Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Professional English for Future Dentists. Учебное пособие для СПО
.pdf
91
• The treatment room should be decorated in a way that appeals to children.
Show the child the instruments you will be using, and explain how they are used.
Make everything that looks unfamiliar look friendly. Demonstrate the buttons on
the chair and how it moves up and down.
• Explain exactly what you are going to do during the appointment. Use age-
appropriate terms to explain why it is so important to keep the teeth healthy
• Turn the appointment into a game. For example, count eyes, ears, and
fingers before moving on to counting teeth.
• Don’t use tricks or lie; keep your promises. If you say “just let me do one
more thing,” do it and let the child go. If a child will not cooperate, try again
another day
• When the visit is over, let the child pick a treat from a “treasure box.”
Praise good behavior
• Snap a picture of the child’s sparkling smile and create a gallery of photos
in the office.
Ex. 21. Revision exercises:
1. Create a crossword in your copybook using the vocabulary and definitions above.
2. Create a word web in your copybook using verb and noun collocations from
Ex. 14, 15, 19.
3. Discuss with a partner what information might be included in a patient’s dental and
health history. Write a short paragraph.
4. Discuss the importance of each stage of the dental hygiene process of care. Which
stage do you think is the most important and why?
5. What tips for children dentists did you like the most? Why?
Ex. 22. Study additional vocabulary on ORAL HYGIENE:
abrasion, n.
abrasive, adj.
syn. attrition, n.
/əˈbreɪʒn/
/əˈbreɪsɪv/
истирание, трение, абразия
Abrasion is lesion of the gingiva or loss of tooth structure produced by a
mechanical cause.
advantage, n.
/ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/
преимущество, достоинство,
польза, плюс
Each brushing method has specific advantages.
92
apply, v.
appliance, n.
application, n.
/əˈplaɪ/
/əˈplaɪəns/
/ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn/
применять, использовать,
наносить
устройство, прибор
применение, приложение
Smart toothbrushes can connect to mobile applications.
Each brushing method has specific applications.
Charter’s method focuses particularly on areas around orthodontic appliances.
approach, n., v.
/əˈprəʊtʃ/
подход, метод, способ
приближаться
A combination of methods or a modified approach gives the best results.
angle, n.
/ˈæŋɡl/
угол, наклон
Position the brush bristles at a 45-degree angle toward the occlusal (biting) surface
of the teeth.
arrange, v.
arrangement, n.
/əˈreɪndʒ/
/əˈreɪndʒmənt/
организовать, устраивать,
расположить
расположение, организация
Toothbrushes come in various designs with different bristle arrangements on their
heads.
biofilm, n.
/ˈbaɪəʊfɪlm/
биоплёнка, зубной налёт
Biofilm is a thin layer that forms on some surfaces and consists of bacteria and
other microorganisms.
bracket, n.
syn. brace, n.
/ˈbrækɪt/
/breɪs/
ортодонтический брекет, скоба
Brackets or braces are metal devices that people, especially children, wear inside
the mouth to help their teeth grow straight.
bristle, n.
/ˈbrɪsl/
щетина, ворс
Bristles can be synthetic (nylon) or natural (for example, made from plant fibers).
dentifrice, n.
/’dɛntɪfrɪs/
любое зубное средство, средство
для чистки зубов
Dentifrice is a powder, paste, or liquid for cleaning teeth.
93
essential, adj.
essentially, adv.
/ɪˈsenʃl/
/ɪˈsenʃəli/
существенный, важный, основной
Toothbrushes are an essential tool in maintaining oral health.
exacerbate, v.
exacerbation, n.
/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/
/ɪɡˌzæsəˈbeɪʃn/
обострять, усугублять
обострение, приступ
Her allergy was exacerbated by the dust.
filament, n.
syn. fiber, n.
/ˈfɪləmənt/
/ˈfaɪbə(r)/
нить, волокно, волосок
Historically, toothbrush bristles were taken from a wild boar or plants, but current
toothbrush bristles are made of nylon and are called filaments.
frequency, n.
frequent, adj.
/ˈfriːkwənsi/
/ˈfriːkwənt/
частота, периодичность
частый, регулярный
Electric toothbrushes can be more effective at removing plaque due to their high
frequency of movements.
malodor, n.
/ˌmæl ˈəʊdə(r)/
неприятный запах
Oral malodor (bad breath, or halitosis) is a common problem produced by
microorganisms on tongue and teeth.
maintenance, n.
maintain, v.
/ˈmeɪntənəns/
/meɪnˈteɪn/
уход, сохранение, поддержание
поддерживать, сохранять,
содержать
Choosing the right toothbrush ensures optimal hygiene maintenance.
moisture, n.
moisten, v.
moisturize, v.
/ˈmɔɪstʃə(r)/
/ˈmɔɪsn/
влага, увлажнение
увлажнять
Synthetic bristles are more resistant to moisture and are easier to clean.
mouthrinse, n.
/maʊθ rɪns/
ополаскиватель для полости рта
Mouthrinses may have cosmetic and therapeutic effect.
nutrition, n.
nutrient, n.
/njuˈtrɪʃn/
/ˈnjuːtriənt/
питание, питательность
питательное вещество, нутриент
94
nutritive, adj.
nutritional, adj.
syn. nutritious, adj.
nourish, v.
/’nju:trətɪv /
/njuˈtrɪʃənl/
/njuˈtrɪʃəs/
/ˈnʌrɪʃ/
питательный, пищевой
питательный, полезный для
здоровья
питать, кормить, подпитывать
What is the nutritional value of milk?
Raw spinach is especially nutritious.
A healthy diet should provide all your essential nutrients.
purpose, n.
syn. goal, aim, n.
/ˈpɜːpəs/
цель, намерение, задача
The purpose of toothbrushes is to clean the dental plaque.
prone, adj. (to)
/prəʊn/
склонный, подверженный
Bass method is particularly effective for patients prone to plaque accumulation.
stiffness, n.
syn. firmness, n.
/ˈstɪfnəs/
жёсткость
The term stiffness is used interchangeably with firmness of toothbrush bristles or
filaments; the stiffness depends primarily on the length and diameter of the
filaments.
tuft, n.
/tʌft/
пучок, прядь
Tuft is a cluster of bristles or filaments fixed together in one hole in the head of a
toothbrush.
vulnerable, adj.
/ˈvʌlnərəbl/
уязвимый, подверженный риску
Tobacco use makes aesthetic restorations and whitening procedures more
vulnerable to discoloration.
Ex. 23. Memorize the verbs to be used:
impact
remove
interfere
avoid
impair
improve
rely (on)
abstain (from)
increase
repair
decrease
expose
reduce
strengthen
95
Ex. 24. Translate and memorize the following words and word combinations:
An essential tool, maintain oral health, impact the condition of teeth, optimal
hygiene maintenance, toothbrushing techniques, modified approach, vibratory strokes
(back-and-forth motion), exposed root surfaces, patients with limited dexterity, apply
gentle pressure, gingival recession, volatile sulfur compounds, organoleptic methods,
abstain from tobacco, stimulate salivary flow, recommend as adjunct to, medicationinduced enlargement, overdenture, decreased longevity, periodontal debridement,
impaired wound healing, interfere with normal function, inhibit collagen production,
increase collagenase activity, be physiologically addictive, reduce tobacco use.
Ex. 25. Read and translate:
Basic Concepts of Toothbrushing
1. Microbial population of dental plaque biofilm contributes to dental caries
and periodontal diseases.
2. Mechanical biofilm control, or toothbrushing is effective and widely used
oral hygiene method to prevent and control dental diseases.
3. Many toothbrush shapes, sizes, and textures are available.
4. Brush selection should be based on the patient’s needs, oral characteristics
and preferences.
5. Power toothbrush is a brush driven by electricity or battery; also called
power-assisted, automatic, electric or mechanical (in contrast with manual).
Early toothbrushes
The earliest record of the “chewstick,” which has been considered the
primitive toothbrush, dates back in the Chinese literature to about 1600 B.C. The
care of the mouth was associated with religious training and ritual.
Chewsticks, made from various types of tasty woods by crushing an end and
spreading the fibers in a brushlike manner, are still used in several regions of the
world.
The writings of Hippocrates (about 300 B.C.) include descriptions of
diseased gums related to calculus and of complex preparations for the treatment of
unhealthy mouths.
Pierre Fauchard in 1728 in Le Chirurgien Dentiste described many aspects
of oral health. He recommended scaling of teeth and developed instruments and
splints for loose teeth, as well as dentifrices and mouthwashes.
96
One of the earlier toothbrushes made in England was produced by William
Addis about 1780. By the early 19th century, craftsmen in various European
countries constructed handles of gold, ivory, or ebony in which replaceable brush
heads could be fitted.
Many new varieties of toothbrushes were developed around 1900, when
celluloid was available for the manufacture of toothbrush handles. In 1919, the
American Academy of Periodontology identified specifications for toothbrush
design and brushing methods in an attempt to standardize professional
recommendations.
Nylon came into use in toothbrush construction in 1938. Since then,
synthetic materials have been improved and manufacturers’ specifications
standardized. Most toothbrushes are made exclusively of synthetic materials.
Power toothbrushes, although developed earlier, were not actively promoted until
the 1960s.
Ex. 26. Read and translate:
Toothbrushes
Toothbrushes are an essential tool in maintaining oral health. The right choice
and use of a toothbrush can significantly impact the condition of teeth and gums.
Toothbrushes are made from various materials. Bristles can be synthetic
(nylon) or natural (for example, made from plant fibers). Synthetic bristles are more
resistant to moisture and are easier to clean.
Toothbrushes come in soft, medium, and hard bristle options. Soft bristles are
recommended for people with sensitive gums or after dental procedures, while hard
bristles can be more effective at removing plaque but require caution to avoid
damaging the gums.
The toothbrush head should be designed to comfortably reach all areas of the
mouth, including the back teeth. Manual toothbrushes are traditional brushes that do
not require batteries or electricity. They are available in various shapes and firmness
levels.
Electric toothbrushes have a built-in motor that provides automatic movement
of the bristles. They can be more effective at removing plaque due to their high
frequency of movements.
Smart toothbrushes can connect to mobile applications. They can track
brushing quality and provide recommendations for improving technique.
97
Ex. 27. Answer the questions:
1. What three types of toothbrushes are mentioned in the text?
2. What are the main characteristics of each type?
3. What materials are toothbrushes made of?
4. What are the options of bristle stiffness?
5. What toothbrush can you recommend to patients with sensitive gums?
Ex. 28. Read and provide a brief summary:
Toothbrush Bristle Arrangements
Toothbrushes come in various designs with different bristle arrangements on
their heads to suit individual preferences and oral care needs. Each configuration has
its advantages depending on personal preference and specific dental requirements.
Choosing the right one ensures optimal hygiene maintenance leading towards
healthier smiles! Here are some common types:
Flat / Straight Bristles
These are the most traditional type where all bristles
stand straight up from the head. They provide a simple
yet effective cleaning experience for general use.
Rippled / Wave-like Bristles
Having the same purpose as a multilevel toothbrush, this
design has a wave-like shape to fit the row of teeth. The
longer bristles will be able to enter the area in between
the teeth to clean it.
Tapered / Conical Bristles
This type of bristle has a very fine tip (0.01 mm,
0.02 mm). Its purpose is to clean the dental plaque from
the tiny groove on the biting surface of the teeth and the
gum line.
Multilevel Bristles
To overcome the “blocking effect”, this design has
different lengths of groups of bristles. This feature
enables the bristles to work independently. During
brushing, some shorter groups can brush the tooth
surface while the longer ones can clean the area in
between the teeth.
Angled Bristles
This innovative design has different groups of bristles
arranged at different angles. During brushing, different
angled bristles can work independently.
Bilevel-orthodontic / V-shaped Bristles
This toothbrush has a groove running across the bristles.
This shape nicely fits on the braces wire. A braces
wearer may find it more convenient to use because it can
brush both the teeth and the braces on them together
98
Ex. 29. Match the dental terms to their definitions using the text above:
1. Tapered bristles
2. Multilevel bristles
3. Rippled bristles
4. Angled bristles
a) Fine tip (0.01 mm, 0.02 mm) for cleaning groove
b) Different lengths to clean tooth surface and interproximal area
c) Wave-like shape fitting the row of teeth
d) Groups at different angles for independent action
Ex. 30. Read the text and decide if each statement is True or False. Correct the
false ones:
1. Flat straight bristles provide multilevel cleaning for interproximal areas.
2. Tapered bristles are thick-tipped for surface cleaning.
3. Angled bristles allow groups to work independently during brushing.
4. V-shaped bristles create a groove to fit braces wires.
5. Multilevel bristles cause a "blocking effect" by all being the same length.
6. Soft bristles are recommended to prevent enamel abrasion and gum recession.
Ex. 31. Answer in 1-2 sentences based on the text:
1. Why do tapered bristles target specific areas like grooves and the gum line?
2. How does the multilevel bristle design improve cleaning efficiency?
3. What is the main advantage of V-shaped bristles for braces wearers?
4. Explain the purpose of rippled bristles in relation to tooth anatomy.
Ex. 32. Fill in the gaps with words from the box (in writing):
tapered plaque rippled angled orthodontic
multilevel gum line braces blocking
1. __________ bristles have a fine tip to remove __________ from grooves on biting
surfaces and the __________.
2. __________ designs use different lengths to overcome the __________ effect
during brushing.
99
3. __________ bristles fit the row of teeth with their wave-like shape for
interproximal cleaning.
4. Patients with __________ benefit from __________ bristles that align with wires.
5. __________ bristles at varying angles ensure independent action for thorough
hygiene.
Ex. 33. Read and translate:
Toothbrushing Techniques
Proper toothbrushing technique is fundamental for maintaining oral hygiene
and preventing dental diseases. There are four classical toothbrushing techniques that
are considered the most effective. Each brushing method has specific advantages and
applications. The method selected should prevent both supragingival and subgingival
plaque biofilm to the extent possible. The issue of gingival stimulation is of less
importance than plaque control. Often, a combination of methods or a modified
approach gives the best results. Remember that regardless of the method chosen,
consistency, proper technique and adequate brushing time (minimum 2 minutes) are
essential for optimal oral hygiene.
1. Bass Method
The Bass method is considered to be one of the most effective techniques for
removing plaque. This technique focuses on cleaning the gingival sulcus area, where
periodontal disease often begins. This method is particularly effective for patients
with gingivitis, periodontal disease, or those prone to plaque accumulation along the
gum line.
Technique:
- Hold the toothbrush horizontally with the bristles at a 45-degree angle to the
long axis of the teeth, pointing toward the gingival margin;
- Apply gentle pressure so the bristle tips enter the gingival sulcus;
- Use short (about 2mm), horizontal vibratory strokes (back-and-forth motion);
- Brush 2–3 teeth at a time using approximately 10-15 strokes per area;
- Move systematically around all tooth surfaces.
2. Stillman's Method
Stillman's method is similar to Bass technique, but it combines gingival
massage with effective plaque removal, making it suitable for patients with gingival
recession or exposed root surfaces. It is recommended for patients with healthy
gingiva, gingival recession or those who want to maintain gingival tone.
100
Technique:
- Position the bristles at a 45-degree angle to the tooth apex, with bristles
partially on the gingiva and partially on the tooth surface;
- Apply gentle pressure and use a vibratory motion;
- Rotate the brush head in a coronal direction (from gum to tooth);
- Repeat this press-vibrate sequence several times in each area.
3. Roll Method
The roll method, also called the rolling stroke technique, is one of the simplest
and safest brushing methods, making it ideal for children and patients with limited
dexterity.
Technique:
- Place the bristles against the gingiva with the tips pointing apically (toward
the root);
- Apply light pressure and rotate the brush downward (for maxillary teeth) or
upward (for mandibular teeth);
- Use a gentle sweeping motion, rolling from gum to tooth surface;
- Repeat 5–10 times in each area before moving to the next section;
- Ensure you cover all tooth surfaces: facial, lingual, and occlusal.
4. Charter's Method
Charter's method is unique as it's designed specifically for cleaning
interproximal areas. It is particularly useful for patients with orthodontic appliances,
fixed prostheses or following periodontal surgery.
Technique:
- Position the brush bristles at a 45-degree angle toward the occlusal (biting)
surface;
- Place bristle tips on the gingiva and tooth surface;
- Apply gentle pressure while making small circular or vibratory motions;
- The bristles should flex into the embrasures between teeth;
- Focus particularly on areas around orthodontic appliances.
Ex. 34. Answer the questions:
1. What is the primary goal of any toothbrushing method according to the text?
2. Why is the Bass method particularly effective for patients with gingivitis?
3. What is the best technique for patients with orthodontic appliances?
4. What is the bristle position and motion for the Stillman’s method?
5. Who is the Roll method best suitable for?
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]