Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Lexicology. Practical Course. Лексикология. Практический курс. Учебное пособие
.pdf
SEMINAR 14
MODERN TRENDS IN ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY
EXERCISES
1. Choose one of the listed dictionaries and analyze it according to
the following criteria:
1. Dictionary Typology which is based on the following categories:
range distinguishes btw dictionaries according to
the number of entries (size):
big
medium-range
shorter
pocket
the number of languages:
monolingual (one language)
bilingual (two languages)
bilingualized (both monolingual and bilingual)
multilingual (more than two languages)
amount of exclusively linguistic info:
linguistic
encyclopedic
perspective differentiates btw dictionaries
historical (evolution of the language)
synchronic
presentation of information:
prescriptive
descriptive
type of information:
general
specialized
terminological
user
age (e.g. dictionary for children)
281
native speakers
learners (e.g. learner’s dictionary)
level of language competence:
beginner’s
intermediate
advanced
user’s reference needs:
dictionary for decoding (comprehension)
dictionary for encoding (production)
dictionary for decoding/encoding (translation).
2. Classification of Specialized Linguistic Dictionaries is focused on
an aspect of lexical description: pronunciation, spelling, etymology, etc.;
Dictionaries dealing with the word form
Spelling dictionaries;
Pronouncing dictionaries;
Dictionaries of confusables (paronyms).
Dictionaries dealing with the word meaning
Etymological dictionaries;
Dictionaries of new words;
Dictionaries of homonyms;
Dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms;
Thesauruses.
Dictionaries dealing with the word usage
Dictionaries of modern usage;
The dictionary of errors;
Combinatory dictionaries.
Phraseological dictionaries
Dictionaries of phrasal verbs;
Dictionaries of idioms.
Dictionaries of cultural literacy
Encyclopedic area studies dictionaries;
Dictionaries of proverbs;
Dictionaries of quotations.
282
3. Microstructure provides necessary information about the headword
and includes some or all of the following parameters:
1. spelling
2. pronunciation
3. word class
4. LSVs / meanings
5. definition of the meaning.
6. illustrative examples
7. usage
8. idiomatic block
9. subentries or Run-ons
10. etymology
283
SEMINAR 15
IDEOGRAPHIC DICTIONARIES
EXERCISES
1. Read the following sentences. Use your general purpose
dictionary, synonym dictionary or thesaurus to find a word that could
replace the word in bold type. Then find a word that is opposite in
meaning.
Example: The fruit shriveled in the hot sun.
Synonym: withered.
Antonym: flourished.
1. The foundation of the old hotel was damaged in the earthquake.
2. The discovery of DNA has led to many breakthroughs in finding
cures for hereditary diseases.
3. The man who was leading the group through the jungle had been
raised there.
4. A former Olympic ice-skater has accepted the position of instructor
at the skating-rink.
5. The towering decorated tree in the city square was a marvelous sight
to see.
6. The prairie grass vanished in a summer storm of locusts.
7. The two countries decided that a mutual trade agreement was the
solution to the problem.
8. The beaming child had a look of total innocence about her.
9. Consumers are reluctant to change their spending habits.
10. A musty atmosphere permeated the room.
2. What lexico-semantic groups can include the following words:
beret, derby, cap, panama; loafers, sandals, clogs, lace-ups, slippers; shark,
cod, bream, haddock; violet, cream, ultramarine; thin, delicate, fine,
transparent, filmy; почва, грунт, слой; лёгкая атлетика, фигурное
катание, волейбол.
3. What thematic groups can include the following words: ball,
wicket, bat, break, pitch, single, fry, bake, grill, pot, pan, ladle, hot; pedal,
saddle, ride, freewheel, quickly, car, station, ticket, late, local; sand, parasol,
sunbed, swim, tanned, wave; book, hotel, reception.
284
4. Read the following texts and comment on its cultural content. Use
the «Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture» or the
«Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary» (Encyclopedic edition) to
explain the words and expressions in bold type.
1. Across the street there is a permanent settlement of dissatisfied people
and crazies, living in cardboard boxes, protesting at the Central
Intelligence Agency controlling their thoughts from outer space. (Well,
wouldn’t you?) There was also a guy panhandling for quarters. Can you
believe that? Right there in our nation’s capital, right where Nancy Reagan
could see them from her bedroom window.
Washington’s most famous feature is the Mall, a broad grassy strip of
parkland which stretches for a mile or so from the Capitol building at the
eastern end to the Lincoln Memorial at the western side of the Potomac.
The dominant landmark is the Washington Monument. Slender and white,
shaped like a pencil, it rises 555 feet above the park. It is one of the simplest
and yet handsomest structures I know, and all the more impressive when
you consider that its massive stones had to be brought from the Nile delta on
wooden rollers by Sumerian slaves. I’m sorry, I’m thinking of the Great
Pyramids in Giza. Anyway, it is a real feat of engineering and very pleasing
to look at. I had hoped to go up it, but there was a long line of people,
mostly restive school children, snaked around the base and some distance
into the park, all waiting to squeeze into an elevator about the size of a
telephone booth, so I headed east in the direction of Capitol Hill, which
isn’t much of a hill at all.
2. Basil’s decision to go into the City, announced to an incredulous
family in his last undergraduate year at Oxford, had not been an idle threat.
He had joined a merchant bank on graduating and after only three years’
employment was already earning more than his father, who had related this
fact to Robyn at Christmas with a mixture of pride and resentment. Basil
himself had not been at home for Christmas, but skiing in St Moritz. It was
in fact some time since Robin had seen her brother because for their
parents’ sake, they deliberately arranged their visits home to alternate rather
than coincide, and they had little desire to meet elsewhere. She was struck
by the change in his appearance: his face was fatter, his wavy corn-coloured
hair was neatly trimmed, and he seemed to have had his teeth capped – all
presumably the results of his new affluence. Everything about him and his
285
girlfriend signified money, from their pastel-pale, luxuriously thick
sheepskin coats that seemed to fill the threshold when she opened the front
door to the red C-registration BMW parked at the kerb behind Charles’s
four-year-old Golf.
5. Analyze Richard A. Spears “Thematic Dictionary of American
Idioms” (D. Skvortsov “English Thematic Dictionary”), state what type
it belongs to; comment on the principles of selection of words/idioms,
structure of dictionary entry, what information about a word can be
deduced from the dictionary entry.
6. Analyze the dictionary entries of the following words in
dictionaries; trouble, busybody, outing, go-getter, eye-opener. Find
Russian equivalents, if possible. Answer the following questions:
1. How are the dictionary entries (for the word under analysis) built in
these dictionaries? What information is contained in the dictionary entry?
2. How many meanings constitute the semantic structure of the word?
How are they explained?
3. What meaning comes first in different dictionaries? Explain the
difference, if any.
7. Find adjectives you might use to express the following ideas.
Sometimes more than one adjective is possible. You may want to use
different dictionaries to check the meaning of any words you don’t
know.
a an idea that is helpful, rather than being negative or impractical
b an idea that is slightly crazy, in a good way
c an idea that is completely crazy, in a bad way
d an idea that has not been carefully thought out
e an idea that seems very impressive but is not really very practical
8. Find verbs that you might use to express the following ideas.
Usually more than one verb is possible.
a to find an idea
b to suggest an idea
c to suggest an idea in a very forceful way because you really want
people to accept it
286
d to think about an idea for a while before you decide whether or not it
is a good idea
e to talk about a number of different ideas before you decide which
ideas are the best
Find verbs that you might use to express the following:
a when you think of an idea
b when an idea develops into something important
c when an idea does not develop into anything
Find the expression that means the beginning of an idea.
9. Match each of the adjectives on the left with a suitable noun
from the facing column. Look at the entries for the bold nouns for help.
a bewildering ambition
a biting array of goods
a burning chance
a convincing chasm
driving rain
a fighting sum of money
a gaping win
a staggering wind
a blazing defeat
a crushing inflation
a sprawling pain
a sweeping row over money
a haunting scream
a nagging statement
a piercing suburb
raging melody
10. Complete each sentence with a suitable quantifier. Look at the
bold noun entries for help.
a There were just a few wisps of cloud in the sky.
b The recent s______ of attacks has made residents afraid to leave their
homes.
c He is on medication to ease his frequent b______ of depression.
d I just caught a brief s_______ of their conversation as I walked by
their table.
287
e The constant s______ of traffic past our house makes it difficult to
cross the road.
f A p_____ of stray dogs was wandering around the abandoned plant.
g He’s been off school all week with a bad d_____ of flu.
h A couple of c______ of garlic will improve the flavour of the soup.
i The manager terrified the younger staff with his o______ of temper.
j The burglars stole several p______ of jewellery.
11. Cross out any verbs which do not normally collocate with the
bold noun.
a He got into / had / made an argument with the barman and was
thrown out of the hotel.
b He had to do two jobs to clear / pay off / pay up his debts.
c Someone come up with / presented / put forward the suggestion that
we should have an auction.
d The scientists failed to arrive at / decide / draw any firm conclusions
from the study.
e The company agreed / came to / struck a deal with the union after
lengthy negotiations.
f A meeting has been arranged / programmed / scheduled for next week.
g The supervisor refused to accept / receive / shoulder the blame for the
accident.
h He drummed / rattled / tapped his fingers nervously on the desk as he
spoke.
i We did / took / went on a trip to a nearby island on a fishing boat.
j I put up my hand to shade / shelter / shield my eyes from the sun.
12. Complete the story with a suitable verb in each gap. Look at the
bold noun entries for help.
I lay in bed, unable to sleep. The wine had f_______ freely at the party,
and now my head was t____ and my stomach was c_______. Outside the
wind h_______ and the rain I______ against the window. My nerves were
o_____ e______ as I remembered all the horror films I'd ever seen.
Suddenly I heard the key t______ in the front door. My heart began to
h_____ in my chest as heavy
footsteps e______ on the stairs. My mind was ra_______, trying to
think how I could save myself. The bedroom door c______ open slowly,
and as my eyes a_______ to the darkness I could make
288
out a figure at the end of the bed. The man's mouth d______ open when
he saw me. It was my neighbour. I was in the wrong house.
13. Choose a suitable word from the box on the right to complete
each sentence. Look at the bold noun entry for help.
a We had to queue for ages at the taxi rank. chances room
b In economy class you don’t get enough leg ______. accident space
c The traffic was held up by a massive protest _______.kiosk gathering
d He was seriously injured in a horrific traffic______. prospects relief
e They're collecting money for famine______. stall rank
f I stopped to buy a magazine at the newspaper______ aid crash
g It’s a small office with very little shelf_______. rally
h School leavers with no qualifications have limited job_____.
14. The sentences below can be completed using just three different
prepositions. Look at the bold noun entries to help you.
a He was lying on the floor in agony.
b Students who do not have a computer are _______ a disadvantage.
с There is still confusion ______ the result of the vote.
d I couldn’t hear what she was saying _____ the noise of the crowd.
e Please submit your requests______ writing before Friday.
f He died instantly when his bike hit a wall ______ speed.
g She claims she killed him ______ self-defence.
h I’m not going out _____ this rain!
i I saw him a couple of times _____ Christmas.
j Her skill ______ negotiating makes her a valuable asset.
15. In each of the following sentences one of the adverbs in italics is
not a common collocate of the verb in bold. Decide which it is and cross
it out. Use the entry for the bold verb to help you.
a She argued fiercely / heatedly / hotly about her right to compensation.
b They will fiercely / heatedly / hotly defend their rights.
c He grinned owlishly / sheepishly / wolfishly at her.
d I ruefully / sheepishly / woefully confessed to having forgotten the
map.
e His frugal lifestyle contrasted brutally / markedly / starkly with his
wife's extravagance.
f Her tragic story brutally / markedly / starkly illustrates how
vulnerable children can be.
289
16. Match the two halves of these verb phrases. Then use the
phrases to complete the sentences below. You may need to change the
forms of the verbs. Use the entries for the bold verbs to help you.
drink and pant The message to drivers is simple: don't drink and drive.
mix and drive There’s no point in _______; we can’t change the situation.
moan and turn I spent all night______, unable to sleep.
toss and match You can________ colours to create your own design.
puff and groan _________, we heaved the wardrobe upstairs.
crack for breath The car______ outside the station.
grin to a halt You need a holiday before you_______.
dawn from ear to ear The next morning_______.
pause bright and cold Katy was clearly pleased about something: she was________.
brake under the strain Jack went on arguing, scarcely__________.
17. Complete each sentence with a suitable verb. Look at the entry
for the bold adjective for help.
a He drove me crazy with his constant talking.
b She was h_____ captive by rebels for six months.
c Several cars were s______ ablaze by the rioters.
d The unions were r______ powerless by the new laws.
e These programmes are d______ unsuitable for screening before 10
p.m.
f The robbers b_______ the shopkeeper senseless.
g His classmates mostly r________ him as eccentric.
h The sound of a door banging j________ me awake.
18. For each group, find an adverb that collocates with all the
adjectives in the group.
dead distinctly fiercely painfully grossly wildly
b boring, funny, good, right
c competitive, independent, loyal, protective
d different, odd, uncomfortable, uneasy
e enthusiastic, inaccurate, optimistic, popular
f inaccurate, inadequate, offensive, unfair
290
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]