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Файл:History XX–XXI centuries (Подготовка учителя-предметника к работе в системе дополнительного образования). Учебное пособие
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МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«САМАРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
К аф едра «Лингвистика, межкультурная коммуникация
и русский как иностранный»
VASILIEVA IULIA
HISTORY: XX–XXI CENTURIES
(Подготовка учителя-предметника к работе
в системе дополнительного образования)
Учебное пособие
Самара
Самарский государственный технический университет
2020
1
Печатается по решению методического совета института социально-
гуманитарных наук и технологий, 2020 г.
УДК 811.111-26(075.8)
ББК Ш13Англ-923
В 191
Васильева Ю.С.
History: XX–XXI centuries (Подготовка учителя-предметника к работе
в системе дополнительного образования): учебное пособие / Ю.С. Васильева. –
2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – Самара: Самар. гос. техн. ун-т, 2020. – 114 с.
Предназначено для студентов бакалавриата (направление 08.03.01
«Строительство» и 44.03.05 «Педагогическое образование» (с двумя профилями подготовки)) первого курса, обучающихся по программе международного обмена, а также преподавателей и широкого круга читателей,
интересующихся русской историей.
Р ец ензент: канд. пед. наук, доцент кафедры ЛМК и РКИ СамГТУ
Н.С. Швайкина
УДК 811.111-26(075.8)
ББК Ш13Англ-923
В 191
© Ю.С. Васильева, 2020
© Самарский государственный
технический университет, 2020
2
CONTENT
Введение ................................................................................................... 4
Lecture 1. Russian Great revolution of 1917 ............................................ 5
Lecture 2. Civil War ................................................................................ 22
Lecture 3. Josef Stalin and his regime .................................................... 38
Lecture 4. The Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 ...................................... 53
Lecture 5. N. Khrushchev and his policy “Thaw” (Ottepel) .................. 63
Lecture 6. Stagnation and “perestroika” ................................................. 78
Lecture 7. B. Yeltsin and V. Putin .......................................................... 99
Заключение .......................................................................................... 111
References ............................................................................................. 112
3
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Данное учебное пособие составлено по дисциплине «History»
и предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов I курса, обучающихся по направлению «Строительство»
и «Педагогическое образование» (с двумя профилями подготовки).
Целью пособия является подготовка студентов технического вуза
к применению английского языка в гуманитарной сфере, что достигается при помощи соответствующих текстов и специально
разработанной системы упражнений. Учебное пособие представлено
7 разделами.
Каждый раздел содержит текст по определенной теме и несколько
заданий на закрепление изученной лексики, видеофрагмент, нацеленный на развитие навыков аудирования, и задание для активизации
пройденного материала в письменной речи. Тексты значительны по
объему и посвящены ключевым событиям истории России, чтобы
заинтересовать, увлечь читателя и заставить его задуматься. Все
материалы адаптированы в соответствии с требованиями современного исторического и художественного повествования. Ссылки на
видеоотрывки сети Интернет непосредственно связаны с темой
занятия. Интерес к содержанию текстов должен в большей мере
способствовать наиболее эффективному усвоению лексико-грамматического материала. Несомненно, что изучение английского на
базе увлекательных исторических текстов даст хорошие результаты
в рамках учебного процесса и самостоятельной работы обучающихся.
Материалы настоящего учебного пособия прошли апробацию
на занятиях со студентами I курса, обучающимися по направлению
«Строительство» в Самарском государственном техническом
университете.
4
Lecture 1. RUSSIAN GREAT REVOLUTION OF 1917
PART 1
The Russian Great Revolution included two revolutions in Russia
in 1917 which exchanged the Tsarist regime to the Soviet Union.
The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas
II and the old autocracy was replaced by a Provisional government during
the first revolution in February 1917. In the second revolution –
in October, the Provisional Government lost the power.
The February Revolution was a revolution focused around Petrograd,
the capital of Russia at that time. Members of the Duma assumed control
over the country, formed the Provisional Government which supported
the interests of capitalists and the aristocracy. The Soviets, which were
dominated by soldiers and the working class, permitted the Provisional
Government to rule but insisted on an influence the government and
control army. The February Revolution took place in the context of hard
military catastrophes during the First World War with great loses of the
Russian Army.
At the beginning of February Petrograd workers began strikes and
demonstrations – workers of Putilov’s, the largest industrial plant
in Petrograd, started a strike. The next day some meetings were held
for International Women's Day. Demonstrations were organized
to demand bread. By the end of February most industrial factories,
commercial enterprises were closed. Students joined the workers in the
streets and at meetings.
The Tsar relied on the army. At least 180,000 troops were in the
capital, but most of them supported workers. The Tsar ordered the army
to suppress the riots by force, troops began to mutiny. Governmental
authority in the capital collapsed – Nicholas had dismissed the Duma.
The response of the Duma established a Temporary Committee
to restore law and order in the country. At the same time the socialist
parties formed the Petrograd Soviet to represent workers and soldiers.
5
The Tsar went by the royal train back to Petrograd, which was
stopped by a group of revolutionaries at the station Malaya Vishera.
When the Tsar finally arrived Pskov, the Army Chief Nikolay Ruzsky,
and the Duma deputies A. Guchkov and V. Shulgin suggested that
the Tsar abdicates the throne. He did it on 2 March on behalf of himself
and then on behalf of his son, the Tsarevich Alexey. Nicholas nominated
his brother, the Grand Duke Michael to succeed him. But the Grand Duke
realized that he would have little support as ruler, so he rejected the
crown. Six days later Nicholas was called “Nicholas Romanov” united
with his family at the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo. Royal family
was placed under house arrest by the Provisional Government.
On 16 March a Provisional government was announced.
The government was headed by a liberal aristocrat, Prince Georgy Lvov,
a member of the Constitutional Democratic party. The socialists had
formed their rival institute, the Petrograd Soviet four days before. The
Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government divided power
in Russia. From March to October the Provisional Government was
reorganized four times. The subsequent governments were coalitions.
But they were not able to cope adequately with the major problems
of the country: lands for peasants and the collapse of army at the front.
The effective power of the Provisional Government was challenged
by the authority of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies. The model
for the Soviet were workers' councils that had been organized in cities
during the 1905 Revolution. In February 1917, striking workers elected
deputies to represent them. Petrograd Soviet united these deputies with
representatives of the socialist parties. On 27 February deputies of Duma
from socialist parties took the lead role in organizing a council.
The Petrograd Soviet met in the same building where the new government
was taking place.
The leaders of the Petrograd Soviet believed that they represented
particular classes of the population. They also believed Russia was not
ready for socialism, so they plan to introduce extensive democratic
reforms in Russia: a republic, civil rights, a democratic police and army,
6
abolition of religious and so on). The members of the Provisional
Government agreed to “take into account the opinions of the Soviet of
Workers' Deputies”. In fact, “dual power” (dvoevlastie) took place.
During a period of dual power the Provisional Government held state
power. There were many protests and strikes. Many socialist political
organizations were engaged in struggle for power. One of the most
significant party were the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin. The
programme of this party included an immediate end of the World war,
land to the peasants, and bread to the workers. When the Provisional
Government decided to continue fighting the war against Germany, the
Bolsheviks and other socialist parties planned to advance the revolution
further. The Bolsheviks turned workers' militias squads under their
control into the Red Guards (the Red Army in the future).
A series of political crises in the relationship between population and
Provisional government and the Soviets. The Soviet leadership initially
refused to participate in the Provisional Government, only Alexander
Kerensky, a young popular lawyer and a member of the Socialist
Revolutionary Party (SR), agreed to join the new cabinet and became
a central figure in the government. As minister of war and later Prime
Minister, Kerensky released thousands of political prisoners, planned to
continue the war effort and even organized another offensive of the army.
But Kerensky still faced several great challenges:
– great military losses were being suffered on the front;
– the soldiers were demoralized and had started to defect;
– there was enormous discontent with Russia's involvement in the
war, and many were calling for an end of it;
– there were great problems with food and supplies under the
wartime economic conditions.
The most serious political group for Kerensky was the Bolshevik
Party with a leader – Vladimir Lenin. Lenin had been living in exile
in neutral Switzerland and, after the democratization of politics during the
February Revolution he perceived the opportunity for Marxist revolution.
His return to Russia was rather difficult because of the World war.
7
German officials proposed Lenin to pass through their territory, hoping
that his activities would weaken Russia: if the Bolsheviks came to power,
they withdrew Russia from the war. Lenin and his comrades had to travel
to Russia in a sealed carriage. After passing through the front, he arrived
in Petrograd in April 1917.
When Lenin arrived the popularity of the Bolsheviks increased greatly.
Despite growing support of the Bolsheviks, the party held little real power
in the Petrograd Soviet. Foreign historians considered the policy of the
Provisional Government as conservative, and the Soviet – as subservient
to the government. Lenin and his followers were not prepared for real
power in the summer of 1917.
On 18 June, the Provisional Government initiated an attack against
Germany but it was unsuccessful. Soon the government ordered soldiers
to go to the front, they refused to follow the new order. The sailors,
soldiers together with Petrograd workers proclaimed: “all power to the
Soviets.” The revolt was stopped by Lenin and the Bolshevik and was
defeated in a few days. Lenin went to Finland under threat of arrest
when Trotsky was arrested. There Lenin was working on his book “State
and Revolution” and newspaper articles.
The quantity of Bolsheviks was grown: in February 1917
the Bolsheviks were 24,000, by September 1917 there were 200,000. First
the Bolsheviks had been in the minority than the Mensheviks and
the Socialist Revolutionaries, in September the Bolsheviks became
in the majority.
In August General Lavr Kornilov was appointed as a Supreme
Commander of Russian military forces. He ordered troops to pacify
Petrograd. To strengthen his position, Kerensky had to ask for assistance
the Bolsheviks and the Petrograd Soviet. So armed Red Guards were
formed to “defend the revolution”. The Kornilov Affair failed because
of the efforts of the Bolsheviks, they could stop the movement of troops.
Kornilov was surrendered and arrested. The Bolsheviks hardened their
position after it.
In September, the Petrograd Soviet gave freedom to all jailed
Bolsheviks. Trotsky became a chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
8
Provisional government lost its support. The Bolsheviks became the
only major organized opposition party. Lenin began to insist on the
overthrow of the Kerensky’s government. Lenin thought that taking
power should occur in St. Petersburg and Moscow at the same time.
The Bolshevik Central Committee wrote down a resolution about the
disintegration of the Provisional Government in favor of the Petrograd
Soviet. The resolution was passed and the October Revolution began.
In the October Revolution the Bolsheviks led armed workers and
soldiers in Petrograd and successfully overthrew the Provisional
Government. The Bolsheviks and their allies occupied government
buildings and other strategic locations in Petrograd, and soon formed
a new government with Lenin as its head. Lenin became the dictator
of the world’s first Communist state. The Bolsheviks had a strong base
of support within the soviets and established a federal government
reorganized the former empire into the first world socialist republic based
on soviet democracy in a national scale. The promise to end
of participation in the World War I, the Bolshevik leaders signed
the Peace Treaty in Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918.
The policy of Soviets modeled on similar events during the French
Revolution.
It marked the beginning of the spread of communism in the 20th
century. It was less spontaneous than the February revolution. Russia
used the Julian calendar at the time, so that period is known as
25 October. The October revolution ended that provisional
parliamentary government was replaced by Soviet government.
It became clear that the Bolsheviks had little support outside Saint
Petersburg. There were anti-Bolshevik revolts in Tambov (1919–1921)
and in Kronstadt (March 1921).
Task. Answer the following questions:
1. When was Russian revolution started?
2. What reasons of Revolution do you know?
3. What is the destiny of the last Russian Emperor – Nicolas II after
February revolution?
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4. What is the Provisional government?
5. What is Kerensky? What is his role in the February revolution?
6. What attitude to the World War was there?
7. Why did the Bolsheviks become popular in Russia?
8. What is the part of Lenin in October revolution?
9. How did the Bolsheviks get power?
10. Why did Lenin write a treaty with Germany?
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