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Файл:Lexicology. Practical Course. Лексикология. Практический курс. Учебное пособие
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Convergent sound development – the coincidence of two or more
words which were phonetically distinct at an earlier date.
Conversion – the formation of a new word by bringing a stem of this
word into a different formal paradigm and changing the category of a part of
speech; the morphemic shape of the original word remains unchanged:
love – to love; paper – to paper.
Coordinative compounds – compound words in which the two
Immediate Constituents are semantically equally important.
Coordinative word-group – a non-predicative word-group in which its
components are structurally and semantically equal in importance: day and
night, do or die.
Corpus-based Lexicography – the branch of Lexicography which
deals with compiling dictionaries based on the achievements of Corpusbased Linguistics.
Corpus-based Linguistics – the branch of Linguistics which deals with
compiling various electronic corpora for conducting investigations in
linguistic fields such as phonetics, phonology, grammar, stylistic, discourse,
lexicon and many others.
Cultural connotation – the result of interpretation of the denotative or
figuratively motivated aspects of meaning in the categories of culture, that
is, concepts, stereotypes, symbols, mythologemes and other signs of
national and universal culture.
Cultural context – a level-structured collection of all culturally
significant information contained in the text.
Cultural reference (cultural allusions) – ideas that relate to a specific,
covering literary, biblical names and plots, as well as cultural symbols,
images, associations, humor and irony.
Cultureme – the totality of certain cultural signs expressed in linguistic
sign representing the connection between formal and meaningful sides and
related to a specific element of reality to express and designate some object
or situation.
Cumulative thesaurus – thesaurus representing groupings of lexical
units without defining their meanings.
Defective segmentability – the property of words whose component
morphemes seldom or never recur in other words; one of the component
morphemes of these words is a unique morpheme in the sense that it does
not recur in a different linguistic environment, for example, hamlet, pocket,
fraction.
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Definitive thesaurus – thesaurus containing a monolingual
interpretation of each lexical unit of the grouping.
Denominal verbs – verbs converted from nouns, for example, ape (n) –
to ape (v).
Denominative (free) meaning − the meaning representative of the
semantic structure of the word and least dependent on context.
Denotational (descriptive) macrocomponent of a phraseological
unit – the component which contains the information about the objective
reality.
Denotational aspect of lexical meaning – the part of lexical meaning
which establishes correlation between the name and the object,
phenomenon, process or characteristic feature of concrete reality (or thought
as such), which is denoted by the given word.
Derivational affixes – Immediate Constituents of derived words in all
parts of speech; semantically derivational affixes are characterized by a
unity of part-of-speech meaning, lexical meaning, differential and
distributional meanings.
Derivational base – the part of the word, which establishes connection
with the lexical unit that motivates the derivative and determines its
individual lexical meaning describing the difference between words in the
same derivational set.
Derivational compounds – compound words that are formed by joining
affixes to the bases built on the word-groups or by converting the bases built
on the word-groups into other parts of speech, for instance, long-legged →
(long legs) + -ed.
Derivational level of analysis – the method which aims at establishing
correlations between different types of words, the structural and semantic
patterns words are built on.
Derivational pattern of a compound – a regular meaningful
arrangement, a structure that imposes rigid rules on the order and the nature
of the derivational bases and affixes that may be brought together.
Derivational relations – the relations between words with a common
root but different derivational structure.
Derivational structure – the nature, type and arrangement of the
Immediate Constituents of the word.
Derivatives – words which depend on some other simpler lexical items
that motivate them structurally and semantically, i.e. the meaning and the
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structure of the derivative is understood through the comparison with the
meaning and the structure of the source word.
Derived stems – stems, which are semantically and structurally
motivated; they are as a rule binary (made up of two ICs): girlish,
girlishness.
Descriptive approach → Synchronic approach.
Descriptive dictionary – a dictionary which is based on the observed
facts about a language.
Descriptive Lexicology – the branch of Lexicology which deals with
the vocabulary of a given language at a given stage of its development; it
studies the functions of words and their specific structures as a characteristic
inherent in the system.
Deterioration of the meaning − the acquisition by the word of some
derogatory emotive charge.
Deverbal substantives – nouns converted from verbs.
Diachronic (historical) approach – the approach which refers to
Historical Lexicology that deals with the evolution of the vocabulary units
of a language over time.
Diachronic dictionary → Historical dictionary.
Dictionary – a book that lists the words of a language in a certain order
(usually alphabetically) and gives their meaning, or equivalent words in a
different language.
Dictionary for decoding (comprehension) – 1. in monolingual
lexicography – a dictionary designed to explain the meaning of words and
phrases the user may come across in reading and listening; 2. in bilingual
lexicography – a dictionary addressed the needs of receptive tasks such as
reading a foreign-language text or translating it into the native language.
Dictionary for encoding (production) – a dictionary which is available
for such purposes as speaking, writing or translating from the native into a
foreign language.
Differential meaning of morphemes – the semantic component that
serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical
morphemes; in words consisting of two or more morphemes, one of the
constituent morphemes always has differential meaning.
Distinctive stress – the formation of a new word by means of the shift
of the stress in the source word, for example, export (n) – to ex´port (v).
Distribution of the word – the position of a word in relation to other
words.
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Distributional meaning of morphemes – the meaning of the order and
arrangement of morphemes making up the word, which is found in all
words containing more than one morpheme.
Distributional pattern of a compound – the order and arrangement of
the Immediate Constituents that constitute a compound word; it carries a
certain meaning of its own which is largely independent of the actual lexical
meaning of their Immediate Constituents.
Diverging meaning development – the process when different
meanings of the same word move so far away from each other that they
come to be regarded as two separate units.
Ellipsis – the omission of one word in a phrase.
Emotive charge – one of the objective semantic features proper to
words as linguistic units that forms part of the connotational component of
meaning.
Emotive macrocomponent of a phraseological unit – the component
which contains the contents of subjective modality expressing feelingrelation to what is denoted by a phraseological unit within the range of
approval / disapproval.
Encyclopedic dictionary (describes objects, phenomena, people) – a
scientific reference book dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with
one particular branch, usually in alphabetical order.
Endocentric word-groups – those that have one central member
functionally equivalent to the whole word-group, i.e. the distribution of the
whole word-group and the distribution of its central member are identical:
red flower, kind to people.
Equivalent correspondences – constant regular dictionary
correspondences which are used in translation irrespective of a context and
are interchangeable with each other in all their uses.
Ethnic group (ethnicity) – a grouping of humans based on people who
identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes (ethnodeterminants) that distinguish them from other groups such as a common set
of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or
social treatment within their residing area.
Ethnolinguistics – a scientific discipline at the intersection of
ethnography and linguistics studying the relationship between ethnic groups
and language. In a broad sense, it includes dialectology, the language of
folklore and part of the language history studying historical dialectology and
cultural history. In the narrow sense, it studies the constructive role of
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language and its impact on the formation and functioning of the national
culture, folk psychology and folk art.
Ethnopsycholinguistics – discipline which considers speech production
in relation to the national cultural specifics taking into account the national
and cultural component of discourse, and also explores
ethnopsycholinguistic determinism of linguistic consciousness and
communication.
Etymological doublets – the words originated from the same
etymological source, but different in phonemic shape and in meaning.
Etymological triplets – group of words of common root: hospital (L) –
hostel (Norm.Fr) – hotel (Par.Fr).
Etymology – the study of the historical relation between a word and the
earlier form or forms from which it has, or has hypothetically, developed.
Euphemism – 1. substitution of words of mild or vague connotations
for expressions rough, unpleasant; 2. a word or expression that speakers
substitute for taboo words in order to avoid a direct confrontation with
topics that are embarrassing, frightening, or uncomfortable.
Evaluational macrocomponent of a phraseological unit – the
component which contains the information about the value of what is
denoted by a phraseological unit, i.e. what value the speaker sees in this or
that object / phenomenon of reality – the denotatum.
Exocentric word-groups – those that have no central component and
the distribution of the whole word-group is different from either of its
members, for instance, the distribution of the word-groups side by side and
grow smaller is not identical with the distribution of their componentmembers.
Extension (generalization) of meaning – the result of the semantic
change when the word with extended meaning passed from the specialized
vocabulary into common use.
Extra-linguistic causes of semantic change – various changes in the
life of speech community, i.e. changes in economic and social structure or
scientific concepts, changes in ideas, way of life and other spheres of human
activities.
Extra-linguistic context (context of situation) – the case when the
meaning of a word is ultimately determined by the actual speech situation in
which the word is used.
Fixed context – a linguistic cause of semantic change when the word
becomes restricted in use to a number of set expressions.
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Free meaning → Denominative meaning.
Free morpheme – a morpheme that coincides with the stem or a word-
form.
Frequency of occurrence – the existence in the vocabulary of a great
number of words containing the affix in question.
Full (total) synonyms – words characterized by semantic equivalence.
Full equivalents – equivalents which coincide fully in their
denotational meaning.
Full homonyms – words which are identical in sound in all their forms
of paradigms.
Full morphemes (morphemes proper) – the morphemes making up
words of complete segmentability.
Functional approach – the approach which stands out as describing
how words are used in discourse to provide and support meaningful
communication.
Gender macrocomponent of a phraseological unit – the component
which contains the information about the class of objects denoted by the
phraseological unit: men, women, people (both men and women).
General (general-purpose) dictionary – a dictionary which intends to
provide a comprehensive description of the whole language with special
attention to vocabulary and fulfils a number of different functions (spelling,
pronunciation, grammar, information on meaning, idiomatic use, etc.).
General Lexicology – the part of General Linguistics which is
concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features
of any particular language.
Generalization of meaning → Extension of meaning.
General-purpose dictionary → General dictionary.
General thesauri – thesauri which reflect the vocabulary of the
common-literary language.
Gradable antonyms → Contraries.
Grammatical context – the grammatical (syntactic) structure of the
context that serves to determine various individual meanings of a
polysemantic word.
Grammatical homonymy – the homonymy of different word-forms of
one and the same word.
Grammatical macrocomponent of a phraseological unit – the
component which contains the information about all possible morphological
and syntactic changes of a phraseological unit.
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Grammatical meaning – an expression of relationship between words
in speech; the component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of
individual forms of different words.
Graphical abbreviation → Acronymy.
Historical (diachronic) dictionary – a dictionary which describes the
evolution of the language over a certain period of time.
Historical Americanisms – words still retain their old meanings in
American usage whereas in British English their meanings have changed or
fallen out of use: fall – ‘autumn’; to guess – ‘to think’; sick – ‘ill’, etc.
Historical approach → Diachronic approach.
Historical Lexicology – the area of Lexicology that deals with a
historical change of words in the course of language development
throughout centuries.
Homographs – words different in sound-form and in meaning but
identical in spelling.
Homomymy – a language universal that creates lexical ambiguity in
that a single form has two or more meanings.
Homonyms – the words of one and the same language which are
identical phonetically or graphically in all or several grammar forms (and in
all or several phonetic and graphic variants) but which have essential
difference in lexical or grammatical meanings.
Homonyms proper (perfect homonyms) – words identical in their
sound-form and spelling but different in meaning.
Homophones – words having the same sound-form but different
spellings and different meanings.
Hyperonym – the more general term (the classifier) which includes the
more specific term (the hyponym).
Hyponym – the more specific term which may be included in that of the
more general term (the hyperonym).
Hyponymic relations – the semantic relations of inclusion which imply
the hierarchical relationships between the meaning of the general and the
individual terms.
Ideographic synonymy – the aspect of synonymy which presents a still
lower degree of semantic proximity and is observed when the connotational
and pragmatic aspects are similar, but there are certain differences in the
denotational aspect of meaning of two words, for example, apartment – flat,
shape – form.
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Ideographical type of macrostructure – the arrangement of words in a
dictionary when the words are organized according to semantic affinities of
whatever sort.
Ideographic dictionary – a dictionary that groups words by concept or
semantic relation instead of arranging them in alphabetical order.
Ideographic groups – words of different parts of speech associated
with the expression of one concept.
Ideographic-stylistic synonymy – the aspect of synonymy which is
characterized by the lowest degree of semantic proximity; this type of
synonyms includes synonyms which differ both in the denotational and
connotational and / or pragmatic aspects of meaning, for example, ask –
inquire, expect – anticipate.
Imagery – the figurative use of the word that gives rise to another
meaning, which is based on the same image as the first.
Immediate constituents (IC) – two components (morphemes) the word
immediately breaks into.
Inclusion – a type of semantic relations which exists between two
words if the meaning of one word contains the semantic features
constituting the meaning of the other word.
Incompatible antonyms (incompatibles) – antonyms which are
characterized by the relations of exclusion; semantic relations of
incompatibility exist among antonyms with a common component of
meaning and may be described at the reverse of hyponymy.
Indian English – the variety of the English language spoken widely in
India.
Inner form – pivotal point in the lexical meaning which helps to get an
insight into the features chosen as the basis for nomination.
International words – words which are borrowed by several languages;
they convey concepts that are significant in the field of communication.
Invariant meaning – the meaning that is common to all members of the
lexico-semantic group.
Irish English – the variant of the English language used in Ireland.
Lexical ambiguity – a situation in which a single form has two or more
meanings.
Lexical collocability – the realisation in speech of the potential
connections of a word with other words.
Lexical context – lexical meaning of the words with which the word
under consideration is combined.
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Lexical homonyms – homonyms that have no link between their lexical
meanings.
Lexical meaning of affixational morphemes – lexical meaning which
is of a more generalizing character than the lexical meaning of rootmorphemes, for example, the lexical meaning of the suffix –less in careless,
thoughtless is ‘without’.
Lexical meaning of compounds – the meaning which is formed on the
base of the combined lexical meanings of their constituents.
Lexical meaning of root-morphemes – an individual lexical meaning
shared by no other morphemes in the language, for instance, light, deaf,
deep, etc.
Lexical meaning of the word – the meaning proper to the given
linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions.
Lexical meaning of the word-group (combined lexical meaning) –
the inseparable meaning of all components of the word-group rather than
the lexical meaning of its constituents.
Lexical set – a group of words denoting different things correlated on
extralinguistic grounds or having the same generic meaning.
Lexical valency – the possibility of lexico-semantic connections of a
word.
Lexically non-motivated word-group – the word-group in which the
combined lexical meaning is not deducible from the lexical meanings of its
constituent components: red tape means ‘official bureaucratic methods’.
Lexically-motivated word-group – the word-group in which the
combined lexical meaning is deducible from the meaning of its components:
a red flower, heavy weight.
Lexico-grammatical homonyms – homonyms which have no link
between their lexical meaning; they belong to different parts of speech.
Lexicography – the area of Applied Linguistics dealing with the theory
and practice of compiling dictionaries.
Lexicology – the branch of linguistics dealing with different properties
of words and the vocabulary of a language.
Lexico-semantic group – a group of words describing sides of one and
the same general notion.
Lexico-semantic variant – one of the meanings of a polysemantic
word.
Linguocultureme – a complex inter-level unit, which is a dialectical
unity of the linguistic (generally accepted in linguistic community, socially
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determined meaning) and extra-linguistic (scientific and cultural reflection
of the concerned subject) content.
Linguoculturology – a discipline that studies the manifestation,
reflection and fixation of culture in language and discourse. It focuses on
the problems of synchronous study of the interaction of language and
culture on the material of the literary language, not dialects.
Linguistic causes of semantic change – factors acting within the
language system.
Linguistic dictionary – a word-book the subject matter of which is
lexical units and their linguistic properties such as pronunciation, meaning,
origin, peculiarities of use, etc.
Linguistic worldview – a pattern of perception of reality fixed in the
language and specific for a given community.
Macrostructure – the arrangement of words in the word list, i.e. in the
main body of the dictionary.
Marginal (minor) meanings of the word – all meanings of a
polysemantic word besides the first and the most frequent meaning; they are
observed only in certain contexts.
Meaning – the direct information conveyed by the units constituting the
sentence.
Meaning of the word-group – the meaning derived from the combined
lexical meanings and inseparable from the meaning of the pattern of the
arrangement.
Megastructure – the totality of the component parts of a reference
book, including the macrostructure and outside matter (from preface to
appendixes).
Metaphor – a type of phraseological transference which deals with
likening of the object (phenomenon, action) of reality to another, which is
associated with it on the basis of real or imaginable resemblance.
Method of Immediate and Ultimate Constituents − the procedure of
segmenting words into the constituent morphemes.
Metonymy – a type of phraseological transference which deals with a
transfer of name from one object (phenomenon, thing, action, process, etc.)
to another based on the contiguity of the properties, relations, etc.: a silk
stocking.
Microstructure – the arrangement of the information in a dictionary
within the entries, which provides necessary information about the
headword in accordance with the purpose of the dictionary, but typically
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