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Файл:Mental processes and states in general psychology (for students in the English medium). Study aid
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PROTOKOL FORM
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Interpretation: it is necessary to count the number of pluses in the horizontal
lines of the protocol:
1. The sum of pluses (answers "YES" of the 1st row: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50)
"metaphorization" — the ability to notice a metaphor in speech, images, poetry, art;
works, the use of metaphor in speech, the ability to come up with a metaphorical
expression yourself is a sign of creative talent. The maximum severity is 8 points,
low values are 2–3 points.
2. The sum of pluses (answers "YES" of the 2nd row: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51)
"figurativeness of representations" — the ability for vivid figurative representation,
fantasy, figurative thinking, the desire to express these images in drawings, artistic
ability.
3. The sum of pluses (answers "YES" of the 3rd row: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52)
"symbolization" — the ability to designate certain phenomena with signs, operating
with formulas, graphs, language abilities.
4. The sum of pluses (answers "YES" of the 4th row: 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, 39, 46, 53)
"verbalization" — ease of speech, the ability of a storyteller, the ability to convey
information about those or other events.
5. The sum of pluses (answers "YES" of the 5th row: 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, 40, 47,
54) "abstraction" — the ability to successfully generalize the concrete, go into
the field of abstraction, the ability to rely on abstract words, images in the process
of thinking.
6. The sum of pluses (answers "YES" of the 6th row: 6, 13, 20, 27, 34, 41,
48, 55) "reflexivity" — the ability to keep the same information in memory for a long
time, each time rethinking her in a new way, a high degree of reflection, careful
consideration of their actions.
7. The sum of pluses (answers "YES" of the 7th row: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56)
"manual skills" — the ability to make, repair, carry out fine manual manipulations
with objects, technical skills.
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LABORATORY WORK
TEST — QUESTIONNAIRE G. SHMISHEK, K. LEONHARD
According to the theory of accented personalities, there are personality traits
that are not pathological in themselves, but can develop in a positive or negative
direction under certain conditions. These traits are, as it were, the sharpening of
certain individual properties inherent in each person. Accentuation is not a pathology,
it is an extreme degree of the norm, after which psychopathy begins — a personality
pathology leading to a violation of adaptation and human interaction with the
environment. According to Leonhard’s classification, there are ten main types of
accentuations. All these groups of accentuated personalities are combined according
to the principle of character accentuation or temperament accentuation. Character
accentuations include: getting stuck, pedantry, demonstrativeness, excitability.
Accentuations of temperament include: hyperthymic, emotive, anxiety, cycloid,
dysthymic, exalted.
Work progress: You are invited to answer 97 questions concerning various
aspects of your personality. Next to the question number, put a "+" (yes) sign if you
agree, or "–" (no) if you disagree. Answer quickly, do not hesitate for a long time.
1. Is your mood usually clear, unclouded?
2. Are you susceptible to insults, insults?
3. Do you cry easily?
4. At the end of any work, do you have any doubts about the quality of its
performance and do you resort to checking whether everything was done correctly?
5. In childhood, were you as brave as your peers?
6. Do you often have sudden mood swings (just soaring in the clouds with
happiness, and suddenly it becomes very sad)?
7. Are you usually in the spotlight during the fun?
8. Do you have days when you are grumpy and irritable for no particular
reason and everyone thinks that it is better not to touch you?
9. Do you always reply to emails immediately after reading them?
10. Are you a serious person?
11. Are you able to get so involved in something for a while that everything
else ceases to be meaningful to you?
12. Are you entrepreneurial?
13. Do you quickly forget offenses and insults?
14. Are you kind-hearted?
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15. When you drop a letter into the mailbox, do you check whether it went
down there or not?
16. Does your ambition require you to be one of the first in work (study)?
17. In childhood, were you afraid of thunderstorms and dogs?
18. Do you sometimes laugh at indecent jokes?
19. Are there people among your acquaintances who consider you pedantic?
20. Does your mood very much depend on external circumstances and events?
21. Do your acquaintances love you?
22. Are you often at the mercy of strong inner impulses and impulses?
23. 23. Is your mood usually somewhat depressed?
24. Have you ever sobbed while experiencing a severe nervous shock?
25. Is it difficult for you to sit in one place for a long time?
26. Do you defend your interests when injustice is admitted to you?
27. Do you brag sometimes?
28. Were you able, if necessary, to slaughter a domestic animal or a bird?
29. Does it annoy you if the curtain or tablecloth hangs unevenly, do you
try to fix it?
30. As a child, were you afraid to be at home alone?
31. How often does your mood spoil for no apparent reason?
32. Have you ever been one of the best in your professional or academic career?
33. Do you easily get angry?
34. Are you capable of being playful and fun?
35. Do you have states when you are overwhelmed with happiness?
36. Could you play the role of entertainer in funny performances?
37. Have you ever lied in your life?
38. Do you tell people your opinion of them directly in the eyes?
39. Can you calmly look at the blood?
40. Do you like a job when you alone are responsiblë for it?
41. Do you stand up for people against whom injustice has been committed?
42. Are you worried about the need to go down to a dark cellar, to enter
an empty, dark room?
43. Do you prefer an activity that needs to be done for a long time and
accurately, one that does not require a lot of painstaking and is done quickly?
44. Are you a very sociable person?
45. Did you readily recite poetry at school?
46. Did you run away from home as a child?
47. Do you usually not hesitate to give up your seat on the bus to elderly
passengers?
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48. Do you often find life difficult?
49. Have you ever been so upset about a conflict that after that you felt unable
to go to work?
50. Can we say that if you fail, you retain your sense of humor?
51. Do you try to make peace if you have offended someone? Are you taking
the first steps towards reconciliation?
52. Do you really like animals?
53. When leaving home, did you happen to come back to check if something
had happened?
54. Have you ever been bothered by the thought that something should happen
to you or your relatives?
55. Does your mood significantly depend on the weather?
56. Do you find it difficult to perform in front of a large audience?
57. Can you, when angry with someone, use your hands?
58. Do you really like to have fun?
59. Do you always say what you think?
60. Can you fall into despair under the influence of disappointment?
61. Are you attracted by the role of organizer in any business?
62. Do you persist on the way to achieving the goal, if you encounter
any obstacle?
63. Have you ever felt satisfied with the failures of people who are unpleasant
to you?
64. Can a tragic film excite you so that tears come to your eyes?
65. Do thoughts of the problems of the past or of the future day often prevent
you from falling asleep?
66. Was it typical for you during your school years to prompt or let your
comrades cheat?
67. Could you walk alone through the cemetery in the dark?
68. Would you, without hesitation, return the extra money to the cashier if
you found that you had received too much of it?
69. Do you attach great importance to the fact that every thing in your house
should be in its place?
70. Do you happen to go to bed in a good mood and the next morning you get
up in a bad mood that lasts for several hours?
71. Do you easily adapt to a new situation?
72. Do you often have dizziness?
73. Do you often laugh?
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74. Will you be able to treat a person about whom you have a bad opinion,
so friendly that no one guesses about your actual attitude towards him?
75. Are you a lively and agile person?
76. Do you suffer greatly when injustice is committed?
77. Are you a passionate nature lover?
78. When leaving home or going to bed, do you check if the taps are closed, if
the lights are out everywhere, are the doors locked?
79. Are you shy?
80. Can drinking alcohol change your mood?
81. Do you willingly take part in amateur art circles?
82. Do you sometimes want to go far from home?
83. Are you a little pessimistic about the future?
84. Do you have transitions from a cheerful mood to a melancholy one?
85. Can you entertain the society, be the soul of the company?
86. How long do you keep the feeling of anger, annoyance?
87. Do you experience other people's sorrows for a long time?
88. Do you always agree with remarks addressed to you, the correctness of
which you are aware of?
89. During your school years, could you rewrite a page in a notebook because
of blots?
90. Are you more careful and distrustful of people than gullible?
91. Do you often have terrible dreams?
92. Do you sometimes have such obsessive thoughts that if you are standing
on the platform, you can against your will rush under the approaching train or you
can throw yourself out of the window of the upper floor of a large house?
93. Do you become more fun in the company of cheerful people?
94. You are a person who does not think about difficult problems, and if
he does them, then not for long?
95. Do you commit sudden impulsive actions under the influence of alcohol?
96. In conversations, are you more silent than you speak?
97. Could you, portraying someone, get carried away so that for a while you
forget who you really are?
Test keys: The number of answers that coincide with the key in the test is
estimated at 1 point and multiplied by the value of the coefficient of the
corresponding type of accentuation; if the obtained value exceeds 18, then this
indicates the severity of this type of accentuation.
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Character traits
Kt
"Yes" questions
"No" questions
Hyperthymicity
3
1,12, 25, 36, 50, 61, 75, 85
Jamming
2
2, 16, 26, 38, 41, 62, 76, 86, 90
13, 51, 66
Emotiveness
3
3, 14 ,52, 64, 77, 87
28, 39
Pedantry
2
4, 15, 19, 29, 43, 53, 65, 69, 78, 89,92
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Anxiet
3
17, 30, 42, 54, 79, 91
5, 67
Cycloidy
3
6, 20, 31, 44, 55, 70, 80, 93
Demonstrativeness
2
7, 21, 24, 32, 45, 49, 71, 74, 81, 94, 97
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Excitability
3
8, 22, 33, 46, 57, 72, 82, 95
Density
3
10, 23, 48, 83, 96
34, 58, 73
Exaltation 6 11, 35, 60, 84
Lie 1 9, 47, 59, 68, 88
18, 27, 37, 63
Hyperthymicity
People with hyperthymicity exhibit high spirits, optimism, and a readiness
to engage in various activities. They are quick to switch between tasks but often fail
to complete what they've begun, displaying undisciplined behavior. Prone to
adventure and romance, teenagers with this trait resist authority and dislike being
supervised. Their elevated mood may lead to inappropriate actions.
Jamming
This type is characterized by a tendency to fixate on negative emotions and
delusional reactions. They are pedantic, vindictive, and hold onto grievances for
extended periods. Obsessions commonly arise, and they may exhibit affective
outbursts or aggression when overwhelmed.
Emotiveness
Highly sensitive individuals whose moods fluctuate dramatically in response to
seemingly trivial triggers. Their efficiency and well-being hinge on their emotional
state. They possess a subtly organized emotional sphere, capable of profound feelings
and experiences. Vulnerable in love, they suffer deeply from rude treatment
or relationship breakdowns.
Pedantry
People who struggle to transition between emotions and prefer order in their
surroundings. They value clarity in communication and organization. During periods
of melancholy, they become irritable and may exhibit aggression.
Anxiety
Individuals with a melancholic or choleric disposition and a high level
of constitutional anxiety lack confidence. They underestimate their abilities and fear
responsibilities, attracting trouble through constant worrying.
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Cycloidy
Marked by sudden mood shifts, cycloids experience brief periods of good
mood followed by prolonged spells of sadness. In depressed states, they resemble
anxious types, quickly fatiguing and despairing. In elevated moods, they mirror
hyperthymic behavior.
Demonstrativeness
Strongly self-centered individuals who crave constant attention. Often found
among artists, they resort to antisocial actions if unable to distinguish themselves
otherwise. They may exhibit pathological lying and dress flamboyantly to stand out.
Excitability
Prone to impulsive reactivity driven by attraction or instinct. Characterized by
rudeness, boredom, anger, and a tendency to provoke conflicts, they actively
participate in friction.
Density
Opposed to hyperthymic types, dense individuals experience persistent low
moods, pessimism, and fatigue. They prefer solitude and quickly exhaust themselves
in social interactions.
Exaltation
Lacking emotional nuance, they rapidly transition from extreme sorrow to
unbounded joy. Outwardly, their behavior appears dramatic, but they are genuinely
passionate about art, music, nature, and sports.
LABORATORY WORK
THE BIG FIVE INVENTORY (BFI)
Work progress: Read each statement carefully and then mark the appropriate
response below. Use the following scale to record your responses.
1 — Strongly disagree 2 — Slightly disagree 3 — Neutral or cannot decide
4 — Slightly agree 5 — Strongly agree
__________1. I get upset easily.
__________2. I enjoy being part of the group.
__________3. I like to solve complex problems.
__________4. I believe that others have good intentions.
__________5. I am always prepared.
__________6. I have a low opinion of myself.
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_________7. I have a natural talent for influencing people.
_________8. I enjoy the beauty of nature.
_________9. I try to anticipate the needs of others.
_________10. I can be trusted to keep my promises.
_________11. I get irritated easily.
_________12. I have a lot of fun.
_________13. I like to visit new places.
_________14. I like to help others.
_________15. I set high standards for myself and others.
Sum the following items to see how you score on five general personality
traits. The numbers below indicate which questions correspond to each trait.
A high score indicates a stronger level of that trait
1 6 11 — Neuroticism
2 7 12 — Extraversion
3 8 13 — Openness Intellect
4 9 14 — Agreeableness
5 10 15 — Conscientiousness
LIST OF QUESTIONS:
1. What images spring to mind when you hear the word personality?
2. How would you describe your personality?
3. What is the most attractive personality trait a person can have?
4. What change would you like to make to your personality and why?
GLOSSARY
Character: a set of stable individual traits that develop and manifest in
activities and interactions, shaping a person's typical behavior patterns. Character
traits can harmonize or contrast, forming either coherent or contradictory characters.
Temperament: dynamic features of an individual's mental activity, largely
influenced by physiological properties of the nervous system. Temperament governs
the energy, intensity, and temporal aspects of behavior, affecting how individuals
interact with their environment.
Personality: the integrated sum of psychological, emotional, and behavioral
traits that distinguish an individual. Personality encompasses temperament,
character, abilities, orientations, and habits, shaped by genetic predispositions and
environmental influences.
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Abilities: personal qualities essential for successfully engaging in specific
types of activities. Abilities develop from innate aptitudes through participation in
relevant tasks and are malleable, allowing for compensatory adjustments in mental
functioning.
TOPIC VI. CONSCIOUSNESS
Consciousness is the highest level of mental reflection, the result of the sociohistorical formation of a person in the social conditions of labor activity with constant
communication with other people. According to A.V. Petrovsky, the structure
of consciousness includes:
– a complex of knowledge about the world around;
– distinction between the object and the subject of mental reflection;
– ensuring goal-setting activities;
– evaluative attitude to reality.
Due to consciousness, a person separates himself from the environment.
Consciousness, in contrast to other forms of mental reflection, is a reflection of
objective reality in its separation from the subject's existing relations to it
(A.N. Leontiev).
The accumulation of knowledge about the surrounding world occurs with the
help of individual cognitive processes (sensation, perception, memory, imagination,
thinking). Besides personally gained experience, a person possesses fundamentally
new forms of knowledge, which are the concentrated experience of humanity,
transmitted from generation to generation with the help of language and other ways
of communication. A person realizes his knowledge as different from the real world
of objects; it is knowledge that is transmitted in socially developed forms of the ideal,
shaped in the process of historical development of man.
According to K. Jaspers, consciousness divides the existent into subject and
object and provides for any object the opportunity to be known. If the materialist
K. Marx claims that being determines consciousness, then the idealist Jaspers says:
"Only that which enters consciousness is being for us".
The ideal is not only an individual psychological but primarily a sociohistorical fact. Different historical epochs, different classes have their own forms of
the ideal, that is, social consciousness, the presence of which makes the development
of individual consciousness possible. As already mentioned, consciousness is formed
and develops in the process of the historical development of man (L.S. Vygotsky,
S.L. Rubinshtein, A.N. Leontiev, B.F. Lomov).
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Revealing the sources of the development of consciousness within the
framework of the study of an individual is impossible. It is the property of a social
person, "consciousness exists only in society and in this regard acts as a systemic
quality" (B.F Lomov). It is fundamentally important to understand the problem of the
relationship between social and individual consciousness: individual consciousness is
formed and develops in close connection with the public.
The individual masters the ideal form of reflection in the process of inclusion
in the life of society. The consciousness of the individual is formed as a "psychological
mechanism" for the inclusion of individual being in the life of society. L.S. Vygotsky
constantly emphasizes that all higher mental functions are internalized into relations
of a social order. It is possible to reveal the objective laws to which individual
consciousness is subject only on the path of studying the development of the individual
in society as a real subject of activity, communication, and cognition. Historical
examples of the "children of Mowgli", fed by animals and raised outside of human
society, show that a person without a social environment does not acquire any human
qualities.
Public consciousness includes science, morality, law, art, ideology, and
religion. A developed society creates special social institutions, the main task of which
is the purposeful formation of the consciousness of individuals as a consciousness of
the public. Consciousness, as a system of general knowledge of people, is transmitted
from person to person primarily with the help of language, which acts as a material
carrier of knowledge, a form of its existence. Through language, a person masters
those meanings, ideas, and images, norms, and principles that are fixed in it and
which constitute the content of consciousness. Before becoming the property of
individual consciousness, the word and the content associated with it must acquire
a common meaning for people who use common concepts. Language and
consciousness developed simultaneously, and precisely through the joint activity of
people. This is how the formation of conceptual consciousness takes place.
When speaking about individual consciousness, we define the knowledge
received and accumulated in the course of the entire individual life by a specific
person as the core, the basis of his consciousness. This knowledge is used in the
system of specific activity of a specific person, in a specific situation of social
interaction. With the accumulation of individual knowledge and experience, the
sphere of human consciousness dynamically changes. A person's awareness of
himself as an object of knowledge occurs later than the subject's acquaintance with
the outside world and the formation of initial concepts. Self-knowledge — selfconsciousness — is formed on the basis of the mechanism of reflection, understood
as a person's ability to self-report about the acts he experiences, the facts of
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