are simple to operate and clean.
C) They are expensive and must be cared for as specified by the manufacturer.
D) They are rarely used in modern dentistry.
11. What is the most commonly used rotary item in dentistry?
A) The mounted stone.
B) The dental disc.
C) The dental bur.
D) The saliva ejector.
12. What are the three parts of a dental bur?
A) Head, body, and point.
B) Head, neck, and shank.
C) Top, middle, and bottom.
D) Blade, handle, and connector.
13. Which of the following is considered a basic item needed in all dental
facilities?
A) An orthodontic brace machine.
B) A surgical implant kit.
C) An operatory light and dental chair.
D) A specialized periodontal laser.
14. Modern digitalized radiographic units differ from traditional ones because
they use:
A) Larger film that requires more radiation.
B) Sensors and computer-assisted imaging.
C) Handpieces and burs for imaging.
D) Evacuation tips to hold the film.
22
CHAPTER 2. DENTAL THERAPY
CARIES
Ex. 1. Mind the pronunciation of the following words:
caries ['ke(ə)rɪz]
plaque [plæk], also UK: [plɑːk]
debris [ˈde(ɪ)bri(:)]; US: [dəˈbriː]
bacterium [bæk'tɪ(ə)rɪəm]
carbohydrate [kɑ:bə(u)'haidr(e)it]
phosphate ['fɔsfeɪt]
calcium ['kælsiəm]
tartar ['tɑ:tə]
saliva [səˈlaɪvə]
exposure [ɪk'spəuʒə]
fluoride [ˈflʊəˌraɪd]
restoration ['restə'reɪʃ(ə)n]
lesion ['li:ʒ(ə)n]
inflammation ['ɪnflə'meɪʃ(ə)n]
necrosis [nɪ'krəusɪs]
incipient [ɪn'sɪpɪənt]
remineralization [reˌmi:nərəlaɪ'zetʃən]
amalgam [ə'mælgəm]
resin ['rezɪn]
ionomer [aɪ'ɔnəmə]
application ['æplɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]
microflora [ˌmaikrəu'flɔ:rə]
composite ['kɔmpəzɪt]
diamine ['daɪəmaɪn]
radiograph ['reɪdɪə(u)grɑ:f]
diagnosis ['daɪəg'nəusɪs]
extraction [ɪk'strækʃ(ə)n]
consumption [kən'sʌmpʃ(ə)n]
pulpitis [ˌpʌl'paɪtɪs]
antibiotic ['æntɪbaɪ'ɔtɪk]
Vocabulary
Ex. 2. Read and practise:
1. Caries [ˈkɛərɪz] n. — кариес
• A decay or rottenness of the teeth characterized by demineralization and
destruction of tooth structure caused by bacterial acid.
Example: Dental caries can lead to cavities if untreated.
2. Enamel [ɪˈnæməl] n. — эмаль
• The hard, outermost layer of the tooth that protects it from decay.
Example: Caries begins with the demineralization of enamel.
3. Dentin [ˈdɛntɪn] n. — дентин
• The sensitive inner layer of the tooth beneath the enamel, more vulnerable to
decay.
Example: Once caries reaches the dentin, treatment becomes more complex.
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4. Cavity ['kævɪtɪ] n. — полость
• A hole or defect in the tooth structure caused by caries; also called a carious cavity.
Example: Untreated caries can lead to large cavities and tooth fracture.
5. Demineralization [diːˌmɪnərəlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. — деминерализация
• The loss of minerals such as calcium and phosphate from the tooth's enamel due to
acid attack.
Example: Early caries lesions show demineralization on the tooth surface.
6. Remineralization [ˌriːˌmɪnərəlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. — реминерализация
• The natural or aided process of restoring lost minerals to the enamel.
Example: Fluoride helps promote remineralization and repair early caries.
7. Plaque [plæk], also UK: [plɑːk] n. — микробный налёт; зубной камень; зубная
бляшка
A sticky biofilm of bacteria and food debris that forms on teeth and leads to caries
formation.
Example: Regular brushing removes plaque and reduces caries risk.
8. Cavitation [ˌkævɪˈteɪʃən] n. — образование (кариозной) полости
• The formation of a visible hole or cavity in the tooth due to advanced decay.
Example: Cavitation requires restorative dental treatment like fillings.
9. Fluoride [ˈflʊəˌraɪd] n. — фторид
• A mineral used in dentistry to strengthen enamel and prevent caries. Any of several
substances containing fluorine, especially one which helps to prevent tooth decay.
Example: Fluoride varnish (фторлак) is applied to help prevent caries.
10. Cariogenic [ˌkɛəriəˈdʒɛnɪk] n. — кариесогенный
• Capable of causing or promoting dental caries, often referring to bacteria or sugary
foods.
Example: High sugary diets are cariogenic and increase decay risk.
11. Restoration [ˌrɛstəˈreɪʃən] n. — пломба, пломбировочный материал,
восстановление (syn. filling)
• The dental procedure to repair and replace lost tooth structure due to caries.
Example: Fillings are common restorations for treating cavities.
12. Pulpitis [ˌpʌlˈpaɪtɪs] n. — пульпит (воспаление пульпы зуба)
• Inflammation of the dental pulp (the soft inner tissue of the tooth containing
nerves and blood vessels).
Example: The patient was diagnosed with pulpitis after complaining of a severe
toothache.
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13. Dental pulp (tooth pulp) [ˈdɛntəl pʌlp], [tuːθ pʌlp] n. — пульпа зуба
• The soft tissue inside the tooth, containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective
tissue.
Example: Bacteria from deep caries can infect the dental pulp and cause pulpitis.
14. Endodontics [ˌendǝʊ'dɒntɪks] n. — эндодонтия; эндодонтология
• The dental specialty dealing with diseases of the dental pulp and root canal
treatment.
Example: Pulpitis and root canal treatment are the focus of endodontics.
Verbs to be used
to appear
to apply
to buffer
to cause
to develop
to detect
to decline
to diagnose
to decay
to harbor
to extend
to involve
to improve
to invade
to lead to
to maintain
to prevent
to probe
to predispose
to restore
to remove
to reduce
to result in
to result from
to respond
to treat
Ex. 3. Mind the word formation. Translate into Russian using key vocabulary of
the topic.
To restore — restored — restoring — restoration — restorative
To diagnose — diagnosed — diagnosing — diagnostic — diagnosis — diagnostician
To involve — involved — involving — involvement — uninvolved
To mineralize — mineralized — mineralizing — mineralization — demineralization —
remineralization
To expose — exposed — exposing — exposure — overexposed — underexposed
To cavitate — cavity — cavitary — cavitation — intercavity
To inflame — inflamed — inflammatory — inflammation
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Ex. 4. Pay attention to the possible word-combinations.
tooth surface
decay
structure
sensitivity
dentin
pain
brushing
loss
restoration
dental radiographs
hygiene
caries
explorer
plaque
sealant
enamel
cavity
office
childhood
rampant
root
early caries
incipient
moderate caries
deep caries
dental
detection
removal
diagnosis
control
treatment
prevention
-prone people
risk factors
to diagnose dental caries
deep caries
caries under a restoration
tooth decay
correctly
by visual examination
using a dental probe
radiographically
occlusal caries
to restore a carious tooth
with amalgam
original shape and function of the tooth
after trauma
with composite resin
temporally
a tooth in primary dentition
conservatively
teeth with a caries‑protective material
Ex. 5. Read and translate the word-combinations.
Tooth decay, painful teeth, enamel surface, affected tooth structure, dental
hygiene, proper diet, dental plaque, dead epithelial cells, food debris, highly acidic
foods, salivary flow, systemic disorder, salivary gland dysfunction, buffering
capacity, enamel pits, plaque-forming bacteria, acidic environment, root caries,
26
gingival recession, exposure of root surfaces, oral hygiene, hindering eruption,
adjacent teeth, involved tooth, carious lesion, composite resins, professional cleaning,
topical fluoride application, permanent teeth, dietary factors, deciduous teeth,
premature loss.
Ex. 6. Translate the word-combinations into English.
Разрушение зуба, поражённый зуб, профессиональная чистка, постоянные
зубы, преждевременная потеря зуба, кариес, болезненные ощущения в зубах,
поверхность эмали, кариес корня зуба, кислые продукты, зубной налёт,
нарушение функции слюнных желёз, молочные зубы, поражённая ткань зуба,
буферная ёмкость (слюны), ямки на эмали, омертвевшие эпителиальные клетки,
остатки пищи, слюноотделение, рецессия дёсен, кариозное поражение,
композитные материалы (композитные пломбы), гигиена полости рта,
правильное питание, пищевые факторы системное заболевание, кислая среда,
обнажение корневых поверхностей, гигиена полости рта.
Ex. 7. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1) Regular brushing and flossing help remove plaque and prevent caries.
2) After caries removal, the cavity is filled with a suitable restorative material.
3) Patients with high sugar intake and poor oral hygiene have a high caries risk.
4) Dental enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body and the first barrier against
caries.
5) When caries reaches the dental dentin, the patient often feels pain and sensitivity.
6) Pit and fissure dental sealants are used to prevent caries in molars.
7) A small dental cavity is usually treated with a dental restoration (filling).
8) Dental pain is a common symptom of moderate to advanced caries.
9) Dental sensitivity to cold, sweet, or acidic foods often indicates caries or enamel
loss.
10) The dentist uses a dental probe to check for soft areas and cavitated lesions.
11) A severely damaged tooth after caries treatment may require a dental crown.
12) Using dental floss daily helps remove plaque from interdental areas where caries
often starts.
13) Regular dental visits allow early detection and non‑invasive management of
caries.
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14) Root caries affects the tooth root, especially in older patients with gingival
recession.
15) Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide.
16) Deep caries involves extensive destruction of dentin.
17) Caries in the tooth neck (cervical caries) is common in patients with poor
hygiene and gum disease.
18) Tooth preparation involves removing carious tissue and shaping the cavity for a
filling or crown.
19) Caries often causes local tooth discoloration (white, brown, or black spots).
20) Proximal caries is usually diagnosed radiographically using bitewing
(окклюзионный) X‑rays.
Ex. 8. Read and translate the text. Make up the plan of the text and render it
shortly in English.
Caries
Caries is tooth decay, commonly called cavities. The symptoms are tender,
painful teeth that appear late. Diagnosis is based on inspection, probing of the enamel
surface with a fine metal instrument, and dental radiographs. Treatment involves
removing affected tooth structure and restoring it with various materials. Fluoride,
diligent dental hygiene, sealants, and proper diet can prevent virtually all caries.
Etiology
The etiology of caries is best described as multifactorial and dynamic. Many
caries result from buildup of plaque, or dental biofilm that accumulates in the mouth
each day. Certain bacteria in dental plaque are able to ferment carbohydrates,
producing acids that can result in demineralization of hard tooth structure. Plaque is,
at first, a soft, thin film of bacteria, mucin, dead epithelial cells, and food debris that
develops on the tooth surface within about 24 hours after the tooth is cleaned.
Streptococcus species, a group of related bacteria, grow in plaque and can cause
caries. Some strains are more cariogenic than others. Eventually (commonly, after 72
hours), soft plaque mineralizes, mainly with calcium and phosphate, becoming
calculus (hard plaque or tartar), which cannot easily be removed with a toothbrush.
Risk factors
There are several risk factors for caries:
1. Inadequate control of plaque and tartar.
2. Dental defects.
28
3. Diet, particularly frequent consumption of carbohydrates (including sugars)
and highly acidic foods and liquids.
4. Low intake of oral fluoride.
5. Characteristics of saliva, including reduced salivary flow (e.g, due to
medications, radiation therapy, systemic disorders that cause salivary gland
dysfunction), buffering capacity, and pH.
6. Genetic factors.
Many teeth have open enamel pits, fissures, and grooves, which may extend
from the surface to the dentin. These defects may be wide enough to harbor bacteria
but too narrow to clean effectively. They predispose teeth to caries.
Frequent dietary exposure to carbohydrates and sugars promotes the growth of
plaque-forming bacteria. Development of severe early childhood caries (rampant
caries) in deciduous teeth suggests prolonged contact with infant milk or juice,
typically when an infant goes to bed with a bottle (baby or nursing bottle caries).
Thus, bedtime bottles should contain only water.
A tooth surface is more susceptible to caries when it is poorly calcified, has
low fluoride exposure, and/or is in an acidic environment.
Older patients often take medications that reduce salivary flow, predisposing to
caries. They also have a higher incidence of root caries because of gingival recession,
exposure of root surfaces, and declining manual dexterity (causing ineffective oral
hygiene).
Complications
Untreated caries leads to tooth destruction, infections, and the need for
extractions and replacement prostheses. Caries in children can lead to premature loss
of deciduous teeth with shift of adjacent teeth, hindering eruption of their permanent
successors.
Symptoms and Signs
Caries initially involves only the enamel and causes no symptoms. Caries that
invades the dentin causes pain, first when hot, cold, or sweet foods or beverages
contact the involved tooth, and later with chewing or percussion. Pain can be intense
and persistent when the pulp is severely involved.
Diagnosis
1. Direct visual inspection and careful use of dental explorer.
2. Periodic dental radiographs.
3. Sometimes special adjunctive tests.
Routine, frequent clinical evaluation (every 3 to 12 months depending on a
patient's caries risk as assessed by a dentist) identifies early caries at a time when
29
minimal intervention prevents progression. A thin probe, sometimes special dyes, and
transillumination by fiberoptic lights are used, although infrequently these are
supplemented by new devices that detect caries by changes in electrical conductivity,
laser reflectivity, or transillumination (including use of near-infrared light devices).
However, radiographs are still most important for detecting caries, determining the
depth of involvement, and identifying caries under existing restorations.
Treatment
Restorative therapy
1. Sometimes a root canal and crown.
2. Remineralization of teeth.
For teeth with incipient caries (affected area confined to the enamel),
remineralization is usually attempted by improved home care (brushing and flossing),
more frequent cleanings, prescriptions for high-fluoride toothpastes, and multiple
fluoride applications at the dental office. Incipient carious lesions confined to enamel
may also be treated with resin infiltration.
Restoration of teeth
The primary treatment of caries that has entered dentin is mechanical removal
by drilling, followed by filling the resultant defect.
Restorative materials for treating caries vary depending on the location and
size of the carious lesion. Fillings for occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth, which bear
the brunt of mastication, must be composed of strong materials, including:
1. Silver amalgam.
2. Composite resins.
3. Reinforced glass ionomers.
Prevention
1. Regular brushing and flossing.
2. Fluoride in water, toothpaste, or both.
3 Regular professional cleanings.
4. Rarely chlorhexidine rinses and topical fluoride applications.
For most people, caries are preventable. Cavities first form on permanent teeth
in the early teens to late 20s. Caries-prone people typically have low exposure to
fluoride and a relatively cariogenic microflora acquired from their mothers or through
social contact.
Maintaining good oral hygiene is especially important, as are dietary factors,
particularly minimizing intake of sugar and acidic drinks and eating a diet rich in
sources of calcium.
30
TASKS:
a) Look through the text once again and find terms corresponding to the
following descriptions:
1. The hard, mineralized outer layer of the tooth, which is the first tissue affected by
caries.
2. A sticky biofilm of bacteria and food debris that forms on teeth.
3. A restoration placed in a prepared cavity to restore the tooth’s shape and function.
4. A pathological process of demineralization and destruction of tooth hard tissues
caused by acid-producing bacteria in dental plaque.
5. Cleaning between teeth using dental floss.
6. People who typically have low exposure to fluoride and a relatively cariogenic
microflora genetically acquired from parents.
7. A small brush with a long handle that you use to clean your teeth.
8. In dentistry, it is a filling material made up of a mixture of metals, including silver,
tin, copper, and mercury.
9. A mineral that strengthens tooth enamel and promotes remineralization, used in
toothpaste, mouth rinses, and professional applications to prevent caries.
10. A common diagnostic tool used by dentists to detect dental problems that may
not be visible during a regular dental examination.
b) Find in the text word-combinations with the following words. Read and
translate:
hygiene, surface, eruption, toothpaste, caries, tooth, flow, brushing, plaque, intake,
inspection, lesion, radiograph.
c) Continue the sentences using the text. Write down into your notebook:
1. Caries initially involves only….
2. Untreated caries leads to ….
3. Treatment involves ….
4. Pain can be ….
5. Caries in children can lead to ….
6. A tooth surface is more susceptible to ….
7. Older patients often take medications that….
8. Plaque is ….
9. Maintaining good oral hygiene is ….
10. Certain bacteria in dental plaque are able to ….
11. Radiographs are still most important for ….
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